https://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Admin&feedformat=atomFDNAPI Wiki - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T23:07:25ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.22.6https://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/VietnamVietnam2024-03-19T09:57:30Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>DNA testing is used in specific police cases in Vietnam and in attempts to identify war dead and adopted children.<br />
In 2015, the FBI transferred DNA testing software to the Vietnam police. According to Interpol, Vietnam is planning a DNA database.<br />
In November 2023, Vietnam adopted a new law (Law No. 26/2023/QH15) allowing DNA to be added to its national Identity Database. According to this law, DNA could be collected voluntarily or as a result of criminal proceedings or ‘administrative handling measures', from 1st July 2024.<br />
<br />
==Resources==<br />
*External links<br />
**[https://lawnet.vn/vb/Luat-Can-cuoc-26-2023-QH15-86DE6.html Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Law No.: 26/2023/QH15. 27th November 2023]<br />
**[http://operationreunite.org/other-current-projects/adoptee-dna-project/ Operation Reunite: Adoptee DNA Project]<br />
<br />
*Press articles<br />
**[https://www.theregister.com/2024/02/20/vietnam_id_cards_dna/ The Register: Vietnam to collect biometrics - even DNA - for new ID cards (20th February 2024)]<br />
**[https://www.techradar.com/computing/cyber-security/vietnam-to-collect-biometric-information-and-dna-for-new-id-cards Tech Radar: Vietnam to collect biometric information (and DNA) for new ID cards (20th Fabruary 2024)]<br />
**[https://en.baochinhphu.vn/viet-nam-to-collect-biometric-information-for-identification-from-july-111240219111759363.htm Government News: Viet Nam to collect biometric information for identification from July (19th February)]<br />
**[https://www.vietnam.vn/en/viet-nam-dang-tung-buoc-trien-khai-he-thong-co-so-du-lieu-ve-adn-mong-mat/ Thanh Nien Newspaper: Vietnam is gradually implementing a DNA and iris database system (7th February 2024)]<br />
**[https://www.vietnam.vn/en/bo-cong-an-danh-gia-ve-giai-phap-sinh-trac-hoc-adn-vao-co-so-du-lieu-can-cuoc/ Saigon Liberation Newspaper: The Ministry of Public Security evaluates the DNA biometric solution for the identification database (6th February 2024)]<br />
**[http://www.fastcompany.com/3061740/the-quest-to-identify-vietnams-unknown-soldiers-pushes-the-limits-of-dna-technology Fast Company: The Quest To Identify Vietnam's Unknown Soldiers Pushes The Limits of DNA Technology (20th July 2016)]<br />
**[http://kdhnews.com/fort_hood_herald/military_pulse/legacies-of-war-years-after-the-fall-of-saigon-soldiers/article_44a08f66-edc9-11e4-9731-cf6ad5cd73ab.html Fort Hood Herald: Legacies of war: 40 years after the fall of Saigon, soldiers’ children are still left behind (29th April 2015)]<br />
**[http://triblive.com/usworld/world/8196467-74/nhan-dna-vietnam#axzz3Xwx0b79Y Washington Post: DNA matches child born in Vietnam, father in Texas after 40 years (18th April 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/vietnam-war-babies-still-searching-birth-parents-40-years-1490018 International Business Times: Vietnam war babies still searching for birth parents 40 years on (2nd March 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thanhniennews.com/politics/fbi-to-transfer-dna-testing-software-to-vietnam-police-39942.html Thanh Nien News: FBI to transfer DNA testing software to Vietnam police (17th March 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thanhniennews.com/society/hcmc-demands-dna-test-for-boy-left-in-taxi-36671.html Thanh Nien News: HCMC demands DNA test for boy left in taxi (24th December 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.vietnambreakingnews.com/2012/08/dna-tests-link-war-dead-to-families/#.Uscr4rTFqwE Vietnam Breaking News: DNA tests link war dead to families (28th August 2012)]</div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/VietnamVietnam2024-03-19T09:46:12Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>DNA testing is used in specific police cases in Vietnam and in attempts to identify war dead and adopted children.<br />
In 2015, the FBI transferred DNA testing software to the Vietnam police. According to Interpol, Vietnam is planning a DNA database.<br />
In November 2023, Vietnam adopted a new law (Law No. 26/2023/QH15) allowing DNA to be added to its national Identity Database. According to this law DNA could be collected voluntarily or as a result of criminal proceedings or ‘administrative handling measures', from 1st July 2024.<br />
<br />
==Resources==<br />
*External links<br />
**[https://lawnet.vn/vb/Luat-Can-cuoc-26-2023-QH15-86DE6.html Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Law No.: 26/2023/QH15. 27th November 2023]<br />
**[http://operationreunite.org/other-current-projects/adoptee-dna-project/ Operation Reunite: Adoptee DNA Project]<br />
<br />
*Press articles<br />
**[https://www.theregister.com/2024/02/20/vietnam_id_cards_dna/ The Register: Vietnam to collect biometrics - even DNA - for new ID cards (20th February 2024)]<br />
**[https://www.techradar.com/computing/cyber-security/vietnam-to-collect-biometric-information-and-dna-for-new-id-cards Tech Radar: Vietnam to collect biometric information (and DNA) for new ID cards (20th Fabruary 2024)]<br />
**[https://en.baochinhphu.vn/viet-nam-to-collect-biometric-information-for-identification-from-july-111240219111759363.htm Government News: Viet Nam to collect biometric information for identification from July (19th February)]<br />
**[https://www.vietnam.vn/en/viet-nam-dang-tung-buoc-trien-khai-he-thong-co-so-du-lieu-ve-adn-mong-mat/ Thanh Nien Newspaper: Vietnam is gradually implementing a DNA and iris database system (7th February 2024)]<br />
**[https://www.vietnam.vn/en/bo-cong-an-danh-gia-ve-giai-phap-sinh-trac-hoc-adn-vao-co-so-du-lieu-can-cuoc/ Saigon Liberation Newspaper: The Ministry of Public Security evaluates the DNA biometric solution for the identification database (6th February 2024)]<br />
**[http://www.fastcompany.com/3061740/the-quest-to-identify-vietnams-unknown-soldiers-pushes-the-limits-of-dna-technology Fast Company: The Quest To Identify Vietnam's Unknown Soldiers Pushes The Limits of DNA Technology (20th July 2016)]<br />
**[http://kdhnews.com/fort_hood_herald/military_pulse/legacies-of-war-years-after-the-fall-of-saigon-soldiers/article_44a08f66-edc9-11e4-9731-cf6ad5cd73ab.html Fort Hood Herald: Legacies of war: 40 years after the fall of Saigon, soldiers’ children are still left behind (29th April 2015)]<br />
**[http://triblive.com/usworld/world/8196467-74/nhan-dna-vietnam#axzz3Xwx0b79Y Washington Post: DNA matches child born in Vietnam, father in Texas after 40 years (18th April 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/vietnam-war-babies-still-searching-birth-parents-40-years-1490018 International Business Times: Vietnam war babies still searching for birth parents 40 years on (2nd March 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thanhniennews.com/politics/fbi-to-transfer-dna-testing-software-to-vietnam-police-39942.html Thanh Nien News: FBI to transfer DNA testing software to Vietnam police (17th March 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thanhniennews.com/society/hcmc-demands-dna-test-for-boy-left-in-taxi-36671.html Thanh Nien News: HCMC demands DNA test for boy left in taxi (24th December 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.vietnambreakingnews.com/2012/08/dna-tests-link-war-dead-to-families/#.Uscr4rTFqwE Vietnam Breaking News: DNA tests link war dead to families (28th August 2012)]</div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/VietnamVietnam2024-03-19T09:42:46Z<p>Admin: /* Resources */</p>
<hr />
<div>DNA testing is used in specific police cases in Vietnam and in attempts to identify war dead and adopted children.<br />
In 2015, the FBI transferred DNA testing software to the Vietnam police. According to Interpol, Vietnam is planning a DNA database.<br />
==Resources==<br />
*External links<br />
**[https://lawnet.vn/vb/Luat-Can-cuoc-26-2023-QH15-86DE6.html Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Law No.: 26/2023/QH15. 27th November 2023]<br />
**[http://operationreunite.org/other-current-projects/adoptee-dna-project/ Operation Reunite: Adoptee DNA Project]<br />
<br />
*Press articles<br />
**[https://www.theregister.com/2024/02/20/vietnam_id_cards_dna/ The Register: Vietnam to collect biometrics - even DNA - for new ID cards (20th February 2024)]<br />
**[https://www.techradar.com/computing/cyber-security/vietnam-to-collect-biometric-information-and-dna-for-new-id-cards Tech Radar: Vietnam to collect biometric information (and DNA) for new ID cards (20th Fabruary 2024)]<br />
**[https://en.baochinhphu.vn/viet-nam-to-collect-biometric-information-for-identification-from-july-111240219111759363.htm Government News: Viet Nam to collect biometric information for identification from July (19th February)]<br />
**[https://www.vietnam.vn/en/viet-nam-dang-tung-buoc-trien-khai-he-thong-co-so-du-lieu-ve-adn-mong-mat/ Thanh Nien Newspaper: Vietnam is gradually implementing a DNA and iris database system (7th February 2024)]<br />
**[https://www.vietnam.vn/en/bo-cong-an-danh-gia-ve-giai-phap-sinh-trac-hoc-adn-vao-co-so-du-lieu-can-cuoc/ Saigon Liberation Newspaper: The Ministry of Public Security evaluates the DNA biometric solution for the identification database (6th February 2024)]<br />
**[http://www.fastcompany.com/3061740/the-quest-to-identify-vietnams-unknown-soldiers-pushes-the-limits-of-dna-technology Fast Company: The Quest To Identify Vietnam's Unknown Soldiers Pushes The Limits of DNA Technology (20th July 2016)]<br />
**[http://kdhnews.com/fort_hood_herald/military_pulse/legacies-of-war-years-after-the-fall-of-saigon-soldiers/article_44a08f66-edc9-11e4-9731-cf6ad5cd73ab.html Fort Hood Herald: Legacies of war: 40 years after the fall of Saigon, soldiers’ children are still left behind (29th April 2015)]<br />
**[http://triblive.com/usworld/world/8196467-74/nhan-dna-vietnam#axzz3Xwx0b79Y Washington Post: DNA matches child born in Vietnam, father in Texas after 40 years (18th April 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/vietnam-war-babies-still-searching-birth-parents-40-years-1490018 International Business Times: Vietnam war babies still searching for birth parents 40 years on (2nd March 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thanhniennews.com/politics/fbi-to-transfer-dna-testing-software-to-vietnam-police-39942.html Thanh Nien News: FBI to transfer DNA testing software to Vietnam police (17th March 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thanhniennews.com/society/hcmc-demands-dna-test-for-boy-left-in-taxi-36671.html Thanh Nien News: HCMC demands DNA test for boy left in taxi (24th December 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.vietnambreakingnews.com/2012/08/dna-tests-link-war-dead-to-families/#.Uscr4rTFqwE Vietnam Breaking News: DNA tests link war dead to families (28th August 2012)]</div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/VietnamVietnam2024-03-19T09:39:58Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>DNA testing is used in specific police cases in Vietnam and in attempts to identify war dead and adopted children.<br />
In 2015, the FBI transferred DNA testing software to the Vietnam police. According to Interpol, Vietnam is planning a DNA database.<br />
==Resources==<br />
*External links<br />
**[http://operationreunite.org/other-current-projects/adoptee-dna-project/ Operation Reunite: Adoptee DNA Project]<br />
<br />
*Press articles<br />
**[https://www.techradar.com/computing/cyber-security/vietnam-to-collect-biometric-information-and-dna-for-new-id-cards Tech Radar: Vietnam to collect biometric information (and DNA) for new ID cards (20th Fabruary 2024)]<br />
**[https://en.baochinhphu.vn/viet-nam-to-collect-biometric-information-for-identification-from-july-111240219111759363.htm Government News: Viet Nam to collect biometric information for identification from July (19th February)]<br />
**[https://www.vietnam.vn/en/viet-nam-dang-tung-buoc-trien-khai-he-thong-co-so-du-lieu-ve-adn-mong-mat/ Thanh Nien Newspaper: Vietnam is gradually implementing a DNA and iris database system (7th February 2024)]<br />
**[https://www.vietnam.vn/en/bo-cong-an-danh-gia-ve-giai-phap-sinh-trac-hoc-adn-vao-co-so-du-lieu-can-cuoc/ Saigon Liberation Newspaper: The Ministry of Public Security evaluates the DNA biometric solution for the identification database (6th February 2024)]<br />
**[http://www.fastcompany.com/3061740/the-quest-to-identify-vietnams-unknown-soldiers-pushes-the-limits-of-dna-technology Fast Company: The Quest To Identify Vietnam's Unknown Soldiers Pushes The Limits of DNA Technology (20th July 2016)]<br />
**[http://kdhnews.com/fort_hood_herald/military_pulse/legacies-of-war-years-after-the-fall-of-saigon-soldiers/article_44a08f66-edc9-11e4-9731-cf6ad5cd73ab.html Fort Hood Herald: Legacies of war: 40 years after the fall of Saigon, soldiers’ children are still left behind (29th April 2015)]<br />
**[http://triblive.com/usworld/world/8196467-74/nhan-dna-vietnam#axzz3Xwx0b79Y Washington Post: DNA matches child born in Vietnam, father in Texas after 40 years (18th April 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/vietnam-war-babies-still-searching-birth-parents-40-years-1490018 International Business Times: Vietnam war babies still searching for birth parents 40 years on (2nd March 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thanhniennews.com/politics/fbi-to-transfer-dna-testing-software-to-vietnam-police-39942.html Thanh Nien News: FBI to transfer DNA testing software to Vietnam police (17th March 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thanhniennews.com/society/hcmc-demands-dna-test-for-boy-left-in-taxi-36671.html Thanh Nien News: HCMC demands DNA test for boy left in taxi (24th December 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.vietnambreakingnews.com/2012/08/dna-tests-link-war-dead-to-families/#.Uscr4rTFqwE Vietnam Breaking News: DNA tests link war dead to families (28th August 2012)]</div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/VietnamVietnam2024-03-19T09:38:37Z<p>Admin: /* Resources */</p>
<hr />
<div>DNA testing is used in specific police cases in Vietnam and in attempts to identify war dead and adopted children.<br />
In 2015, the FBI transferred DNA testing software to the Vietnam police. According to Interpol, Vietnam is planning a DNA database.<br />
==Resources==<br />
*External links<br />
**[http://operationreunite.org/other-current-projects/adoptee-dna-project/ Operation Reunite: Adoptee DNA Project]<br />
<br />
*Press articles<br />
**[https://www.techradar.com/computing/cyber-security/vietnam-to-collect-biometric-information-and-dna-for-new-id-cards Tech Radar: Vietnam to collect biometric information (and DNA) for new ID cards (20th Fabruary 2024)]<br />
**[https://www.vietnam.vn/en/viet-nam-dang-tung-buoc-trien-khai-he-thong-co-so-du-lieu-ve-adn-mong-mat/ Thanh Nien Newspaper: Vietnam is gradually implementing a DNA and iris database system (7th February 2024)]<br />
**[https://www.vietnam.vn/en/bo-cong-an-danh-gia-ve-giai-phap-sinh-trac-hoc-adn-vao-co-so-du-lieu-can-cuoc/ Saigon Liberation Newspaper: The Ministry of Public Security evaluates the DNA biometric solution for the identification database (6th February 2024)]<br />
**[http://www.fastcompany.com/3061740/the-quest-to-identify-vietnams-unknown-soldiers-pushes-the-limits-of-dna-technology Fast Company: The Quest To Identify Vietnam's Unknown Soldiers Pushes The Limits of DNA Technology (20th July 2016)]<br />
**[http://kdhnews.com/fort_hood_herald/military_pulse/legacies-of-war-years-after-the-fall-of-saigon-soldiers/article_44a08f66-edc9-11e4-9731-cf6ad5cd73ab.html Fort Hood Herald: Legacies of war: 40 years after the fall of Saigon, soldiers’ children are still left behind (29th April 2015)]<br />
**[http://triblive.com/usworld/world/8196467-74/nhan-dna-vietnam#axzz3Xwx0b79Y Washington Post: DNA matches child born in Vietnam, father in Texas after 40 years (18th April 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/vietnam-war-babies-still-searching-birth-parents-40-years-1490018 International Business Times: Vietnam war babies still searching for birth parents 40 years on (2nd March 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thanhniennews.com/politics/fbi-to-transfer-dna-testing-software-to-vietnam-police-39942.html Thanh Nien News: FBI to transfer DNA testing software to Vietnam police (17th March 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thanhniennews.com/society/hcmc-demands-dna-test-for-boy-left-in-taxi-36671.html Thanh Nien News: HCMC demands DNA test for boy left in taxi (24th December 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.vietnambreakingnews.com/2012/08/dna-tests-link-war-dead-to-families/#.Uscr4rTFqwE Vietnam Breaking News: DNA tests link war dead to families (28th August 2012)]</div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/IndiaIndia2024-01-24T10:08:15Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>__TOC__<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
India does not have a national DNA database. However, according to Interpol's 2008 survey it has used HID (Human Identification) software of a national design for the operation of regional (State) databases.<br />
<br />
In 2007 a bill known as the Draft DNA Profiling Bill was piloted by the Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, an autonomous organization funded by the Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India. The DNA Profiling Bill looks to legalize the collection and analysis of DNA samples for forensic purposes and the creation of a national database. The Bill was developed further by an expert committee due to concerns about privacy and lack of safeguards. However, a new draft Bill was scheduled to be submitted to Parliament in summer 2015 despite dissent from some members of the committee, who stated that their concerns had not been fully addressed. A public consultation was then announced (deadline 20th August 2015). A new version of the Bill was submitted to the Indian Parliament in August 2018, but was not adopted before the end of the parliamentary session. The Bill was therefore introduced again following the 2019 General Election. See below for further details.<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
* External links<br />
**[https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-criminal-procedure-identification-bill-2022 PRS India: The Criminal Procedure (Identification) Bill, 2022]<br />
**[https://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/dna-technology-use-and-application-regulation-bill-2019 PRS India: The DNA Technology (Use and Application) Regulation Bill, 2019]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/comments-on-india-dna-bill-2019.pdf GeneWatch UK comments on: THE DNA TECHNOLOGY (USE AND APPLICATION) REGULATION BILL, 2019 (October (2019)]<br />
**[http://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/the-dna-technology-use-and-application-regulation-bill-2018-5330/ The DNA Technology (Use and Application) Regulation Bill 2018]<br />
**[https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/09/23/india-us-tech-firms-should-press-modi-privacy Human Rights Watch: India: US Tech Firms Should Press Modi on Privacy (23rd September 2015)]<br />
**[http://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/human-dna-profiling-bill-2012-vs-2015 CIS: Human DNA Profiling Bill 2012 v/s 2015 Bill (6th September 2015)]<br />
**[http://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/cis-comments-and-recommendations-to-human-dna-profiling-bill-2015 CIS Comments and Recommendations to the Human DNA Profiling Bill, June 2015 (27th August 2015)] also available as [http://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/cis-human-dna-profiling-bill-2015/view pdf]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/IndiaDNABill_FGPI_15.pdf GeneWatch UK response to the consultation on India's Human DNA Profiling Bill (18th August 2015)] <br />
**[http://www.countercurrents.org/cc100815.htm Public Statement By Concerned Citizens: Biometric Data Collection, Aadhaar Number And Related Programs Is A Black Act (10th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/Human-DNA-Profiling-Bill.pdf Draft Human DNA Profiling Bill: Version for Public Comment (9th June 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/Letter.pdf Human DNA Profiling Bill-2015(Comments from Public are invited)] Deadline 20th August 2015.<br />
**[http://righttoprivacydna.blogspot.com.au/ Blog: Ram Krishnaswamy: RIGHTS TO PRIVACY & DNA PROFILING]<br />
**[http://sacw.net/article11388.html India: Usha Ramanathan’s Note of Dissent on Human DNA Profiling Bill that is coming soon in the Parliament (20th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://thewire.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Draft-DNA-Bill-Jan-2015.pdf Working Draft Human DNA Profiling Bill (16th January 2015)]<br />
** [http://cis-india.org/about/internet-governance/blog/public-meeting-on-dna-profiling-bill CIS: A Public Meeting on DNA Profiling Bill in Delhi (29th September 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/INDIA_DNA_BILL_collection.pdf GeneWatch UK: INDIA DNA BILL: Collection of DNA (12th September 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/INDIA_DNA_BILL_retention.PDF GeneWatch UK: INDIA DNA BILL: Retention of DNA (12th September 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/INDIA_DNA_BILL_usesandrestrictions.PDF GeneWatch UK: INDIA DNA BILL: Uses of DNA (12th September 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/INDIA_DNA_BILL_solvingcrime.PDF GeneWatch UK: INDIA DNA BILL: Solving crimes (12th September 2012)]<br />
** [http://cis-india.org/internet-governance/indian-draft-dna-profiling-act.pdf/view CIS: Overview and Concerns Regarding the Indian Draft DNA Profiling Act (6th September 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/India_DNA_Bill_Memo_2.0.pdf CRG: Overview and Concerns Regarding the Indian Draft DNA Profiling Act (April 2012)]<br />
** [http://bargad.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/1draft-human-dna-profiling-bill-2012.pdf Draft Human DNA Profiling Bill 2012 (February 2012)]<br />
** [http://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/privacy/dna-overview Centre for Internet and Society: An Overview of DNA Labs in India]<br />
** [http://cis-india.org/advocacy/igov/privacy-india/privacy_dnaprofilingbill Centre for Internet and Society: The DNA Profiling Bill 2007 and Privacy (25th April 2011)]<br />
<br />
* Press articles<br />
**[https://theprint.in/india/absence-of-database-on-convicted-offenders-and-defined-set-of-markers-among-challenges-for-dna-profiling/1593605/ The Print: Absence of database on convicted offenders and defined set of markers among challenges for DNA profiling (25th May 2023)]<br />
**[https://www.newsdrum.in/national/absence-of-database-on-convicted-offenders-and-defined-set-of-markers-among-challenges-for-dna-profiling News Drum: Absence of database on convicted offenders and defined set of markers prolong challenges for DNA profiling (25th May 2023)]<br />
**[https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/dna-technology-regulation-bill/ Observer Research Foundation: DNA Technology Regulation Bill: Concerns on data privacy, dependence, and bias (20th December 2022)]<br />
**[https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2022/04/05/why-policy-makers-law-enforcement-agencies-find-criminal-procedure-bill-a-hard-row-to-hoe.html The Weekly: Why policy makers, law enforcement agencies find criminal procedure bill a hard row to hoe (11th April 2022)]<br />
**[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/criminal-procedure-bill-unconstitutional-against-sc-verdicts-chidambaram-7856990/ Indian Express: Criminal Procedure Bill unconstitutional, against SC verdicts: Chidambaram (7th April 2022)]<br />
**[https://www.medianama.com/2022/04/223-criminal-procedure-identification-bill-debate-parliament/ Medianama: How The Debate On Criminal Procedure (Identification) Bill Unfolded In Lok Sabha (6th April 2022)]<br />
**[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/et-editorial/abiding-and-enforcing-the-law-scientifically/articleshow/90692686.cms The Economic Times (6th April 2022)]<br />
**[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/explainer-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-criminal-procedure-identification-bill-2022/articleshow/90659950.cms Times of India: Explainer: All you need to know about the Criminal Procedure (Identification Bill, 2022) (5th April 2022)]<br />
**[https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/rethink-the-criminal-identification-bill-101648995338679.html Hindustan Times: Rethink the criminal identification bill (3rd April 2022)]<br />
**[https://www.livelaw.in/columns/criminal-procedure-identification-bill-problematic-project-39a-report-195619 Live Law: Criminal Procedure (Identification) Bill Problematic : Project 39A Report (2nd April 2022)]<br />
**[https://scroll.in/article/1020747/explainer-why-a-new-bill-to-collect-data-from-convicts-is-raising-civil-rights-concerns Scroll: Explainer: Why a new bill to collect data from convicts is raising civil rights concerns (1st April 2022)]<br />
**[https://www.epw.in/journal/2021/32/editorials/dna-database-legislative-overreach.html Economic and Political Weekly: DNA Database: A Legislative Overreach (7th August 2021)]<br />
**[http://www.businessworld.in/article/Retention-and-storage-of-forensic-DNA-profiles-critical-to-combat-sexual-crime-in-India/16-12-2020-354466/ Business Wire: Retention And Storage Of Forensic DNA Profiles Critical To Combat Sexual Crime In India (16th December 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.aninews.in/news/business/application-of-forensic-dna-technology-critical-to-deter-sexual-predators-as-rape-complaints-reach-pre-pandemic-levels20200929170914/ ANI News: Application of forensic DNA technology critical to deter sexual predators as rape complaints reach pre-pandemic levels (29th September 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/dna-regulation-bill-2019-1598451591-1 Jagran Josh: The DNA Technology (Use and Application) Regulation Bill of 2019: What does the draft report of the parliamentary standing committee say? (26th August 2020)]<br />
**[https://bestmediainfo.com/2020/07/call-for-use-of-dna-evidence-to-nail-culprits-and-make-india-rape-free/ Best Media Info: Call for use of DNA evidence to nail culprits and make India rape-free (20th July 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/privacy-and-hunt-for-the-code/cid/1742651 The Telegraph (India): Privacy and hunt for the code (6th February 2020)]<br />
**[https://thewire.in/government/dna-technology-bill-2018-databank-parliamentary-standing-committee-privacy-consent The Wire: DNA Technology Bill: Why the Standing Committee Has Its Work Cut Out (1st November 2019)]<br />
**[https://caravanmagazine.in/policy/right-to-privacy-data-protection-bill-policies The Caravan: With the data-protection bill in limbo, these policies contravene the right to privacy (30th September 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.businesstoday.in/current/policy/is-dna-technology-use-and-application-regulation-bill-2019-another-aadhaar-in-making/story/372579.html Business Today: DNA Technology (Use and Application) Regulation Bill 2019: Another Aadhaar in the making (14th August 2009)]<br />
**[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kashmir-to-triple-talaq-lok-sabha-passes-most-bills-since-1952-in-its-most-productive-session-1578238-2019-08-07 India Today: Kashmir to triple talaq: Lok Sabha passes most bills since 1952 in its most productive session] Reports that the DNA Bill has not passed in this parliamentary session.<br />
**[https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/dna-test-only-after-appropriate-satisfaction-for-its-requirement-146946 LiveLaw:DNA Test Cannot Be Ordered Without There Being Appropriate Satisfaction For Its Requirement: SC (5th August 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/aiims-to-dna-profile-unidentified-bodies-create-a-database-accessible-to-public/article28594242.ece# Business Line: AIIMS to DNA profile unidentified bodies, create a database accessible to public (19th July 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.livemint.com/opinion/online-views/the-country-s-new-dna-law-raises-privacy-concerns-1563905765685.html LiveMint: Opinion: The country’s new DNA law raises privacy concerns (24th July 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.newsclick.in/DNA-bill-unclear-consent-privacy News Click: DNA Bill unclear on consent and privacy (12th July 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/dna-technology-bill-introduced-lok-sabha/1636627/ Financial Express: DNA technology bill introduced in Lok Sabha (8th July 2019)]<br />
**[https://thewire.in/government/dna-technology-regulation-bill-lok-sabha The Wire: Amid Opposition Criticism, Government Tables DNA Technology Bill in Lok Sabha (8th July 2019)]<br />
**[https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/dna-regulation-bill-technology-lok-sabha-5799785/ The Indian Express: Explained: Why govt wants to bank DNA (2nd July 2019)]<br />
**[https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/dna-regulation-bill-technology-lok-sabha-5799785/ Indian Express: Explained: Why govt wants to bank DNA (26th June 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cabinet-approves-dna-profiling-bill-1555317-2019-06-24 India Today: Cabinet approves bill that can track your DNA (24th June 2019)]<br />
**[http://www.mondaq.com/india/x/782032/new+technology/DNA+Profiling+In+The+India+Towards+The+New+Age+DNA+Technology+Use+And+Application+Bill Mondaq: India: DNA Profiling In The India (Towards The New Age DNA Technology Use And Application Bill) (18th February 2019)]<br />
**[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajya-sabha-pendency-dips-as-22-bills-lapse-after-lok-sabha-nod-5584757/ Indian Express: Rajya Sabha pendency dips as 22 Bills lapse after Lok Sabha nod (15th February 2019)] Reports that the DNA Bill has lapsed.<br />
**[https://www.firstpost.com/india/dna-bill-is-designed-to-fail-6038751.html First Post: DNA bill is designed to fail (6th February 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.firstpost.com/india/dna-bill-to-ensure-justice-is-gene-uine-govt-must-ensure-privacy-of-individuals-is-respected-as-well-5872381.html First Post: DNA Bill: To ensure justice is 'gene'-uine, govt must ensure privacy of individuals is respected as well (10th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/towards-a-genetic-panopticon/article25791126.ece The Hindu: Towards a genetic panopticon (21st December 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.newslaundry.com/2019/01/14/the-dna-bill-has-a-sequence-of-problems-that-need-to-be-resolved NewsLaundry: The DNA Bill has a sequence of problems that need to be resolved (14th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/01/09/dna-technology-bill-raises-serious-concerns-over-right-to-privacy.html The Week: DNA technology bill raises serious concerns over right to privacy (9th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/67444686.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst The Times of India: CDFD scientists’ wait ends as DNA Bill gets Lok Sabha nod (9th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.firstpost.com/india/dna-technology-bill-passed-in-lok-sabha-lacks-clarity-on-consent-privacy-and-proper-cost-benefit-analysis-5862941.html FirstPost: DNA Technology Bill passed in Lok Sabha lacks clarity on consent, privacy and proper cost-benefit analysis (9th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.news18.com/news/india/lok-sabha-gives-consent-to-dna-bill-to-identity-persons-with-respect-to-criminal-cases-1995807.html News18: Lok Sabha Gives Consent to DNA Bill to Identify Persons With Criminal Cases (8th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/lok-sabha-passes-dna-bill-after-brief-discussion/710502.html Tribune: Lok Sabha passes DNA Bill after brief discussion (8th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.india.com/news/agencies/bill-to-allow-use-of-dna-technology-to-identity-persons-in-ls-3516348/ India.com: Bill to allow use of DNA technology to identity persons in LS (8th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/66790072.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst Times of India: High Court: Create app, save DNA samples to trace missing kids (25th November 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/perspective/caution-dna-bill-raise-700080.html Deccan Herald: Caution on DNA Bill: raise awareness first (26th October 2018)]<br />
**[https://thewire.in/law/dna-bill-data-protection-bill-consent The Wire: Why India’s Draft Data Protection Bill Cannot Solve the Problems of the DNA Bill (29th August 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up-front/story/20180910-dna-profiling-bill-pinning-you-down-with-data-1327615-2018-08-31 India Today: DNA profiling bill: Pinning you down with data (31st August 2018)]<br />
**[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/congress-opposes-dna-profiling-calls-it-violative-of-privacy/articleshow/65555699.cms Times of India: Congress opposes DNA profiling, calls it violative of privacy (27th August 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.news18.com/amp/news/opinion/opinion-dna-databases-designed-to-fight-crime-without-compromising-privacy-1843721.html News 18: DNA Databases, Designed to Fight Crime Without Compromising Privacy (14th August 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2018/08/13/government-will-answer-every-concern-on-DNA-Technology-Bill.html The Week: 'Modi govt will answer every concern on DNA Technology Bill' (13th August 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/storing-of-dna-profiles-of-crime-accused-not-permanent/article24672723.ece The Hindu: ‘Storing of DNA profiles of crime-accused not permanent’(13th August 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/130818/hyderabaddna-bill-raises-many-questions-on-privacy.html Deccan Chronicle: Hyderabad: DNA Bill raises many questions on privacy (13th August 2018)]<br />
**[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/65380304.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst Times of India: 'Aadhaar link to DNA profiles to be decided later' (13th August 2018)]<br />
**[http://www.uniindia.com/cdfd-helped-centre-in-big-way-on-drafting-dna-technology-bill-2018-harsha-vardhan/business-economy/news/1317742.html United News of India: CFD helped Centre in a big way on drafting DNA Technology Bill 2018: Harsha Vardhan (12th August 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/bill-in-ls-to-collect-dna-samples-for-crime-probe/635132.html The Tribune: Bill in LS to collect DNA samples for crime probe (10th August 2018)]<br />
**[https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/bill-in-lok-sabha-for-use-of-dna-technology-to-crack-tough-criminal-cases-5299381/ The Indian Express: Bill in Lok Sabha for use of DNA technology to crack tough criminal cases (9th August 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/decoding-the-dna-bill/article24636395.ece The Hindu: Decoding the DNA Bill (9th August 2018)]<br />
**[https://indianexpress.com/article/delhi/man-conicted-of-rape-delhi-hc-flags-irregularities-in-forensic-reports-5296825/ The Indian Express: Man convicted of rape: Delhi HC flags irregularities in forensic reports (8th August 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.bloombergquint.com/opinion/2018/08/02/the-dna-bill-another-invasive-imperfect-database#gs.XAizV9o Bloomberg Quint:The DNA Bill: Another Invasive, Imperfect Database! (2nd August 2018)]<br />
**[https://thewire.in/government/dna-profiling-bill-parliament The Wire: Four Reasons Why India’s Controversial DNA Bill Should Be Sent to a Standing Committee (25th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/once-bitten-twice-shy-dna-profiling-bill-revives-fear-of-aadhaar-like-data-breach-61193 DownToEarth: Once bitten, twice shy: DNA Profiling Bill revives fear of Aadhaar-like data breach (19th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/proposed-dna-bank-will-not-store-data-permanently-official/article24414326.ece The Hindu: Proposed DNA bank will not store data permanently: official (13th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/home-ministry-guides-states-on-searching-crime-scenes-collecting-evidence/articleshow/64940735.cms Economic Times: Home ministry guides states on searching crime scenes & collecting evidence (11th July 2018)]<br />
**[http://blog.forumias.com/dnatechnology-use-and-application-regulation-bill-2018-an-analysis/ Forum IAS: DNA Technology (Use and Application) Regulation Bill, 2018: An Analysis (10th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/simply-put-how-government-plans-to-use-dna-technology-5252587/ Indian Express: Here’s how the government plans to use DNA profiles, samples and records (10th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://theprint.in/governance/after-aadhaar-a-new-bill-aims-for-greatness-but-may-leave-your-personal-info-unsecured/79483/ The Print: After Aadhaar, a new bill aims for greatness but may leave your personal info unsecured (6th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dna-profiling-bill-to-be-discussed-by-narendra-modi-government-tomorrow/articleshow/64852812.cms Economic Times: DNA Profiling Bill to be discussed by Narendra Modi government tomorrow (5th July 2018)]<br />
**[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-union-cabinet-approves-dna-technology-bill-2633300 DNA: Union Cabinet approves DNA Technology Bill (5th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://thewire.in/law/cabinet-approves-bill-for-setting-up-dna-data-banks-to-store-profiles The Wire: Cabinet Approves Bill for Setting up DNA Data Banks to Store Profiles (5th July 2018)]<br />
**[http://www.livelaw.in/dna-technology-regulation-bill-gets-cabinet-approval/ Live Law: DNA Technology Regulation Bill Gets Cabinet Approval(5th July 2018)]<br />
Read more at: http://www.livelaw.in/dna-technology-regulation-bill-gets-cabinet-approval/<br />
**[https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/cabinet-clears-dna-database-on-crime-242578 Telegraph: Cabinet clears DNA database on crime (5th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2018/07/05/government-gives-nod-to-bill-for-building-dna-databases-in-india-for-criminal-investigation-and-justice-delivery_a_23474995/?guccounter=1 Huffington Post: Government Gives Nod To Bill For Building DNA Databases In India, For 'Criminal Investigation And Justice Delivery' (5th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.thebetterindia.com/148956/centre-cabinet-dna-profiling-bill-news/ The Better India: Centre Passes Bill That Seeks to Set up Human DNA Banks to Strengthen Criminal Justice (5th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-could-have-dna-banks-to-store-profiles-as-cabinet-clears-bill-1878017 NDTV: India Could Have DNA Banks To Store Profiles As Cabinet Clears Bill (4th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dna-profiling-bill-to-be-discussed-by-narendra-modi-government-tomorrow/articleshow/64852812.cms Economic Times: DNA Profiling Bill to be discussed by Narendra Modi government tomorrow (4th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/union-cabinet-clears-dna-profiling-bill/article24333036.ece?homepage=true the Hindu: Union Cabinet clears DNA profiling bill (4th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.firstpost.com/india/monsoon-session-of-parliament-over-50-pending-bills-six-ordinances-to-be-taken-up-in-18-days-4640761.html First Post: Monsoon Session of Parliament: Over 50 pending Bills, six ordinances to be taken up in 18 days (1st July 2018)]<br />
**[https://edition.cnn.com/2018/06/06/health/india-forensics-delays-justice-intl/index.html CNN:Sexual violence victims can wait years for India's overtaxed crime labs (6th June 2018)]<br />
**[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dna-data-banks-to-be-set-up-at-national-state-level-to-store-dna-profiles/articleshow/64147464.cms The Economic Times: DNA data banks to be set up at national, state level to store DNA profiles (13th May 2018)]<br />
**[http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-problems-with-a-dna-registry/article23805145.ece The Hindu: The problems with a DNA registry (8th May 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/modi-government-to-create-dna-archive-to-locate-missing-persons-identify-bodies-1224585-2018-05-02 India Today: Modi government to create DNA archive to locate missing persons, identify bodies (2nd May 2018)]<br />
**[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/centre-promises-law-on-dna-profiling-sc-disposes-of-pil/articleshow/63990546.cms The Times of India: Centre promises law on DNA profiling; SC disposes of PIL (1st May 2018)]<br />
**[https://thewire.in/tech/dna-profiling-bill-aadhaar-biometrics The Wire: India's Blind Faith in DNA and Aadhaar Profiling Will Lead to No Good (27th April 2018)]<br />
**[https://qz.com/1244824/andhra-pradesh-is-using-blockchain-to-collect-dna-data-of-50-million-citizens/ Quartz: An Indian state is using blockchain to collect DNA data of 50 million citizens (9th April 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.mid-day.com/articles/mid-day-impact-government-puts-multi-crore-proposal-for-dna-testing-kit-on-hold/19275155 Mid-Day: Government puts multi-crore proposal for DNA testing kit on hold (3rd April 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/csi-delhi-cops-to-gear-up-for-dna-tests-in-big-crimes-1194827-2018-03-22 India Today: CSI Delhi: Cops to gear up for DNA tests in big crimes (22nd March 2018)]<br />
**[http://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-forensic-training-a-must-for-cops-2583465 DNA: Forensic training a must for cops: (11th February 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.thestatesman.com/india/india-will-soon-forensic-dna-database-curb-crime-rajnath-1502583000.html The Statesman: India will soon have a forensic DNA database to curb crime: Rajnath (10th February 2018)]<br />
**[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-is-delhi-ready-for-the-dna-test-2564122 DNA: Is Delhi ready for the DNA test? (2nd December 2017)]<br />
**[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maharashtra-to-create-dna-database-of-offenders/articleshow/60705938.cms Times of India: Maharashtra to create DNA database of offenders (16th September 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.catchnews.com/national-news/india-needs-to-have-more-aggressive-dna-approach-at-crime-scene-experts-79194.html CatchNews: India needs to have more aggressive DNA approach at crime scene: Experts (29th August 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/indias-supreme-court-says-privacy-is-an-intrinsic-right-in-blow-to-government/2017/08/24/2c0b762c-8828-11e7-96a7-d178cf3524eb_story.html?utm_term=.ed09ca238e31 The Washington POsr: India’s Supreme Court says privacy is a fundamental right in blow to government (24th August 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.worldcrunch.com/opinion-analysis/collection-of-dna-spells-doom-in-india World Crunch: Collection Of DNA Spells Doom In India (10th August 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/6wGBEP2ThTvjzT4175jVOO/Is-profiling-in-Indias-DNA.html Live Mint: Is profiling in India’s DNA? (7th August 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/here-s-why-we-need-a-lot-more-discussion-on-india-s-new-dna-profiling-bill/story-CojTDv2vfMMMBsW0CaLxIP.html Hindustan Times: Here’s why we need a lot more discussion on India’s new DNA Profiling Bill (7th August 2017)]<br />
**[https://swarajyamag.com/politics/is-profiling-in-indias-dna- Swarajyamag: Is Profiling In India’s DNA? (7th August 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.thequint.com/india/2017/08/05/fb-live-dna-profiling-dangers-apar-gupta FB Live: Apar Gupta on Dangers of Proposed DNA Profiling Law (5th August 2017)]<br />
**[https://thewire.in/163958/dna-profiling-fingerprinting-bill-dbt-crime-scene/ The Wire: The DNA Profiling Bill Is Back in a New Avatar - Here’s the Lowdown (2nd August 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.newsbytesapp.com/timeline/India/9432/52719/know-all-about-the-dna-based-technology-bill-2017 NewsBytes: What is the debate surrounding India's new DNA-based technology bill? (2nd August 2017)]<br />
**[http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/simply-put-understanding-the-new-dna-tech-bill-4776304/ The Indian Express: Understanding the new DNA tech Bill: All your questions answered (1st August 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.firstpost.com/india/right-to-privacy-law-commission-submits-draft-bill-on-dna-profiling-moots-creation-of-national-regional-databanks-3875949.html First Post: Right to privacy: Law Commission submits draft bill on DNA profiling; moots creation of national, regional databanks (31st July 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/regulation-of-dna-profiling/article19372786.ece The Hindu: Regulation of DNA profiling (28th July 2017)]<br />
**[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/law-panel-nod-for-dna-bank-to-fight-crime/articleshow/59782271.cms Times of India: Law panel nod for DNA bank to fight crime (27th July 2017)]<br />
**[https://barandbench.com/human-dna-profiling-law-commission/ Bar & Bench: Law Commission Suggests New Human DNA Profiling Bill (27th July 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.catchnews.com/india-news/another-violation-of-right-to-privacy-law-commission-proposes-dna-profiling-74397.html Catch News: Another violation of 'right to privacy'? Law Commission proposes DNA profiling (27th July 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/dna-profiling-should-be-done-only-for-identification-law-panel-117072601303_1.html Business Standard: Now, DNA profiling will be done only for identification, says Law panel (26th July 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.india.com/news/agencies/dna-profiling-should-be-done-only-for-identificationlaw-panel-2353466/ India.com: DNA profiling should be done only for identification: Law panel (26th July 2017)]<br />
**[http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/law-panel-dna-profiling-board-jail-term/1/1011877.html India Today: Law panel moots DNA profiling board, up to 3 years jail term for rule violators (26th July 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.livelaw.in/law-commission-submits-draft-bill-human-dna-profiling-proposes-setting-national-regional-dna-data-banks-read-report/ LiveLaw: Law Commission Submits Draft Bill For Human DNA Profiling; Proposes Setting Up Of National And Regional DNA Data Banks (26th July 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.dailyo.in/politics/human-dna-profiling-test-bill-right-to-privacy-modi-aadhaar/story/1/18558.html Daily O: A DNA profiling law is dystopian nightmare without the fundamental right to privacy (24th July 2017)]<br />
**[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/finalising-fresh-version-of-dna-profiling-bill-govt-tells-sc-4764070/ the Indian Express: Finalising fresh version of DNA Profiling Bill, Govt tells SC (24th July 2017)]<br />
**[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/process-to-bring-in-dna-profiling-bill-has-begun-centre-to-sc-4755149/ The Indian Express: Process to bring in DNA profiling bill has begun: Centre to SC (17th July 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Andhra-Pradesh-working-on-system-to-DNA-tag-convicts/article17149088.ece The Hindu: Andhra Pradesh working on system to DNA-tag convicts (3rd February 2017)]<br />
**[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/first-dna-index-system-to-tackle-crime-introduced-by-andhra-pradesh-police-2989114/ The Indian Express: First DNA index system to tackle crime introduced by Andhra Pradesh Police (21st August 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh-police-to-soon-have-dna-index-system/article9014572.ece The businessline: AP police to soon have DNA index system (21st August 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.firstpost.com/india/crime-in-chennai-is-tamil-nadu-ready-for-police-commission-prediction-of-rise-in-crimes-2913482.html Firstpost: Crime in Chennai: Is Tamil Nadu ready for Police Commission prediction of rise in crimes? (25th July 2016)]<br />
**[http://news.trust.org/item/20160605044124-qc9rd/ India’s biometric blues (5th June 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.frontline.in/cover-story/surveillance-project/article8408866.ece Frontline: Surveillance project (15th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.governancenow.com/gov-next/egov/good-governance-subterfuge-aadhaar-bill Governance Now: ‘Good governance’, but through subterfuge! (21st March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/forget-privacy-aadhaar-bill-gives-too-much-power-to-the-executive/story-ZZjsWwMypqyw7Q5nIFWXcJ.html Hindustan Times: Forget privacy, Aadhaar Bill gives too much power to the executive (17th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.governancenow.com/news/regular-story/cloaking-aadhaar-the-sanctity-a-law-disputable-grounds Governance Now: Cloaking 'Aadhaar' with the sanctity of a law on disputable grounds (4th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-counts-on-big-data-to-grow-biotech/article8046071.ece The Hindu: Centre counts on Big Data to grow biotech (31th December 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/securing-the-right-to-privacy/article7958539.ece The Hindu Business Line: Securing the right to privacy (7th December 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/expert-bats-for-dna-human-profiling-bill/article7863627.ece The Hindu: Expert bats for DNA human profiling Bill (10th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://swarajyamag.com/magazine/every-move-you-make/ Sawarajya: Every Move You Make (23th September 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.newslaundry.com/2015/09/11/blood-tests-and-skin-scraping-of-indian-citizens-for-dna-profiling/ Newslaundry: Blood tests and skin scraping of Indian citizens for DNA profiling (11th September 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/State-to-get-DNA-bank/articleshow/48861394.cms Mumbai Mirror: State to get DNA bank (8th September 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.nyoooz.com/mumbai/194478/state-to-get-dna-bank NYOOZ: State to get DNA bank (8th September 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thequint.com/india/2015/09/01/mandatory-dna-profiling-can-help-solve-puzzle-of-unclaimed-bodies The Quint: Mandatory DNA Profiling Can Help Solve Puzzle of Unclaimed Bodies (2nd September 2015)]<br />
**[http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/in-new-bill-dna-testing-rules-and-some-concerns/ The Indian Express: In new Bill: DNA testing rules, and some concerns (27th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.epw.in/commentary/do-not-analyse-my-dna.html Economic and Political Weekly: D(o) N(ot) A(nalyse) My DNA: Arguments against the Human DNA Profiling Bill 2015 (22nd August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/dna-profiling-a-bill-that-reads-more-like-science-fiction/article1-1382031.aspx Hindustan Times: DNA profiling: A bill that reads more like science fiction (20th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://thewire.in/2015/08/18/government-invites-comments-on-dna-profiling-bill-even-if-belatedly-8698/ The Wire: Government Invites Comments on DNA Profiling Bill, Even if Belatedly (18th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/JBtZ24wlgVhLRvEcaZyvII/DNA-profiling-bill-More-safeguards-needed.html LiveMint: DNA profiling bill: More safeguards needed (17th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/scientific-ambitions-behind-dna-profiling-bill/article7544598.ece The Hindu: ‘Scientific ambitions behind DNA Profiling Bill’(16th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://indiatogether.org/dna-bill-issues-laws India Together: The DNA Bill is a recipe for disaster (12th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/new-bill-proposes-collection-of-samples-from-private-parts-for-dna-profiling-1206680 NDTV: New Bill Proposes Collection of Samples From Private Parts for DNA (12th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/new-bill-proposes-collection-of-samples-from-pvt-parts-for-dna-115081201672_1.html Business Standard: New bill proposes collection of samples from pvt parts for DNA (12th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-human-dna-profiling-bill-new-govt-bill-proposes-collection-of-samples-from-private-parts-2113761 DNA: Human DNA Profiling Bill: New govt bill proposes collection of samples from private parts (12th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/new-bill-proposes-collection-of-samples-from-pvt-parts-for-dna-profiling/articleshow/48457119.cms The Economic Times: New bill proposes collection of samples from pvt parts for DNA profiling (12th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33859720 BBC: Why India's Bihar is taking DNA samples to spite Modi (12th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dailyo.in/politics/human-dna-profiling-bill-2015-biotechnology-right-to-privacy-forensics-dbt-cdfd-hyderabad/story/1/5619.html Daily O: Why the government wants to photograph your private parts (12th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://thewire.in/2015/08/12/government-sidesteps-questions-on-privacy-rights-8349/ The Wire: Government Sidesteps Questions on Privacy Rights (12th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-india-can-learn-from-the-uk-s-mistakes-with-dna-2112143 DNA: India can learn from the UK’s mistakes with DNA (8th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/nation/genetic-profiling-is-it-all-in-the-dna Open: Genetic Profiling: Is it all in the DNA? (7th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://newsclick.in/india/human-dna-profiling-bill-invasion-privacy-grand-scale News Click: Human DNA Profiling Bill: Invasion of Privacy at a Grand Scale (6th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.newindianexpress.com/columns/End-of-Privacy-is-Death-Knell-for-Indian-Democracy/2015/08/05/article2958120.ece New Indian Express: End of Privacy is Death Knell for Indian Democracy (5th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/opinion-pieces/is-dna-profiling-worth-the-effort.html Manorama: Is DNA profiling worth the effort? (5th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/493378/controversy-erupts-over-dna-profiling.html Deccan Herald: Controversy erupts over DNA Profiling Bill ahead of introduction (5th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.com/hindi/india/2015/08/150803_dna_profiling_bill_tk BBC: सरकार के पास डीएनए प्रोफ़ाइल होने से परेशानी क्यों? (4th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-denies-plans-to-build-dna-database-but-experts-fault-bill/article7493062.ece The Hindu: Centre denies plans to build DNA database, but experts fault Bill (3rd August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.hindustantimes.com/comment/dna-profiling-bill-game-changer-but-potential-for-data-misuse/article1-1375782.aspx Hindustan Times: DNA Profiling bill: Game-changer but potential for data misuse (3rd August 2015)]<br />
**[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Four-problems-with-the-DNA-database/articleshow/48311840.cms?from=mdr Times of India: Four problems with the DNA database (2nd August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/why-the-dna-bill-is-open-to-misuse-sunil-abraham-115080101131_1.html Why the DNA Bill is open to misuse: Sunil Abraham (1st August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-basic-right-is-in-danger/article7482874.ece The Hindu; A basic Right is in Danger (31st July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.livemint.com/Politics/L8WX2Kr0WAiOhixEr06mJL/Monsoon-sessions-washout-threatens-to-derail-NDAs-reform-a.html Live Mint: Monsoon session may derail NDA’s reforms agenda (30th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/xrqO4wBzpPbeA4nPruPNXP/A-dangerous-convergence.html Live Mint: A dangerous convergence (29th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.livemint.com/Politics/VF2YLw4sgSxlxgPgIGJG2I/Regulation-misuse-concerns-still-dog-DNA-profiling-bill.html Live Mint: Regulation, misuse concerns still dog DNA profiling bill (29th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/editorial-dnaedit-negative-profiling-2109061 DNA: #dnaEdit: Negative profiling (29th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://bangalore.citizenmatters.in/articles/dna-bill-problems-issues-inputs-from-bangalore Citizen Matters Bangalore: With a powerful board and loose definitions, DNA Bill is a recipe for disaster (28th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/dna-profiling-bill/article7470970.ece The Hindu: DNA profiling Bill triggers debate (28th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/not-ready-for-dna-profiling/article7470651.ece Hindu Business Line: Not ready for DNA profiling (27th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.financialexpress.com/article/fe-columnist/human-dna-profiling-bill-a-tool-that-could-be-misused/108561/ Financial Express: Human DNA Profiling Bill: A tool that could be misused (27th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dailyo.in/politics/human-dna-profiling-2015-monsoon-session-modi-government-kuwait-bjp-nda/story/1/5252.html Daily O: Why Human DNA Profiling Bill can put Indians in danger (27th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dna-profiling-new-headache-for-the-nda-government/article1-1373337.aspx Hindustan Times: DNA profiling the new headache for NDA government (27th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/After-Aadhar-Human-DNA-Profiling-Bill-Raises-Fears-of-Misuse/2015/07/26/article2940327.ece The Sunday Standard: After Aadhar, Human DNA Profiling Bill Raises Fears of Misuse (26th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2015/07/26/indias-dna-profiling-bill-may-become-one-worlds-most-intrusive-laws SBS: India’s DNA profiling bill may become one of the world’s most intrusive laws (26th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://thewire.in/2015/07/25/debating-the-dna-bill-the-government-responds-the-wire-replies-7188/ The Wire: Debating the DNA Bill: The Government Responds, The Wire Replies (25th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://qz.com/463279/indias-dna-profiling-bill-may-become-one-of-the-worlds-most-intrusive-laws/ Quartz: India's DNA profiling bill may become one of the world's most intrusive laws (24th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://thewire.in/2015/07/24/modi-wants-the-dna-profiling-bill-passed-right-away-heres-why-it-shouldnt-be-6922/ The Wire: Modi Wants the DNA Profiling Bill Passed Right Away. Here’s Why It Shouldn’t Be (24th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://scroll.in/article/743049/the-scariest-bill-in-parliament-is-getting-no-attention-heres-what-you-need-to-know-about-it Scroll.in: The scariest bill in Parliament is getting no attention - here’s what you need to know about it (24th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/standpoint-how-dna-tests-can-help-mumbai-s-missing-children-2107443 DNA: How DNA tests can help Mumbai's missing children (23rd July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.nyoooz.com/lucknow/155928/kgmu-proposes-criminal-database-for-up-police NYOOOZ: KGMU proposes criminal database for UP Police (21st July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-dna-test-to-curb-use-of-babies-in-begging-2085620 DNA: DNA test to curb use of babies in begging? (14th May 2015)]<br />
**[http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/begging-rackets-child-trafficking-dna-test-maharashtra-government-beggars-ssa-vidya-thakur/1/416333.html India Today: Maharashtra govt plans to conduct DNA tests on street children to reunite them with their biological parents (1st February 2015)]<br />
**[http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-01-21/news/58306163_1_budget-session-biological-samples-dna-database The Economic Times: Human DNA Profiling Bill likely in Budget session: Centre to SC (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-centre-says-its-needs-legislative-sanction-to-dna-data-bank-2052323 DNA: Centre says its needs legislative sanction to DNA data bank (14th January 2015)]<br />
**[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Cops-mull-DNA-testing-of-Delhis-beggars/articleshow/45722741.cms Times of India: Cops mull DNA testing of Delhi’s beggars (2nd January 2015)]<br />
**[http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/dna-profiling-bill-unidentified-bodies-supreme-court-centre-feasibility/1/384321.html India Today: SC asks Centre on feasibility of DNA profiling of unidentified bodies (22nd September 2014)] Reports that the DNA Bill will be introduced to parliament in March 2015.<br />
**[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/bill-stuck-so-cannot-create-dna-data-bank-centre-to-sc/ The Indian Express: Bill stuck so cannot create DNA data bank (15th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.medianama.com/2014/07/223-government-dna-database-privacy/ MediaNama: Indian Govt plans a DNA profiles database to find missing persons; Privacy? (16th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-supreme-court-asks-centre-to-create-dna-database-for-unidentified-bodies-2002419 DNA India: Supreme Court asks Centre to create DNA database for unidentified bodies (15th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/sc-wants-creation-of-dna-database-for-unidentified-bodies_947636.html Z News: SC wants creation of DNA database for unidentified bodies (15th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/indiahome/indianews/article-2692100/Government-plans-DNA-database-help-missing-people.html Daily Mail: Government plans DNA database to help find missing people (14th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.firstpost.com/india/why-the-aarushi-trial-was-a-double-murder-of-forensics-investigation-1250025.html First Post: Aarushi trial: A double murder of forensics and investigation (26th November 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-army-to-store-soldiers-dna-profile/article4643751.ece The Hindu: Indian Army to store soldiers' DNA profile (22nd April 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1888543/report-dna-special-just-60-forensic-experts-and-25-labs-to-handle-24923-rape-cases DNA special: Just 60 forensic experts and 25 labs to handle 24,923 rape cases (14th September 2013)]<br />
** [http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-01/mumbai/41662217_1_dna-tests-dna-evidence-survivor Times of India: DNA tests can offer clinching proof in all rape cases, say legal experts (1st September 2013)]<br />
** [http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-30/mumbai/41617883_1_dna-profiling-bill-dna-evidence-dna-technology Times of India: Mumbai gang-rape case: 5 names added to DNA database (30th August 2013)]<br />
** [http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/08/16/indias-doubting-fathers-and-sons-embrace-dna-paternity-tests/?src=rechp&_r=0 India Ink: India's Doubting Fathers and Sons Embrace DNA Paternity Tests (16th August 2013)]<br />
** [http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/01/ca-life-technologies-idUSnPNLA56557+1e0+PRN20130801 Reuters: Life Technologies Opens State-of-the-Art DNA Forensics Laboratory in India (1st August 2013)]<br />
** [http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_delhi-gang-rape-case-fsl-pulled-up-for-having-non-competent-officers_1781972 DNA: Delhi gang-rape case: FSL pulled up for having non-competent officers (26th December 2012)]<br />
** [http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-24/chennai/35991440_1_forensic-experts-government-doctors-evidence Times of India: Poor gathering of forensic evidence lets offenders walk free (24th December 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/dna-databases-india-must-learn-from-international-experiences/article4055382.ece The Hindu: DNA databases: 'India must learn from international experiences' (2nd November 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/bihar-to-have-lab-with-dna-test-facility/article4058645.ece The Hindu: Bihar to have lab with DNA test facility (2nd November 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.epw.in/web-exclusives/rethinking-dna-profiling-india.html Economic and Political Weekly: Rethinking DNA Profiling in India (27th October 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bill-to-create-bank-for-dna-profiling-of-accused-coming/article4019621.ece The Hindu: Bill to create bank for DNA profiling of accused coming (21st October 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.deccanherald.com/content/286646/dna-bill-faulted-inadequate-protection.html Deccan Herald: DNA Bill faulted for inadequate protection (19th October 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.firstpost.com/india/dna-experts-could-also-be-guilty-of-giving-false-results-486289.html DNA Experts Could Also be Guilty of Giving False Results(11th October 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.firstpost.com/india/could-better-dna-testing-facilities-in-india-have-saved-the-talwars-486172.html Could Better DNA Testing Facilities in India Have Saved the Talwars?(11th October 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.livemint.com/Politics/hFVRzai11wlgloIlr6zuZP/Proposed-DNA-database-greatly-expands-scope-of-surveillance.html Proposed DNA Database Greatly Expands Scope of Surveillance(1st October 2012)]<br />
** [http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-29/news/34163856_1_dna-samples-dna-database-crime-detection//Government Bill aims to build pool of DNA samples(29th Sept 2012)]<br />
** [http://news.yahoo.com/ap-newsbreak-kashmir-wont-dna-test-mass-graves-112723438.html AP: Kashmir Won't Test Mass DNA Graves (6th Sept 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.indianexpress.com/news/insufficient-chemicals-at-forensic-lab-for-dna-tests/957802//Insufficient Chemicals at Forensic Lab for DNA Tests(8th June 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_lack-of-funds-cripple-forensic-lab_1697399/Lack of Funds Cripples Lab(5th June 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_dna-profiling-very-soon-govt-will-know-you-inside-out_1689317/DNA Profiling in India: Pretty Soon the Government Will Know You Inside and Out (16th May 2012)]<br />
** [http://dnapolicyinitiative.org/dna-samples-lie-untested-in-india-due-to-overburdened-laboratories/DNA Samples Lie Untested in India due to Overburdened Laboratories (23rd April 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/andhra-pradesh/article2869815.ece The Hindu: DNA profiling to tackle crimes yet to catch up (8th February 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/hyderabad/dna-profiling-will-solve-several-issues-732 Deccan Chronicle: DNA profiling will solve several issues (12th November 2011)]<br />
** [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Forensic-experts-in-city-to-discuss-DNA-fingerprinting/articleshow/10697212.cms Times of India: Forensic experts in city to discuss DNA fingerprinting (12th November 2011)]<br />
** [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/dna-testing-to-identify-kashmirs-disappeared-2359361.html The Independent: DNA testing to identify Kashmir's 'disappeared' (23rd September 2011)]<br />
** [http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110707/jsp/northeast/story_14204831.jsp# The Telegraph (Calcutta): N-E to get hi-tech forensic institute (6th July 2011)]<br />
** [http://www.genewatch.org/India%20may%20soon%20have%20DNA%20database%20to%20crack%20crime%20%20Read%20more:%20India%20may%20soon%20have%20DNA%20database%20to%20crack%20crime%20-%20The%20Times%20of%20India%20http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-may-soon-have-DNA-database-to-crack-crime/articleshow/6556476.cms#ixzz11wxir2xH Times of India: India may soon have DNA database to crack crime (15th September 2010)]<br />
** [http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2618/stories/20090911261810100.htm Frontline: DNA controversies (29th August 2009)]<br />
** [http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-23/mumbai/31387482_1_dna-samples-blood-samples-forensic-experts 3 months on, 13/7 DNA samples lie untested]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/RussiaRussia2024-01-24T09:58:39Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>__TOC__<br />
== Overview ==<br />
Russia adopted DNA database legislation in December 2008 which came into effect in 2010. It includes persons convicted of serious crimes and unidentified bodies.<br />
According to Interpol, Russia's DNA database contained 18,049 crime scene DNA profiles, plus 1,385 reference DNA profiles from individuals in 2011.<br />
In 2023, Russia passed a law to expand its DNA database.<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
*External links<br />
**[http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001202302060001 Federal Law No. 8-FZ dated 02/06/2023 "On amendments to the Federal Law "On State Genomic Registration in the Russian Federation" and certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation"]<br />
**[https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/02/07/russia-legalizes-massive-dna-collection-without-oversight Human Rights Watch: Russia Legalizes Massive DNA Collection Without Oversight (7th February 2023)]<br />
**[https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&ved=0ahUKEwja05DizNvJAhUC0xQKHdaTAP8QFgg2MAM&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.msu.su%2Ffile%2F22280%2Fdownload%2F22284&usg=AFQjCNFUC8YNZqS2wc1trkZF61K6nlX1qQ Perepechina IO (2010) Federal Law "On state registration of genomics in the Russian Federation": legal and forensic aspects (in Russian) Journal of Criminology, 2010. - Vol. 1 (33). - S. 16-22.]<br />
**[http://www.rg.ru/2008/12/09/genom-registracia-dok.html Federal Law of the Russian Federation dated December 3, 2008 N 242-FZ "On State Genomic Registration in the Russian Federation" (In Russian)]<br />
* Press articles<br />
**[https://ifex.org/another-blow-to-the-right-to-privacy-as-russia-legalises-massive-dna-collection/ Ifex: Another blow to the right to privacy as Russia legalises massive DNA collection (12th February 2023)]<br />
**[https://tass.com/politics/1566885?utm_source=google.com&utm_medium=organic&utm_campaign=google.com&utm_referrer=google.com Tass: Duma approves law on required DNA registration for all convicts, suspects (25th January 2023)]<br />
**[http://in.rbth.com/economics/2015/03/02/scientists_to_map_the_russian_genome_41693.html Russia and India Report: Scientists to map the Russian genome (2nd March 2015)]<br />
**[http://rt.com/politics/206899-russia-fingerprinting-biometric-database/ RT: Bill to have all Russians fingerprinted and DNA profiled submitted to parliament (19th November 2014)]<br />
** [http://en.rian.ru/papers/20120627/174266202.html Izvestia: Russian Interior Ministry to Co-Finance Creation of DNA Database (27th June 2012)]<br />
** [http://english.ruvr.ru/radio_broadcast/25950828/58992992.html/ Voice of Russia: Russia to Create Severe Offenders Database (22nd Feb 2012)]<br />
** [http://rt.com/news/russia-dna-criminal-database-161/ RT: Russia steps up crimefighting with creation of DNA database (23rd October 2011)]<br />
** [http://en.ria.ru/russia/20100915/160597196.html RT: Russia steps up crimefighting with creation of DNA database (23rd October 2011)]<br />
** [http://en.ria.ru/russia/20100915/160597196.html RiaNovosti: Nationwide DNA database should be established in Russia - senator (15th September 2010))]<br />
** [http://en.ria.ru/news/20100825/160336961.html RiaNovosti: North Caucasus police chief welcomes regional fingerprint, DNA database (25th August 2010)]<br />
** [http://en.ria.ru/russia/20100304/158094672.html Ria Novosti: Chechen MP decries fingerprinting plan as human rights violation (3rd April 2010)]<br />
** [http://en.ria.ru/russia/20100401/158391007.html RiaNovosti: Russia's top forensics officer backs fingerprint, DNA database (1st April 2010)]<br />
** [http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/bastrykin-calls-for-test-dna-database/401998.html The Moscow Times: Bastrykin Calls for Test DNA Database (18th March 2010)]<br />
** [http://en.ria.ru/analysis/20090104/119294260.html RiaNovosti: DNA testing: pros and cons (1st April 2009)]<br />
** [http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/news-in-brief/372958.html Moscow Times: Medvedev Signs DNA Law (8th December 2008)]<br />
** [http://jurist.org/paperchase/2008/12/russia-president-signs-criminal-dna.php Jurist: Russia president signs criminal DNA database bill into law (6th December 2008)] <br />
** [http://www.kommersant.com/p-13607/r_530/genetic_database_crime/ Kommersant: Russia creates Federal DNA Database (19th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.rg.ru/2008/11/25/dnk.html Rossiiskaia Gazeta: След храните в банке (25th November 2008)]</div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/HondurasHonduras2024-01-24T09:47:27Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>Honduras passed legislation to allow the police to build a DNA database in 2023.<br />
<br />
==Resources==<br />
*External Links<br />
<br />
**[https://www.tsc.gob.hn/biblioteca/index.php/leyes/1249-ley-del-sistema-nacional-de-bases-de-datos-de-adn Ley del Sistema Nacional de Bases de Datos de ADN. Decreto No. 57-2023]<br />
<br />
*Press articles<br />
<br />
**[https://dplnews.com/congreso-de-honduras-aprueba-ley-para-crear-un-sistema-de-datos-de-adn/ Congreso de Honduras aprueba ley para crear un sistema de datos de ADN (11th August 2023)]<br />
**[https://tnh.gob.hn/nacional/congreso-nacional-aprueba-ley-del-sistema-nacional-de-bases-de-datos-de-adn/ Congreso Nacional aprueba Ley de Sistema Nacional de Bases de Dato de ADN (9th August 2023)]<br />
**[https://www.latribuna.hn/2023/08/11/cn-aprobo-ley-del-sistema-de-bases-de-datos-de-adn/ CN aprobó Ley del Sistema de Bases de Datos de ADN (11th August 2023)]</div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/HondurasHonduras2024-01-24T09:39:26Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>Honduras passed legislation to allow the police to build a DNA database in 2023.<br />
<br />
==Resources==<br />
*Press articles<br />
<br />
**[https://dplnews.com/congreso-de-honduras-aprueba-ley-para-crear-un-sistema-de-datos-de-adn/ Congreso de Honduras aprueba ley para crear un sistema de datos de ADN (11th August 2023)]<br />
**[https://tnh.gob.hn/nacional/congreso-nacional-aprueba-ley-del-sistema-nacional-de-bases-de-datos-de-adn/ Congreso Nacional aprueba Ley de Sistema Nacional de Bases de Dato de ADN (9th August 2023)]<br />
**[https://www.latribuna.hn/2023/08/11/cn-aprobo-ley-del-sistema-de-bases-de-datos-de-adn/ CN aprobó Ley del Sistema de Bases de Datos de ADN (11th August 2023)]</div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/HondurasHonduras2024-01-24T09:34:21Z<p>Admin: Created page with "Honduras passed legislation to allow the police to build a DNA database in 2023. ==Resources== *Press articles"</p>
<hr />
<div>Honduras passed legislation to allow the police to build a DNA database in 2023.<br />
<br />
==Resources==<br />
*Press articles</div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/Main_PageMain Page2024-01-24T09:32:16Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>The [http://dnapolicyinitiative.org/ Forensic Genetics Policy Initiative], a collaboration of GeneWatch UK, Privacy International, and the Council for Responsible Genetics, seeks to achieve a direct impact on the human rights standards adopted for DNA databases across the world.<br />
<br />
On this wiki, you are encouraged to engage and contribute to our knowledge of national DNA databases. These entries are based on our current knowledge of affairs in each country and we welcome your assistance in keeping them up to date and relevant. Below are links to entries for each country presently engaging in DNA databanking, or considering developing capacity or legislation. <br />
<br />
See also the [[global summary]] of DNA databases worldwide and the 2014 journal article [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2090536X14000239 Forensic DNA databases: Ethical and legal standards: A global review].<br />
<br />
You can also find pages on [[Europe]] and [[Interpol]] and [[International resources]]. These pages include information about the growing number of treaties and agreements to share DNA profile matches across international borders.<br />
<br />
In addition to country-specific information, we welcome any related discussion. Each page has a discussion link and a dedicated discussion page.<br />
<br />
Please do not hesitate to [http://dnapolicyinitiative.org/contact-2/ contact us] if you have questions, concerns, or would like to share further information.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Map.png]]<br />
<br />
'''DNA Policy Info by Country'''<br />
<br />
* [[Afghanistan]]<br />
* [[Albania]]<br />
* [[Algeria]]<br />
* [[Antigua and Barbuda]]<br />
* [[Argentina]]<br />
* [[Armenia]]<br />
* [[Australia]]<br />
* [[Austria]]<br />
* [[Azerbaijan]]<br />
* [[Bahamas]]<br />
* [[Bahrain]]<br />
* [[Bangladesh]]<br />
* [[Barbados]]<br />
* [[Belarus]]<br />
* [[Belgium]]<br />
* [[Bermuda]]<br />
* [[Bolivia]]<br />
* [[Bosnia and Herzegovenia]]<br />
* [[Botswana]]<br />
* [[Brazil]]<br />
* [[Brunei]]<br />
* [[Bulgaria]]<br />
* [[Burundi]]<br />
* [[Canada]]<br />
* [[Cayman Islands]]<br />
* [[Chile]]<br />
* [[China]]<br />
* [[China (Hong Kong)]]<br />
* [[Colombia]]<br />
* [[Costa Rica]]<br />
* [[Croatia]]<br />
* [[Cuba]]<br />
* [[Cyprus]]<br />
* [[Czech Republic]]<br />
* [[Denmark]]<br />
* [[Ecuador]]<br />
* [[Egypt]]<br />
* [[Estonia]]<br />
* [[Fiji]]<br />
* [[Finland]]<br />
* [[France]]<br />
* [[Georgia]]<br />
* [[Germany]]<br />
* [[Ghana]]<br />
* [[Gibraltar]]<br />
* [[Greece]]<br />
* [[Guatemala]]<br />
* [[Guyana]]<br />
* [[Honduras]]<br />
* [[Hong Kong]]<br />
* [[Hungary]]<br />
* [[Iceland]]<br />
* [[India]]<br />
* [[Indonesia]]<br />
* [[Iraq]]<br />
* [[Iran]]<br />
* [[Ireland]]<br />
* [[Israel]]<br />
* [[Italy]]<br />
* [[Jamaica]]<br />
* [[Japan]]<br />
* [[Jordan]]<br />
* [[Kazakhstan]]<br />
* [[Kenya]]<br />
* [[Korea (South)]]<br />
* [[Kosovo]]<br />
* [[Kuwait]]<br />
* [[Latvia]]<br />
* [[Lebanon]]<br />
* [[Lesotho]]<br />
* [[Libya]]<br />
* [[Liechtenstein]]<br />
* [[Lithuania]]<br />
* [[Luxembourg]]<br />
* [[Macedonia (FYR)]]<br />
* [[Malaysia]]<br />
* [[Malta]]<br />
* [[Mauritius]]<br />
* [[Mexico]]<br />
* [[Montenegro]]<br />
* [[Morocco]]<br />
* [[Namibia]]<br />
* [[Nepal]]<br />
* [[Netherlands]]<br />
* [[New Zealand]]<br />
* [[Nigeria]]<br />
* [[Norway]]<br />
* [[Oman]]<br />
* [[Pakistan]]<br />
* [[Panama]]<br />
* [[Paraguay]]<br />
* [[Peru]]<br />
* [[Philippines]]<br />
* [[Poland]]<br />
* [[Portugal]]<br />
* [[Qatar]]<br />
* [[Romania]]<br />
* [[Russia]]<br />
* [[Rwanda]]<br />
* [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]]<br />
* [[Saudi Arabia]]<br />
* [[Senegal]]<br />
* [[Serbia]]<br />
* [[Seychelles]]<br />
* [[Singapore]]<br />
* [[Slovakia]]<br />
* [[Slovenia]]<br />
* [[Somalia]]<br />
* [[South Africa]]<br />
* [[South Korea]]<br />
* [[Spain]]<br />
* [[Sri Lanka]]<br />
* [[St Lucia]]<br />
* [[Sudan]]<br />
* [[Sweden]]<br />
* [[Switzerland]]<br />
* [[Syria]]<br />
* [[Taiwan]]<br />
* [[Tanzania]]<br />
* [[Thailand]]<br />
* [[Trinidad and Tobago]]<br />
* [[Tunisia]]<br />
*[[Turkey]]<br />
* [[Uganda]]<br />
* [[Ukraine]]<br />
* [[United Arab Emirates]]<br />
* [[United Kingdom]]<br />
* [[United States]]<br />
* [[Uruguay]]<br />
* [[Uzbekistan]]<br />
* [[Venezuela]]<br />
* [[Vietnam]]<br />
<br />
* [[Yemen]]<br />
* [[Zimbabwe]]</div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/United_KingdomUnited Kingdom2023-07-18T11:25:05Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Overview ==<br />
The UK’s National DNA Database (NDNAD) was the first to be established, in 1995. Two changes in the law, made by the Blair Government in 2001 and 2003, led to a massive expansion of the database. DNA samples and records were collected routinely from everyone arrested for any recordable offence, from the age of ten, and retained indefinitely whether or not they were charged or convicted. However, the law on retention was reversed following public controversy and a successful challenge in the European Court of Human Rights.<br />
<br />
The 2008 Interpol survey reports that 329,660 crime scene DNA profiles and 5,093,145 individuals' profiles, plus 163 unknown/deceased DNA profiles were held in the UK at the time of the survey. According to Interpol, the UK's DNA database grew to 400,337 crime scene DNA profiles, 6,547,187 reference DNA profiles from individuals, 97 missing persons' DNA profiles, 35 unidentified human remains DNA profiles and 43,888 other DNA profiles in 2011. As at 31 March 2015, the NDNAD held 5,766,369 DNA profiles from individuals and 486,691 from crime scenes, following removal of DNA profiles from innocent people and some children convicted of minor offences. Removing these people from the database has not reduced crime detection rates. <br />
<br />
At 31st March 2020, the DNA database held 6,568,035 individuals' DNA profiles (taken from 5,604,185 individuals, when duplicates are taken into account) and 647,378 from crime scenes (of which 213,003 had not been matched to an individual's DNA profile).<br />
<br />
Legislation covering police use of DNA is different in Scotland and Northern Ireland from the law in England and Wales. Scotland and Northern Ireland maintain separate DNA databases, but DNA profile records loaded to these databases are also loaded to the UK's NDNAD. Thus, the UK's NDNAD holds DNA profiles from all UK police forces (as well as the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man), but the laws covering the retention of DNA profiles taken in each country differ. At 31st March 2020, individuals' DNA profiles stored on the NDNAD (including duplicates) consisted of 5,615,953 from England, 371,848 from Scotland, 365,965 from Wales, 171, 037 from Northern Ireland, and 43,230 other (this includes those from the Channel Islands, Isle of Man, Ministry of Defence police forces, HM Revenue and Customs, prisoners and others).<br />
<br />
Scotland rejected plans to retain DNA records from innocent people indefinitely in 2006. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, public opposition to keeping innocent people on the DNA database grew as more cases emerged of people falsely accused of minor offences who had their DNA stored.<br />
<br />
The European Court of Human Rights ruled that the law in England and Wales breached the European Convention on Human Rights in December 2008 (in the case of [http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-90051 S. and Marper v. the United Kingdom]).<br />
<br />
The UK’s Coalition Government adopted the Protection of Freedoms Act on 1st of May 2012, which came in to force at the end of October 2013. The DNA profiles and fingerprints of more than 1.7 million innocent people and children have been removed from police databases and more than 7.7 million DNA samples have also been destroyed.<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
*External links<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/forensic-information-databases-annual-report-2021-to-2022 Forensic Information Databases annual report 2021 to 2022 (23rd May 2023)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/forensic-information-databases-annual-report-2020-to-2021 Forensic Information Databases annual report 2020 to 2021 (27 April 2022)] <br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/forensic-information-databases-for-research-purposes-guidance Forensic information databases for research purposes: guidance (25th January 2021)] <br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-dna-and-fingerprint-exchange-policy-for-the-uk International DNA and fingerprint exchange policy for the UK (6th January 2021)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/biometrics-commissioner-interim-report-december-2020 Biometrics Commissioner: interim report December 2020]<br />
**[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/wfs2.1414 WIREs Forensic Science: The effectiveness of the current use of forensic DNA in criminal investigations in England and Wales (February 2021)] <br />
**[https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/1/2020/EN/COM-2020-857-F1-EN-ANNEX-1-PART-1.PDF European Commission: TRADE AND COOPERATION AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE EUROPEAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMUNITY, OF THE ONE PART, AND THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND, OF THE OTHER PART (25th December 2020)]<br />
**[https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_20_2532 European Commission: Questions & Answers: EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (24th December 2020)]<br />
** [https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/913011/NDNAD_Strategy_Board_AR_2018-2020_Web_Accessible.pdf Home Office: National DNA Database biennial report, 2018 to 2020 (2nd September 2020)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/niconsul2020-gw-fin.pdf GeneWatchUK response to the Department of Justice’s consultation on proposals to amend the legislation governing the retention of DNA and fingerprints in Northern Ireland (July 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.theyworkforyou.com/wms/?id=2020-06-15.HCWS290.h&s=DNA#gHCWS290.0 TheyWorkforYou: Prüm – Data Sharing Update (15th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/873640/dna-v4.0ext1.pdf Home Office: DNA policy guidance: Version 4.0 (16th March 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.scot/news/biometrics-commissioner/ Scottish Government: Biometrics Commissioner (10th March 2020)]<br />
**[http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-200817 European Court of Human Rights: CASE OF GAUGHRAN v. THE UNITED KINGDOM. Judgment, Strasbourg (13th February 2020)] Case regarding the disproportionate character of the indefinite retention of the DNA profile of a person convicted of minor offence.<br />
**[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmsctech/1970/1970.pdf House of Commons Science and Technology Committee: The work of the Biometrics Commissioner and the Forensic Science Regulator. Nineteenth Report of Session 2017–19 (17th July 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-dna-and-fingerprint-exchange-policy-for-the-uk Home Office: International DNA and fingerprint exchange policy for the UK (8th July 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-and-eu-law-enforcement-boost-co-operation-on-dna-databases Home Office: UK and EU law enforcement boost co-operation on DNA databases (14th June 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.scot/news/biometrics-commissioner-bill-published/ Scottish Government: Biometrics Commissioner (31st May 2019)]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/778065/National_DNA_Database_anuual_report_2017-18_print.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board Annual Report 2017/18]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dna-policy UK Government: DNA policy (immigration)]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/715318/FINDS-SB-P-002_-_Issue_1_-_FINDS_Strategy_Board_Policy_Access_and_Use_Po....pdf Forensic Information Databases Service (FINDS):The Forensic Information Databases Strategy Board Policy for Access and Use of DNA Samples, DNA Profiles, Fingerprint Images, and Associated Data (7th June 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.london.gov.uk/what-we-do/mayors-office-policing-and-crime-mopac/governance-and-decision-making/mopac-decisions-0/forensic-services-prum-dna-service-delivery-plan London: Forensic Services Prüm DNA Service Delivery Plan (10th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/biometrics-commissioner-annual-report-2017 Biometrics Commissioner: annual report 2017]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/713593/government_response_-_annual_report_2017.pdf Response to the Biometrics Commissioner's annual report 2017]<br />
**[http://assets.smartcdn.co.uk.s3-website-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/docs/3911_19012018095152.pdf Forensic Science Regulator: Annual Report: November 2016 - November 2017 (19th January 2018)]<br />
**[https://royalsociety.org/~/media/about-us/programmes/science-and-law/royal-society-forensic-dna-analysis-primer-for-courts.pdf Royal Society: Forensic DNA analysis: A Primer for Courts (November 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/594185/58714_Un-Num_Nat_DNA_DB_Accessible.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board Annual Report 2015/16]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/568554/Annual_Report_of_the_Ethics_Group_2015.pdf Annual Report of The Ethics Group: National DNA Database 2015 (16th November 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/526232/55843_BC_Report_ACCESSIBLE_01.pdf Further Report by the Biometrics Commissioner on Issues Raised in his 2015 Annual Report (April 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/507104/54496_Biometrics_Commissioners_Report_Print_Ready__3_.pdf Commissioner for the retention and use of biometric material: Annual Report December 2015]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/access-and-use-of-dna-samples-profiles-and-associated-data NDNAD Strategy Board policy for access and use of DNA samples, profiles and associated data: December 2015]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201516/cmselect/cmeuleg/342-xii/342xii.pdf House of Commons European Scunity Committee: Cross boarder law enforcement cooperation - UK participation in Prüm (4th December 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/484938/52921_NPCC_National_DNA_Database_print_ready.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board Annual Report 2014/15]. Confirms that removing innocent people's DNA profiles has had no adverse impact on solving crimes.<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-dna-exchange-policy-for-the-united-kingdom Policy Paper: International DNA exchange policy for the United Kingdom (23rd October 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/464648/2015_Prum_Business_Case.pdf Prum Business and Implementation Case (30th September 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/463466/ANNEX_H_Prum_Feasibility_Statistical_Analysis.pdf Principle Forensic Services: Prum Feasibility Project. Statistical Study: Report (September 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.pharmiweb.com/pressreleases/pressrel.asp?ROW_ID=124939#.VctwhPmYQxJ IntegenX: Rapid DNA Results Uploaded For First Time To United Kingdom’s National DNA Database (11th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.met.police.uk/foi/pdfs/other_information/corporate/early_deletion_process_2015.pdf Metropolitan Police: Early Deletion Requests - Consideration for the deletion of DNA profiles, Fingerprint, PNC Records and Photographic images. (22nd June 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dna-early-deletion-guidance-and-application-form Home Office: Record deletion guidance (27th May 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/publication-of-the-governments-response-to-the-biometrics-commissioners-first-annual-report UK Government response to the Biometrics Commissioner’s first annual report (13th May 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/circular-0092015-provisions-relating-to-dna-samples-in-the-police-amendment-regulations-2015-and-the-special-constabulary-amendment-regulations Circular 009/2015: provisions relating to DNA samples in the Police (Amendment) Regulations 2015 and the Special Constabulary (Amendment) Regulations 2015]<br />
**[http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/globalassets/documents/raise/deposited-papers/2015/dp1372.pdf: NORTHERN IRELAND DNA DATABASE GOVERNANCE BOARD REPORT 2012-14 (2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-dna-database-annual-report-2013-to-2014 National DNA Database: annual report, 2013 to 2014 (16th December 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/biometrics-commissioner-annual-report-2013-2014 Biometrics Commissioner: annual report 2013-2014 (16th December 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/applications-to-the-biometrics-commissioner-under-pace Home Office: Applications to the Biometrics Commissioner under PACE (26th September 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/358653/GuidanceApplicationstotheBC.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board: Applications to the Biometrics Commissioner under PACE (17th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.familylaw.co.uk/news_and_comment/re-z-application-for-release-of-dna-profiles-2014-ewhc-1999-fam#.U7wiU7Fhvqw Re Z(Application for Release of DNA Profiles) (2014) EWHC 1999 (Fam) (23rd June 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-dna-database-strategy-board-governance-rules National DNA Database strategy board: governance rules (13th June 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dna-early-deletion-guidance-and-application-form Home Office: DNA early deletion guidance and application form (20th January 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/helping-the-police-fight-crime-more-effectively/supporting-pages/national-dna-database National DNA Database]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/home-office/groups/national-dna-database-strategy-board National DNA Database Strategy Board]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/national-dna-database-ethics-group National DNA Database Ethics Group]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/forensic-science-regulator Forensic Science Regulator]<br />
**[https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/memberpage/united-kingdom-817 Europol: United Kingdom]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/254883/Access_And_Use_Of_DNA_Samples_Profiles.pdf Home Office: The NDNAD Strategy Board Policy for Access and Use of DNA Samples, Profiles and Associated Data (4th November 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-ethics-group-6th-annual-report-2013 NDNAD Ethics Group: 6th annual report (October 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/252678/NDNAD_Annual_Report_2012-13.pdf NATIONAL DNA DATABASE STRATEGY BOARD ANNUAL REPORT 2012-2013]<br />
**[http://www.forensicarchive.com/ Forensic Archive Ltd]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmselect/cmsctech/610/610.pdf House of Commons Science and Technology Committee; Forensic Science I (July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmselect/cmsctech/610/610vw.pdf House of Commons Science and Technology Committee: Forensic Science II (July 2013)]<br />
**[http://gizmonaut.net/blog/uk/2013/07/commencement_pofa_dna_provisions.html Gizmonaut: Commencement day of DNA provisions of the Protection of Freedom Act in October (22nd July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/1814/made The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2013] Commencement order for the provisions in the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 which relate to the destruction, retention and use of material including fingerprints, DNA samples and DNA profiles. Most provisions will come into force by 31st October 2013, with the destruction of copies coming into force by 31st January 2014.<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/1813/made The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (Destruction, Retention and Use of Biometric Data) (Transitional, Transitory and Saving Provisions) Order 2013]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/1814/made The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2013]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-annual-report-2011-to-2012 National DNA Database Annual Report: 2011-12]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-biennial-report-2009-to-2011 National DNA Database biennial report: 2009 to 2011]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/update-on-protection-of-freedoms-act-implementation-and-national-dna-database-annual-reports-2009-to-2012 Lord Taylor of Holbeach: Update on Protection of Freedoms Act implementation and National DNA Database annual reports 2009 to 2012 (20th May 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2012/9/pdfs/ukpga_20120009_en.pdf Protection of Freedoms Act 2012]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-dna-database-statistics National DNA Database statistics (23rd April 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/protection-of-freedoms-act-2012-dna-and-fingerprint-provisions/protection-of-freedoms-act-2012-how-dna-and-fingerprint-evidence-is-protected-in-law Home Office: Protection of Freedoms Act 2012: how DNA and fingerprint evidence is protected in law (4th April 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-strategy-board-minutes NDNAD Strategy Board minutes]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/equality-impact-assessment-of-the-national-dna-database Equality impact assessment of the National DNA Database (28th November 2012)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-annual-reports National DNA Database Annual Report 2006-07]<br />
**[http://www.statewatch.org/news/2009/nov/uk-dna-human-genetics-commission.pdf Human Genetics Commission: Nothing to hide, nothing to fear? Balancing individual rights and the public interest in the governance and use of the National DNA Database (24th November 2009)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/117784/ndnad-ann-report-2007-09.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2007-08]<br />
**[http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/Papers/database-state.pdf Rowntree Database State report (23rd March 2009)]<br />
**[https://rm.coe.int/168067d216 European Court of Human Rights: CASE OF S. AND MARPER v. THE UNITED KINGDOM (4th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmhaff/58/58ii.pdf Home Affairs Committee report: A Surveillance Society? (Vol II: Evidence)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmhaff/58/58i.pdf Home Affairs Committee Report: A Surveillance Society? (Vol I)]<br />
**[https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/l_to_o/low_copy_number_dna_testing/ Crown Prosecution Service: DNA: Low Copy Number DNA Testing in the Criminal Justice System (23rd January 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/sites/default/files/The%20forensic%20use%20of%20bioinformation%20-%20ethical%20issues.pdf Nuffield Council on Bioethics: The forensic use of bioinformation: ethical issues (September 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/DNA_report2005_06.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2005/06]<br />
**[http://www.acpo.police.uk/asp/policies/Data/NDNAD_AR_04_051.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2004/05]<br />
**[https://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/sass/WilliamsandJohnsonInterimReport2005-1.pdf Forensic DNA Databasing: A European Perspective – A report from Durham University (June 2005)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/NDNAD_AR_04_05.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2004/05]<br />
**[http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/about-us/corporate-publications-strategy/home-office-circulars/circulars-2004/058-2004/ Home Office Circular: Charges on Basis of Speculative Search Match on the National DNA Database (September 2004)]<br />
**[http://www.statewatch.org/news/2006/jan/uk-DNA-database.pdf DNA Expansion Programme 2000-2005: Reporting achievement]<br />
**[http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/10/PROPS Scottish Executive: Police Retention Of Prints and Samples]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmsctech/96/96i.pdf The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee’s report on forensics, 2005 (main report)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmsctech/96/96ii.pdf The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee’s report on forensics, 2005 (evidence)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/NDNAD_AR_3_4.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2003/04]<br />
**[http://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/sass/Williams_Johnson_Martin_NDNAD_report_2004.pdf Williams et al (2004) Genetic Information and Crime Investigation]<br />
**[https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/assets/uploads/files/lawyers%27%20DNA%20guide%20KSWilliams%20190208%20%28i%29.pdf Forensic Science Service: Guide to DNA for lawyers and investigating officers(2004)]<br />
**[https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/assets/uploads/files/pdf_000328%20-%20%20DNA%20Charging%20Guidance.pdf Crown Prosecution Service: Guidance on DNA Charging (16th July 2004)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/NDNAD_Annual_Report_02_03.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2002/03]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/sub-539478 GeneWatch UK: The UK Police National DNA Database]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1984/60/contents Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (as amended)] This law was amended by the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 in order to set up the UK National DNA Database in 1995 by allowing police to collect DNA samples and conduct searches of stored DNA profiles: it has been amended many times since 1994.<br />
<br />
*Press articles<br />
**[https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/feb/09/police-botch-dna-samples-england-wales The Guardian: Police in England and Wales botch more than 1,500 DNA samples (9th February 2023)]<br />
**[https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/police-failure-to-seal-dna-sample-bags-puts-criminal-cases-at-risk-vdldsqq0p The Times: Police failure to seal DNA sample bags puts criminal cases at risk (29th October 2021)]<br />
**[https://www.thedetail.tv/articles/criticism-for-proposed-changes-to-psni-s-storage-of-public-s-dna-and-fingerprints The Detail: Criticism of proposed changes to PSNI’s storage of public’s DNA and fingerprints (8th July 2021)]<br />
**[https://news.sky.com/story/home-secretary-must-take-responsibility-for-accidental-wiping-of-150-000-arrest-records-12188163 Sky News: 'Human error' blamed for wiping of thousands of police records (16th January 2021)]<br />
**[https://bylinetimes.com/2020/07/14/uk-deal-to-share-dna-and-fingerprints-evades-parliamentary-scrutiny/ Byline Times: UK Deal to Share DNA and Fingerprints Evades Parliamentary Scrutiny (14th July 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/proficiency-testing-guidance-dna-mixture-analysis-and-interpretation Forensic Science Regulator: Proficiency testing guidance: DNA mixture analysis and interpretation (29th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8424405/Privacy-row-erupts-plan-log-thousands-innocent-Britons-DNA-controversial-EU-database.html Daily Mail: Privacy row erupts over plan to log thousands of innocent Britons' DNA on controversial EU database (16th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.biometricupdate.com/202006/northern-ireland-police-agree-to-delete-biometric-records-after-human-rights-ruling Biometric Update: Northern Ireland police agree to delete biometric records after human rights ruling (4th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.ukauthority.com/articles/scotland-to-get-biometrics-commissioner/ UK Authority: Scotland to get biometrics commissioner (13th March 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8000053/European-Court-rule-Northern-Ireland-drink-driver-human-rights-breached-police-kept-fingerprints.html Daily Mail: Drink-driver's privacy rights were breached when police kept his DNA profile, fingerprints and photo indefinitely, European human rights judges rule (13th February 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/feb/13/police-keeping-drink-drivers-dna-breached-his-rights-judges-rule The Guardian: Police keeping drink-driver's DNA breached his rights, judges rule (13th February 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-49361260 BBC: Eurofins Scientific: Cyber-attack leads to backlog of 20,000 forensic samples (16th August 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.governmentcomputing.com/central-government/news/uk-eu-prum-framework Government Computing: UK, EU boost co-operation on DNA databases under Prüm framework (14th June 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-48459890 BBC: New plans to safeguard storage of DNA and fingerprint data (31st May 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.biometricupdate.com/201901/northern-ireland-police-agree-to-publish-biometric-data-retention-policy Biometric Update: Northern Ireland police agree to publish biometric data retention policy (11th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-46803999 BBC: PSNI to publish DNA retention policy after human rights case (9th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://amp.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/oct/25/sajid-javid-apologises-to-migrants-forced-to-give-dna-samples The Guardian: Sajid Javid apologises to immigration applicants forced to give DNA samples (25th October 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/home-office-dna-tests-policy-immigrants-letters-immigration-a8430271.html The Independent: Home Office forcing immigrants to take DNA tests in breach of government's own policy (4th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.governmentcomputing.com/applications/news/home-office-issues-tender-biometrics-development Government Computing: Home Office issues tender for biometrics development (14th May 2018)]<br />
**[https://police.community/topic/134543-police-pay-out-millions-after-collapse-of-forensics-firm/ Police Community: Police pay out millions after collapse of forensics firm (5th February 2018)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-42057009 BBC: UK judges to get scientific guides (22nd November 2017)]<br />
**[http://theconversation.com/dna-databases-its-still-far-from-clear-how-effective-they-are-in-fighting-crime-85137 The Conversation: DNA databases: it’s still far from clear how effective they are in fighting crime (10th October 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.belfastlive.co.uk/news/new-officers-register-dna-database-13733517 Belfast Live: New officers will have to register on a DNA database, PSNI reveals (8th October 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.piratefm.co.uk/news/latest-news/2289933/brothers-to-appeal-over-wadebridge-murders/ Pirate FM: Brothers to appeal over Wadebridge murders? (16th May 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/15213148.CSI_Strathclyde__how_university_forensic_experts_helped_solve_some_of_the_most_high_profile_crimes_of_the_past_fifty_years/ The Herald: CSI Strathclyde: how university forensic experts helped solve some of the most high-profile crimes of the past fifty years (9th April 017)]<br />
**[http://www.scunthorpetelegraph.co.uk/what-are-your-rights-if-police-arrest-you-the-key-questions-answered-from-handcuffs-to-charges/story-30253882-detail/story.html Scunthorpe Telegraph: What are your rights if police arrest you? The key questions answered, from handcuffs to charges (8th April 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/legal-updates/dna--an-unstoppable-march/5060258.article Law Gazette: DNA – an unstoppable march? (20th March 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.burtonmail.co.uk/forensics-expert-john-beckwith-lifts-the-lid-on-how-dna-has-solved-serious-historic-burton-crimes/story-30091644-detail/story.html Burton Mail: Forensics expert John Beckwith lifts the lid on how DNA has solved serious historic Burton crimes (1st March 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.policeoracle.com/news/police_it_and_technology/2017/Feb/23/dna-database-most-effective--since-records-began-_94218.html Police Oracle: DNA database most effective since records began (24th February 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.policeoracle.com/news/investigation/2017/Jan/13/Government-department-to-access-DNA-database-in-bid-to-close-fake-dads-paternity-loophole_93864.html Police Oracle: Government Department to access DNA database in bid to close 'fake dads' paternety loophole. (13th January 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-38527830 BBC: Forensic science standards 'at significant risk' (6th January 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/5180/desc/despite-brexit-uk-committed-to-eu-biometric-database/ Despite Brexit, UK committed to EU biometric database (2nd November 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jun/07/killer-dna-evidence-genetic-profiling-criminal-investigation The Guardian: Killer breakthrough – the day DNA evidence first nailed a murderer (7th June 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/27/dna-and-fingerprints-of-50000-repeat-teenage-offenders-deleted-a/ The Telegraph: DNA and fingerprints of 50,000 repeat teenage offenders deleted after software error by police (27th May 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.thequint.com/hot-wire/2016/05/27/dna-profiles-of-hundreds-of-terror-suspects-destroyed-in-uk The Quint: DNA Profiles of Hundreds of Terror Suspects Destroyed in UK (27th May 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/4530/desc/fears-in-uk-over-deletion-of-terror-suspects-biometric-profiles/ Planet Biometrics: Fears in UK over deletion of terror suspects’ biometric profiles (27th May 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/latest-news/507017/police-mix-DNA-evidence-errors-98-cases-Adam-Scott-case Daily Star: DNA divvies: Police errors result in evidence mix-ups in 98 cases last year (10th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201604/documents-reveal-uk-governments-out-of-court-settlements-over-unlawful-biometrics-storage Biometric Update: Documents reveal UK government’s out-of-court settlements over unlawful biometrics storage (9th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/04/05/home_office_settlements/ The Register: Home Office seeks secret settlements over unlawful DNA retention (5th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-35783475 BBC: Wiping of DNA and fingerprint records 'puts public safety at risk' (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/dna-profiles-and-fingerprints-of-7800-on-police-counterterrorism-database-34532285.html Belfast Telegraph: DNA profiles and fingerprints of 7,800 on police counter-terrorism database (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/mar/11/uk-police-hold-dna-profiles-of-7800-terrorism-suspects The Guardian: UK police hold DNA profiles of 7,800 terrorism suspects (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.rt.com/uk/335286-dna-profiles-terror-suspects/ RT: DNA profiles of 7,800 terror suspects held in police database (11th March, 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/03/11/potential_terrorists_roam_uk_while_police_lose_their_biometrics_details/ The Register: 7,800 people's biometric data held on police anti-terrorism database (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.ukauthority.com/news/6047/police-national-database-still-holds-illegal-photos UK Authority: Police National Database still holds 'illegal' photos (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=25632 Police Professionals: Failure to retain DNA records ‘risking public safety’, says Biometrics Commissioner (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/4270/desc/britains-biometrics-commissioner-in-dna-warning/ Planet Biometrics (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://home.bt.com/news/uk-news/dna-profiles-of-7800-people-on-police-counter-terrorism-database-11364045522485 BT: DNA profiles and prints of 7,800 people on police counter-terrorism database (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://thejusticegap.com/2016/03/12812/ The Justice Gap: Ministers need to reinstate a national forensic science service – and quickly (21st March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-35254521 BBC News: Paternity test dad Vernon Poppleton used brother's DNA (7th January, 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/conservative-berwick-mp-rebels-over-10575572 Chronicle Live: Conservative Berwick MP rebels over plans for UK to join EU crime database (10th December 2015)]<br />
**[https://uk.news.yahoo.com/eurosceptic-theresa-may-calls-mps-160727893.html#dABsF8p Yahoo News: Eurosceptic Theresa May calls for MPs to back EU DNA database in House of Commons debate (8th December 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.itv.com/news/2015-12-08/uk-to-decide-whether-to-join-bond-esque-eu-dna-database/ ITV: UK to decide whether to join Bond-esque EU DNA database (8th December 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/3818/desc/uk-mps-to-vote-on-joining-european-biometric-database/ Planet Biometrics: UK MPs to vote on joining European biometric, DNA database (30th November)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=24904 Police Professional: Home Office urges Prüm opt in (27th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/12019174/Britain-should-join-controversial-EU-crime-database-says-Government.html The Telegraph: Britain should join controversial EU crime database, says Government (26th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-34937158 BBC News: UK ministers outline case for joining EU DNA database scheme (26th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/nov/23/mps-vote-joining-european-police-dna-fingerprint-database The Guardian: MPs to vote on joining European police DNA database (23th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-attacks-france-calls-for-britain-to-give-european-police-access-to-dna-database-a6738471.html Independent: Paris attacks: France calls for Britain to give European police access to DNA database (17th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.information-age.com/technology/security/123460503/whos-more-likely-rob-britains-freedom-isis-or-conservative-party Information Age: Who’s more likely to rob Britain’s freedom: ISIS or the Conservative party? (16th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3318975/Big-Brother-tsar-demands-police-wipe-innocent-people-s-photos-database-18-MILLION-mugshots.html Daily Mail: 'Big Brother tsar' demands police wipe innocent people's photos from database of 18 MILLION mugshots (15th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.journalpioneer.com/Opinion/Columnists/2015-11-10/article-4339029/EASTERN-PASSAGES%3A-Hanged-by-a-thread/1 Journal Pioneer: Eastern passages: Hanged by a thread (10th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/11982516/British-police-face-deluge-of-foreign-DNA-requests-if-UK-joins-EU-crime-database-says-report.html The Telegraph: British police face deluge of foreign DNA requests if UK joins EU crime database, says report (8th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.itv.com/news/granada/2015-11-05/police-use-dna-to-track-down-diners-who-skipped-the-bill/ ITV: Police use DNA to track down diners who skipped the bill (5th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://news.sky.com/story/1572942/rapist-jailed-after-needle-in-a-haystack-hunt Sky News: Rapist Jailed After 'Needle In A Haystack' Hunt (20th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://findbiometrics.com/rapidhit-dna-uk-police-210135/ Find Biometrics: RapidHIT DNA Identification a Hit with UK Police (13th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/3635/desc/biometrics-commissioner-raises-police-face-database-fears/ Planet Biometrics: Biometrics Commissioner raises police face database fears (13th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201510/key-forensic-services-purchases-rapid-dna-system-from-integenx Biometric Update: Key Forensic Services purchases rapid DNA system from IntegenX (4th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/3587/desc/uks-key-forensic-services-buys-rapid-dna-system/ Planet Biometrics: UK’s Key Forensic Services buys Rapid DNA system (1st October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.computerworlduk.com/it-leadership/police-ict-company-ceo-on-austerity-transformation-plans-save-millions-3624427/ Computer World UK: Police ICT Company CEO Martin Wyke on austerity, transformation and plans to save millions (2nd September 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.labnews.co.uk/features/building-case-27-08-2015/ Laboratory News: Building a case: (27th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://finance.yahoo.com/news/rapidhit-dna-profile-uploaded-uk-100000828.html BusinessWire: RapidHIT DNA Profile Uploaded to UK National DNA Database Identifies Dangerous Sex Offender While Suspect in Custody (24th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201508/rapid-dna-results-uploaded-for-the-first-time-to-uks-dna-database Biometric Update: Rapid DNA results uploaded for the first time to UK’s DNA database (19th August 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.policeoracle.com/news/police_it_and_technology/2015/Aug/13/breakthrough-machine-now-being-used-to-upload-genetic-profiles-onto-database_89231.html Police Oracle: Breakthrough machine now being used to upload genetic profiles to database (13th August 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-33784571 BBC: DNA samples copied and held for Troubles investigations (5th August 2015)] Reports retention of DNA profiles in Northern Ireland.<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3174798/Deadbeat-dads-refuse-pay-offspring-face-DNA-database-checks.html Daily Mail: 'Deadbeat dads' who refuse to pay for their offspring face DNA database checks in child maintenance crackdown (26th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=21781 Police Professional: PSNI DNA retention lawful (14th May 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/may/13/retention-of-offenders-dna-does-not-breach-privacy-supreme-court-rules The Guardian: Retention of offenders' DNA profiles not illegal, supreme court rules (13th May 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.bristolpost.co.uk/Avon-Somerset-Police-s-forensic-spending-falls-40/story-26457785-detail/story.html Avon and Somerset Police's forensic spending falls by 40 per cent in seven years (8th May 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/unease-over-police-trial-of-hitech-dna-machines-amid-fears-that-civil-liberties-could-be-infringed-10193791.html The Independent: Unease over police trial of hi-tech DNA machines amid fears that civil liberties could be infringed (21st April 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.littlehamptongazette.co.uk/news/regional/murder-police-dna-screening-plea-1-6675562 Littlehampton Gazette: Murder police DNA screening plea(7th April 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.computing.co.uk/ctg/news/2398702/government-has-failed-to-provide-guidelines-on-use-of-biometric-data-warn-mps Government has failed to provide guidelines on use of biometric data, warn MPs (9th March 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/britain-criticised-for-dna-hold-up-keeping-an-innocent-man-locked-up-in-spanish-prison-10031429.html The Independent: Britain criticised for DNA hold up keeping an innocent man locked up in Spanish prison (8th February 2015)]<br />
**[http://thejusticegap.com/2015/01/police-forensics-risk-criminal-cases-nao-warns/ Police forensics ‘a risk’ to criminal cases, spending watchdog warns (26th January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=20204 Police Professional: Police spending on forensics 'inconsistent' (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/privatisation-of-forensic-services-a-threat-to-justice-and-putting-the-work-in-police-hands-would-be-disastrous-warn-experts-9991356.html The Independent: Privatisation of forensic services 'threat to justice' and putting the work in police hands would be 'disastrous,' warn experts (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-30909722 BBC: Warning by spending watchdog over forensic science work (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://news.stv.tv/scotland/307287-mass-voluntary-dna-screening-in-case-of-valerie-graves-in-bosham/ STV: Mass voluntary DNA screening to find killer of house-sitting Scot (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2914932/The-DNA-photofit-Amazing-breakthrough-means-police-tell-suspect-s-colour-height-age-tiny-speck-blood.html The DNA photofit: Amazing breakthrough means police can tell suspect's colour, height and even age – from a tiny speck of blood (17th January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thedetail.tv/articles/genetic-profile-of-123-000-people-on-ni-s-dna-database Genetic profile of 123,000 people on NI's DNA database (14th January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/dec/16/foreogn-criminals-data-police-records-biometrics The Guardian: Foreign criminals’ data taken off police records (16th December 2014)]<br />
**[http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/572081/20141107/australia-uk-dna-polce-usa-canada.htm#.VGHb2cnvaSo International Business Times: Australia and UK Sign Pact For DNA Database Sharing Among Police Forces To Check Serious Crimes (7th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://rt.com/uk/202919-uk-australia-dna-database/ RT: UK, Australia to share DNA database to aid international crime solving (6th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/australian-police-in-dna-access-deal-with-british-counterparts/story-fn59niix-1227114004691 The Australian: Australian police in DNA access deal with British counterparts (5th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2014/nov/06/australian-and-british-police-to-share-their-dna-databases The Guardian: Australian and British police to share their DNA databases (5th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://online.wsj.com/articles/spain-threatens-u-k-s-inclusion-in-eu-justice-cooperation-1412881174 Spain Threatens U.K.’s Inclusion in EU Justice Cooperation (9th October 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/09/30/scrap_human_rights_act_chris_grayling_privacy_freedom_expression/ The Register: Scrapping the Human Rights Act: What about privacy and freedom of expression? (30th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2767453/DNA-blunders-mean-murderers-rapists-convictions-overturned-Home-Office-admits-misleading-evidence-presented-juries.html Daily Mail: DNA blunders mean murderers and rapists could have convictions overturned: Home Office admits misleading evidence has been presented to juries (24th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/european-convention-on-human-rights-what-has-it-ever-done-for-us-9773928.html The Independent: European Convention on Human Rights: What has it ever done for us? (3rd October 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201409/guidelines-for-uk-police-chiefs-on-applications-to-retain-use-biometrics Guidelines for UK police chiefs on applications to retain & use biometric material (29th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.scotsman.com/news/how-dna-fingerprint-left-its-mark-on-justice-1-3533752 The Scotsman: How DNA fingerprint left its mark on justice (8th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/11382557.Commissioner_helps_to_speed_DNA_checks/?ref=rss Lancashire Telegraph: Commissioner helps to speed DNA checks (1st August 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2708277/DNA-testing-crime-scene-investigations-soon-identify-criminals-matter-HOURS.html DNA-testing for crime scene investigations will soon identify criminals in a matter of HOURS (28th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/crime-courts/police-storing-dna-samples-of-children-as-young-as-10-x.24764874 Herald: Police storing DNA samples of children as young as 10 (16th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.heraldscotland.com/comment/herald-view/storing-childrens-dna-and-issue-of-civil-liberties.24733748 Herald: Storing children's DNA and issue of civil liberties (16th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2689894/Police-plea-share-DNA-clues-EU-foreign-criminals.html Daily Mail: Police in plea to share DNA clues with EU - because we have so many foreign criminals (12th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.scotsman.com/news/uk/eu-set-for-more-policing-powers-1-3467441 The Scotsman: EU set for ‘more policing’ powers (8th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/486945/Cameron-could-give-more-police-powers-to-Brussels-DNA-database The Express: Now David Cameron 'considers giving POLICING powers to Brussels', leaked documents reveal (5th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/05/david-cameron-eu-talks-police-cooperation The Guardian: David Cameron in talks with EU leaders over international DNA database (5th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-28130767 BBC: Marion Crofts murder: Tony Jasinskyj's appeal refused(2nd July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.labmate-online.com/articles/laboratory-products/3/tracy_alexander/dna_collection_and_interpretation/1590/ Labmate: DNA: Collection and Interpretation (12th March 2014)]<br />
**[http://ampp3d.mirror.co.uk/2014/01/15/nearly-6-million-of-us-are-on-the-dna-database-does-it-make-you-feel-any-safer/ Nearly 6 million of us are on the DNA database. Does it make you feel any safer? (15th January 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.nottinghampost.com/Ex-offender-74-wins-right-provide-sample-DNA/story-19891968-detail/story.html Nottingham Post: Ex-offender from Nottingham wins right not to provide a sample of his DNA (5th October 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24207612 BBC: Operation Nutmeg: Court could force police to destroy DNA (24th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24224506 BBC: Court rejects ex-prisoner's DNA sample challenge (24th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24224506 The Guardian: Ex-prisoner fails to halt police DNA-collection programme (24th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2429637/One-year-old-baby-thousands-children-DNA-taken-police.html Daily Mail: One-year-old baby among thousands of children who have had their DNA taken by police (22nd September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-police-take-dna-samples-6073851 Wales Online: Welsh police take DNA samples from more than 5,500 children (22nd September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/police-take-dna-children-criminal-2259291 Mirror: Police take DNA from children in criminal investigations (8th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://esciencenews.com/articles/2013/08/14/forensic.familial.search.methods.carry.risk.certain.false.matches e! Science News: Forensic familial search methods carry risk of certain false matches (14th August 2013)] There is a video abstract and general public explanation video available for this research.<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-23683910 BBC: University of Leicester cat DNA database to be used for solving crime (14th August 2013)]<br />
** [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23436303 BBC: Forensics upheaval 'threat to justice', MPs warn (25th July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2013/jul/08/britain-european-arrest-warrant-reform The Guardian: Britain to keep European arrest warrant but try to reform it (8th July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/police-told-to-explain-use-of-unregulated-dna-database-8651380.html The Independent: Police told to explain use of unregulated DNA database (9th June 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2013/may/20/police-retain-dna-thousands-children The Guardian: Police retain DNA from thousands of children (20th May 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22595835 BBC: Police swabbing of child DNA excessive, says charity (20th May 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/police-bosses-tell-cops-don%E2%80%99t-target-gays-dna-roundup180113 GayStarNews: Police bosses tell cops: don’t target gays in DNA roundup (18th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.eadt.co.uk/news/ipswich_victory_after_man_s_six_year_battle_to_have_dna_records_removed_from_police_records_1_1796207 EADT24: Ipswich: Victory after man’s six-year battle to have DNA records removed from police records (18th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.politics.co.uk/news/2013/01/17/outrage-grows-over-gay-dna-witchhunt Politics.co.uk: Outrage grows over gay DNA witchhunt (17th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2261239/Stephen-Close-Police-demand-DNA-sample-soldier-gay-relationship-Army.html?ITO=1490&ns_mchannel=rss&ns_campaign=1490 Daily Mail: Police demand DNA sample from former soldier because he had gay relationship in the Army 30 years ago (12th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2259319/EU-demands-access-details-UK-drivers-Orwellian-hand-personal-information-foreign-police-forces.html?ito=feeds-newsxml Daily Mail: EU demands access to details of all UK drivers: ‘Orwellian’ move to hand out personal information to foreign police forces (9th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/9628235/Rapists-feared-still-at-large-as-police-fail-to-update-DNA-database.html The Telegraph: Rapists feared still at large as police fail to update DNA database (23rd October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2211365/Adam-Scott-Innocent-man-spent-FIVE-MONTHS-prison-forensics-mix-meant-falsely-accused-rape.html Daily Mail: Innocent man spent FIVE MONTHS in prison after forensics mix-up meant he was falsely accused of rape (1st October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19782917 BBC: DNA rape sample procedures ‘not adequate’ (1st October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.littlehamptongazette.co.uk/news/sussex-police-collect-ex-cons-dna-for-national-database-1-4321532 Littlehampton Gazette: Sussex Police collect ex-cons’ DNA for national database (1st October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2012/sep/27/ex-offenders-targeted-dna-database The Guardian: Thousands of ex-offenders targeted in drive to add to DNA database (27th September 2012)]<br />
**[http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1588993_police-order-thousands-of-dna-samples-from-ex-convicts-in-greater-manchester Manchester Evening News: Police order thousands of DNA samples from ex-convicts in Greater Manchester (18th September 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.zdnet.com/blog/london/london-police-8216hack-suspects-phones-a-major-blow-to-human-rights/4775 ZDNet: London police ‘hack’ suspects’ phones: A major blow to human rights (18th May 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/privatisation-is-a-catastrophe-warns-godfather-of-forensics-7606789.html The Independent: Privatisation is a catastrophe, warns godfather of forensics (2nd April 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2114252/Teenager-spends-months-bars-DNA-blunder-fingers-rape-city-visited.html Daily Mail: DNA database in doubt after teenager spends three months behind bars for rape in city he has never even visited because gene samples were mixed up (13th March 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2012/mar/08/forensics-blunder-convictions The Guardian: Forensics blunder ‘may endanger convictions’ (8th March 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.economist.com/node/21543121 The Economist: Ignorance is bliss (21st January 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21128285.500-euro-dna-treaty-risks-false-positives.html?DCMP=OTC-rss&nsref=online-news#.UebhRG3OB0M New Scientist: DNA super-network increases risk of mix-ups (5th September 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13440012 BBC Online: DNA and fingerprint guidelines ‘unlawful’ (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/guidelines-on-dna-samples-unlawful-2285712.html The Independent: Guidelines on DNA samples unlawful (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.publicservice.co.uk/news_story.asp?id=15673 Public Service: Police DNA retention policy ‘unlawful’ (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://ukhumanrightsblog.com/2011/05/18/retention-of-dna-breaches-article-8-says-supreme-court/ UK Human Rights blog: Retention of DNA breaches human right to privacy, says Supreme Court (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/libertycentral/2011/may/18/dna-retention-supreme-court-police The Guardian: DNA retention judgment won’t see discriminatory policy destroyed (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/03/03/ico_freedoms_bill/ The Register: Supreme Court: DNA database retention regs are unlawful (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/may/18/police-dna-database-supreme-court The Guardian: Police breaking law by keeping DNA of the innocent, supreme court rules (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/mar/05/dna-rules-will-restore-trust The Guardian: New DNA rules will restore public trust [Letter] (5th March 2011])<br />
**[http://www.publicservice.co.uk/news_story.asp?id=15673 Public Service: Government store DNA of over 6 million (4th March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/05/18/supreme_court_dna_database_ruling/ The Register: ICO evidence raises Freedoms Bill data worries (3rd March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-12536138 BBC: How Protection of Freedoms Bill will work (1st March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=18987 ITN: Government to curb DNA database (1st March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=18987 The Voice: Innocent black Brits may get their DNA removed from database (22nd February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/columnists/philipjohnston/8324874/The-Coalitions-Freedom-Bill-is-a-blow-against-the-snoopers-and-clampers.html The Telegraph: The coalition’s Freedom Bill is a blow against the snoopers and clampers (15th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.24dash.com/blogs/lynne_featherstone_mp/2011/02/13/Freedoms-Bill/ 24dash.com: Freedoms Bill (13th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12433116 BBC: DNA profiles to be deleted from police database (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1356198/DNA-database-purge-Victory-Mail-records-1m-innocent-people-removed.html#ixzz1DsbppVHm Daily Mail: DNA database purge: Victory for the Mail as records of 1m innocent people removed (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/8318900/DNA-of-up-to-a-million-to-be-wiped-under-Freedom-Bill.html The Telegraph: DNA of up to a million to be wiped under Freedom Bill (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/feb/11/dna-profiles-deleted-police-database The Guardian: DNA profiles to be deleted from police database (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.dailyexpress.co.uk/posts/view/228588/At-last-victory-over-Labour-s-army-of-snoops/ Daily Express: At last, victory over Labour’s army of snoops (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2011/feb/11/criminal-checks-eased-freedom-bill The Guardian: Criminal checks on people working with children to be eased (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-a-victory-for-civil-liberties-ndash-and-a-challenge-for-labour-2209670.html Independent: A victory for civil liberties – and a challenge for Labour (10th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/8317257/Nick-Clegg-were-restoring-hard-won-British-liberties.html The Telegraph: Nick Clegg; we’re restoring hard won British liberties (10th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/id-cards-go-up-in-flames-in-first-step-to-tackle-database-state-2209936.html The Independent: ID cards go up in flames in first step to tackle ‘database state’ (10th February 2010)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8691753.stm BBC: Deputy Prime Minister’s Reform Speech (19th May 2010)]<br />
**[http://www.publicservice.co.uk/news_story.asp?id=15673 Public Service: Government store DNA of over 6 million (4th March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20527424.700-unreliable-evidence-time-to-open-up-dna-databases.html?full=true New Scientist: Unreliable evidence? Time to open up DNA Databases (6th January 2010)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8434713.stm BBC Online: Innocent people face DNA database ‘shambles’ (31st December 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1877525.ece The Times: From schoolboy squabble to DNA database in one easy step – if you’re black (24th November 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8375567.stm BBC Online: New safeguards urged over routine police DNA tests (24th November 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1223688/DNA-innocents-kept-database-years.html The Daily Mail: DNA of innocents will be kept on database for six years (29th October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/oct/28/dna-database-innocent-profiles The Guardian: Innocent suspects’ profiles still reaching DNA database (28th October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1877336.ece The Times: Record number of DNA samples taken but crimes solved with them are down (22nd October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/6399228/Crimes-solved-by-DNA-drop-by-a-fifth.html The Telegraph: Crimes solved by DNA drop by a fifth (22nd October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/oct/21/dna-database-convictions-fall The Guardian: Detections using DNA database fall despite huge rise in profiles (21st October)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/oct/19/innocent-dna-database The Guardian: Home Office climbs down over keeping DNA records of innocent (19th October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/6056725/Tory-MP-Damian-Green-has-DNA-profile-deleted-from-database.html The Telegraph: Tory MP Damian Green has DNA profile deleted from database (20th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/18/science/18dna.html?_r=2&hp New York Times: DNA evidence can be fabricated, scientists show (17th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=16083 The Voice: DNA database is damaging race relations, says expert (17th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1205867/300-children-day-added-DNA-database-400-000-15s-Big-Brother-roll.html Daily Mail: 300 children a day added to DNA database (12th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/aug/09/police-dna-database-black-children The Observer: ‘Racist bias’ blamed for disparity in police DNA database (9th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/aug/07/dna-database-police-advice The Guardian: Police told to ignore human rights ruling over database (7th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/5990033/Equality-watchdog-warns-DNA-plans-break-law.html The Telegraph: Equality watchdog warns DNA plans break law (7th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/5444332/Police-arrest-innocent-youths-for-their-DNA-officer-claims.html The Telegraph: Police arrest innocent youths for the DNA, officer claims (4th June 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1185060/Driver-thrown-police-cell-DVLA-office-blunder-wrong-shade-green-MOT-certificate.html Daily Mail: Driver thrown in police cell after DVLA office blunder (21st May 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/apr/17/damian-green-arrest-jacqui-smith The Guardian: DPP’s verdict on papers leaked in Damian Green affair – Not a threat to security (17th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/apr/15/jeffreys-dna-database-human-rights-police The Guardian: DNA pioneer Alec Jeffreys: drop innocent from database (15th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/5109248/Police-will-be-banned-from-keeping-DNA-of-innocent-people-pledge-Tories.html The Telegraph: Police will be banned from keeping DNA of innocent people, pledge Tories (6th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.politics.co.uk/news/legal-and-constitutional/tories-promise-to-reform-dna-database-$1285967.htm Politics.co.uk: Tories promise to reform DNA database (6th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.crosbyherald.co.uk/news/crosby-news/2009/04/02/teenager-arrested-by-southport-police-for-handing-in-mobile-phone-68459-23291295/ The Crosby Herald: Teen arrested by police for handing in phone (2nd April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/5078599/Five-million-people-now-on-DNA-database.html The Telegraph: Five million people now on database (31st March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.computing.co.uk/computing/news/2239421/dna-database-grows-per-cent-two Computing: DNA database grows by 38 per cent in two years (30th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7966641.stm BBC Online: ‘DNA bungle’ haunts German police (28th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/the_daily_politics/7968121.stm BBC Politics Show: Time for a universal DNA database? (27th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/the_daily_politics/7968054.stm BBC Politics Show: MP’s battle over DNA database (27th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.thisisplymouth.co.uk/news/know-feel-Truman/article-848720-detail/article.html The Plymouth Herald: I know how you feel, Mr Truman (26th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/the-big-question-are-there-illegal-government-databases-and-what-can-we-do-about-it-1652623.html The Independent: The Big Question: Are there illegal Government databases and what can we do about it? (24th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-1164291/ROSS-CLARK-As-report-condemns-government-databases--Big-Brother-wasting-billions.html The Daily Mail: As report condemns Government databases…Big Brother is wasting your billions (24th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7955205.stm BBC Online: Call to scrap ‘illegal’ databases (23rd March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/mar/19/dna-database-comment The Guardian: Mark Thomas: How I got my genes deleted (19th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/libertycentral/2009/mar/16/dna-database-civil-liberties The Guardian: Question Eight: DNA Database (16th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/4966168/DNA-of-one-year-old-baby-stored-on-national-database.html The Telegraph: DNA of one-year-old baby stored on national database (10th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/03/02/dna_dbase_stalling/ The Register: Three months on, you still can’t get off the DNA Database (2nd March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/feb/27/dna-database-justice The Guardian: Government plans to keep DNA samples of innocent (27th February 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/feb/27/dna-database-children-criminal-record The Guardian: DNA details of 1.1m children on database (27th February 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1137022/Banish-Big-Brother-The-states-surveillance-powers-curbed-say-Lords.html The Daily Mail: Banish Big Brother: The state’s surveillance powers must be curbed, say Lords (6th February 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/12/17/david_mery_reclaim_your_dna/ The Register: Don’t delay: Delete your DNA (17th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-1094963/JAMES-SLACK-The-EUs-Big-Brother-database-poses-threat-liberties.html Daily Mail: The EU’s Big Brother database poses a threat to our liberties (16th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-a-victory-for-civil-liberties-ndash-but-the-larger-war-still-rages-1052547.html The Independent: A victory for civil liberties – but the larger war still rages (5th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1091880/One-million-innocent-people-profiles-wiped-Britains-DNA-database-court-ruling.html The Daily Mail: One million innocent people could have their profiles wiped from Britain’s ‘Orwellian’ DNA database after court ruling (5th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7765484.stm BBC Online: Europe DNA ruling resonates in UK (4th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/3547773/DNA-database-Campaigners-welcome-ruling-that-DNA-holding-breaches-human-rights.html The Telegraph: Campaigners welcome ruling that DNA-holding breaches human rights (4th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/liverpool-news/regional-news/2008/11/19/police-order-child-s-dna-to-be-removed-from-database-64375-22290909/ Liverpool Daily Post: Police order child’s DNA to be removed from database (19th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/3473483/More-than-one-million-added-to-the-DNA-database-as-children.html The Telegraph: More than one million added to the DNA database as children (17th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/3418649/Crimes-solved-by-DNA-evidence-fall-despite-millions-being-added-to-database.html The Telegraph: Crimes solved by DNA evidence fall despite millions being added to database (10th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/11/06/dna_database_special/page2.html The Register: The DNA Database and You (6th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/north-wales-news/2008/10/30/one-in-11-from-north-wales-on-dna-file-55578-22148188/ Daily Post North Wales: One in 11 from North Wales on DNA file (30th October 2008) 30th October 2008]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1078821/New-law-allow-police-collect-DNA-secret-teacups.html The Daily Mail: New law to allow police to collect DNA in secret from teacups (19th October 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.christiantoday.com/article/black.church.leaders.concerned.over.criminal.dna.database/20635.htm Christian Today: Black church leaders concerned over criminal DNA database (18th July 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/06/29/brown_dna_database_innocent_genewatch/ The Register: Gordo’s DNA database claims branded ‘ridiculous’ (29th June 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=/opinion/2008/06/09/do0902.xml The Telegraph: MPs must act now to set limits on snooping (9th June 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.vision.org/visionmedia/article.aspx?id=4824 Reuters: Watchdog criticises plan to share DNA data (15th May 2008)]<br />
**[http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/joepublic/2008/05/the_scandal_of_criminalising_m.html The Guardian: The scandal of ‘criminalising’ mental health patients (12th May 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1929849/DNA-bank-solves-one-crime-per-800-profiles.html The Telegraph: DNA bank solves one crime per 800 profiles (6th May 2008)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7341251.stm BBC Online: DNA technique ‘fit for purpose’ (11th April 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.sundaymirror.co.uk/news/sunday/2008/04/06/40-000-kids-put-on-dna-crimes-list-98487-20373651/ The Sunday Mirror: 40,000 kids put on DNA crimes list (6th April 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/mar/16/youthjustice.children The Observer: Put young children on DNA list urge police (16th March 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=528857&in_page_id=1770 The Daily Mail: 1.5m children will have DNA taken next year amid claims of universal database ‘by stealth’ (9th March 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.computing.co.uk/computing/news/2211158/met-police-chief-calls-european Computing: Met police chief calls for European DNA database (5th March 2008)]<br />
**[http://blackmentalhealth.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=281&Itemid=117 Black Mental Health UK: Sarah Teather tells House of Commons DNA database discriminates (1st March 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/feb/28/ukcrime.forensicscience The Guardian: Mixed results (28th February)]<br />
**[http://www.newstatesman.com/200802280017 New Statesman: Spare pairs of genes (28th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article3448837.ece The Times: CCTV and DNA advances add to bills but minister calls rises unacceptable (28th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/technology/technology.html?in_article_id=519568&in_page_id=1965 The Daily Mail: One in eight samples filed under innocent names in Government blunder (27th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.publictechnology.net/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=14351 Public Technology: Home Office Minister rejects call for a national citizen DNA database (25th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=518416&in_page_id=1770 The Daily Mail: Police in retreat after public backlash over their demands for a DNA database (25th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=518151&in_page_id=1770 The Daily Mail; Home Office retreat from plans to extend ‘nation of suspects’ DNA database to include litterbugs (24th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article3423450.ece The Sunday Times: Should Britain have a compulsory DNA database? (24th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theherald.co.uk/news/news/display.var.2067932.0.Police_we_must_keep_DNA_of_everyone_arrested.php The Glasgow Herald: Police: we must keep DNA of everyone arrested (23rd February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2008/feb/23/ukcrime The Guardian: Calls for compulsory DNA database rejected (23rd February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2008/feb/21/conservatives.police The Guardian: Inquiry as Tories attack DNA failure (21st February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article3401745.ece The Times: Gordon Brown admits assaults committed while DNA data disc lost (20th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article3399712.ece The Times: Disc listing foreign criminals lost for a year (20th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2008/feb/13/ukguns.police The Guardian: Stop! Armed police! Put down your MP3 player (13th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7230487.stm BBC Online: Clegg attacks surveillance UK (6th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/01/07/delete_your_dna_profile/print.html The Register: How to delete your DNA Profile (7th January 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=491714&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Big Brother UK: Police now hold DNA ‘fingerprints’ of 4.5 million Britons (5th November 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/11/04/ndna104.xml The Telegraph: Police retain DNA of ‘petty crime suspects’ (5th November 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/law/article2210263.ece The Times: Police told to erase ‘irrelevant’ crime records (1st November 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/health/advice/article1790236.ece The Times: Policing the gene pool (29th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9867324 The Economist: Learning to live with Big Brother (27th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7161/full/449377b.html Nature: Genome abuse (26th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1873220.ece The Times: DNA database ‘puts innocent under suspicion’ (18th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/09/17/dna_purge/ The Register: Innocent ‘terror techie’ purges DNA records (17th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/europe/article2595861.ece The Times: Inside the world where experts try to unlock DNA clues (15th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23412351-details/Outrage%20as%20DNA%20profile%20of%20seven-month-old%20baby%20is%20added%20to%20register/article.do Evening Standard: Outrage as DNA profile of seven-month old baby is added to DNA database (15th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=482410&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Innocent people’s DNA ‘must not be kept on national database’ (10th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2007/09/11/226664/dna-plan-would-require-san-the-size-of-belgium.htm Computer Weekly: DNA plan would require SAN the size of Belgium (11th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.scotsman.com/politics.cfm?id=1419912007 The Scotsman: Judge opens hornets’ nest with call for everyone’s DNA to go on record (6th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6979138.stm BBC Online: All UK ‘must be on DNA database’ (5th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23411070-details/Top+minister+backs+judge%27s+calls+for+DNA+database+registration+for+all/article.do Evening Standard: Ministers accused of trying to build DNA database by stealth (5th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6979490.stm BBC Online: DNA database call prompts concern (5th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23406663-details/Beware:+Minor+offences+could+land+you+on+DNA+database...for+life/article.do Evening Standard: Speeding drivers face DNA swabs under Big Brother powers (1st August 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1873007.ece The Times: Police want DNA from speeding drivers and litterbugs on database (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/08/02/ndna102.xml The Telegraph: Litter lout DNA samples a step too far (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2826207.ece The Independent: Police DNA database ‘risks criminalising non-offenders’ (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=472544&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Government accused on DNA samples (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://politics.guardian.co.uk/homeaffairs/story/0,,2139675,00.html The Guardian: Police may be given powers to take DNA samples on the street (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://politics.guardian.co.uk/homeaffairs/story/0,,2089265,00.html The Observer: Civil rights fears over DNA for everyone (27th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=457046&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Police put 100,000 innocent children on DNA Database (23rd May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/23/ndna23.xml The Telegraph: DNA file on 100,000 innocent children]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/humanrights/story/0,,2084290,00.html The Guardian: ‘Orwellian’ CCTV in shires alarms senior police officer (21st May 2001)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/crime/article/0,,2084659,00.html The Guardian: Plan to identify potential offenders condemned (21st May)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/19/ncrime19.xml The Telegraph: DNA police revisit high profile murder cases (19th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2556459.ece The Independent: DNA database blunder ‘could have resulted in 200 crimes’ (18th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/localnews/display.var.1404197.0.youths_warned_not_to_use_fake_id.php The Argus: Youths warned not to use fake ID (17th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisisthenortheast.co.uk/display.var.1404576.0.peer_calls_for_babies_dna_to_stored.php The Northern Echo: Peer calls for babies’ DNA to be stored (17th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6665267.stm BBC Online: DNA failings ‘missed 183 crimes’ (17th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/story/0,,2079721,00.html The Guardian: A database of prejudice (15th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://new.edp24.co.uk/content/news/story.aspx?brand=EDPOnline&category=News&tBrand=EDPOnline&tCategory=news&itemid=NOED10%20May%202007%2008%3A09%3A49%3A133 EDP-24 (Norfolk): Car crime victims must foot the bill (10th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=453739&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Fears over innocent Britons’ DNA being given to European police forces (9th May)]<br />
**[http://www.blink.org.uk/pdescription.asp?key=14682&grp=30&cat=138 Black Information Link: Chained by our genes (3rd May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.computerworlduk.com/technology/applications/databases/news/index.cfm?newsid=2669 Computer World: EU police data-sharing plan draws criticism (19th April 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=445902&in_page_id=1766&in_a_source=&ito=1490 Mail on Sunday: Five civil servants suspended over ‘DNA espionage’ (1st April 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.yorkshiretoday.co.uk/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleID=2194926&SectionID=55 Yorkshire Post: Yorkshire cases to test DNA sampling policy (31st March 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/crime/article/0,,2044296,00.html?gusrc=rss&feed=11 The Guardian: Every child to be screened for risk of turning criminal under Blair justice plan (28th March 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/uk/6452795.stm BBC Online: ‘Retail jails’ could ease police burden (15th March 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml;jsessionid=GAUE2T1MP0CL5QFIQMGCFGGAVCBQUIV0?xml=/news/2007/02/16/ndna16.xml The Telegraph: DNA data deal ‘will create big brother Europe’ (18th February 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=10830 The Voice: Mayor urged to support DNA profiling curb (9th February 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/article209046.ece The Sunday Times: Reid ‘buries’ news that police hold DNA of 1m innocent people (17th December 2006)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/south_yorkshire/6174877.stm BBC: New DNA clue in 1964 murder hunt (13th December 2006)]<br />
**[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2016134.ece The Independent: DNA of suspects’ families to be held on police files (26th November 2006)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/11/05/nrace05.xml The Telegraph: Three in four young black men on the DNA database (5th November 2006)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6104876.stm BBC Online: Fear that DNA use ‘gone too far’ (1st November 2006)]<br />
**[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,1821676,00.html The Observer: Police DNA database is ‘spiraling out of control’(16th July 2006)]<br />
**[http://www.lookingglassnews.org/viewstory.php?storyid=5722 The Independent: More Britons have DNA held by police than rest of world (14th April 2006)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/01/09/ndna09.xml The Telegraph: Huge rise in juvenile DNA samples kept by the police]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/frontpage/story/0,16518,1678168,00.html The Guardian: DNA of 37% of black men held by police]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/01/09/ndna09.xml The Telegraph: Freedom fears as the DNA database expands]<br />
**[http://news.scotsman.com/scitech.cfm?id=680402005 The Scotsman article: Keep DNA of innocent and guilty alike]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=6549 The Voice: 1 in 3 black men are DNA profiled]<br />
**[http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18624944.900 New Scientist: Will DNA profiling fuel prejudice?]<br />
**[http://newswww.bbc.net.uk/1/low/uk_politics/4166559.stm BBC Online: DNA database Big Brother warning]<br />
<br />
== Detailed Analysis ==<br />
'''Note: This section has not yet been updated to include the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012.'''<br />
<br />
Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984 and amendments to PACE : Criminal Justice and Public Order Act (CJPOA) 1994;Criminal Evidence.<br />
<br />
<br />
(Amendment) Act 1997;Criminal Justice and Police Act (CJPA) 001;Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 2003. Changes in the Data Protection Act (DPA) 1998, the Human Rights Act (HRA) 1998 and case law.<ref name="ftn0">E.U. 9445/1/06 at 9.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
Persons convicted of any recordable offence, arrested for any recordable offense, and all crime scene stains<ref name="ftn7">See EU Current Practices at 80-81.</ref> The Counter-Terrorism Act 2008 (c.28) increased police powers for the stated purpose of countering terrorism. It allows speculative searches against DNA profiles held on behalf of the Security Service or Secret Intelligence Service and allows matches to be used “for purposes related to the identification . . . of the person from whom the material came.” In other words, a valid match can be obtained from a reference sample that did not originate from a crime scene.<br />
<br />
<br />
For Scotland: Persons convicted of any recordable offence, arrested for any recordable offense, and all crime scene stains<ref name="ftn6">See EU Current Practices at 81-83.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
England & Wales: The Justice and Public Order Act 1994 allows for the entry of the DNA profiles of all individuals who are charged with any recordable offence or who are convicted of such an offence. All DNA profiles that are derived from crime scene stains are also stored in the NDNAD.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: The Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 allows for the entry of the DNA profiles of those arrested of any recordable offence or who are convicted of such an offence. All DNA profiles that are derived from unidentified crime scene stains are also stored in the database.<br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>England & Wales: Whereas the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) allowed for the coercive taking of ‘non-intimate samples’ such as hair shafts, the Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (JPOA) changed the definition of ‘non-intimate samples’ to include buccal swabs by which police sampling powers were seriously extended. [4]</nowiki><ref name="ftn5">JPOA (1994), § 58.</ref> This provision applies to both crime suspects and convicted offenders who are arrested or convicted of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn4">Id. at § 55.</ref> The police are allowed to take a DNA sample from minors who have reached the age of ten and from mentally ill persons. There are no restrictions to the collection of crime scene samples.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: A constable or a police custody and security officer at a constable’s direction can collect a mouth swab from those arrested of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn8">Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2003, Art. 55, § 2</ref> They may use reasonable force in exercising this power.<ref name="ftn3">Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, Art. 18, § 7.</ref> A constable or a police custody and security officer at a constable’s direction can also coercively collect a mouth swab from those convicted of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn2">Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2003, Art. 55, § 3.</ref> They are allowed to take a DNA sample from minors who have reached the age of ten and from mentally ill persons. There are no restrictions to the collection of unidentified crime scene samples.<br />
<br />
<br />
Convicted persons’ and suspects’ profiles are retained indefinitely and crime scene stains are kept until they have been identified<ref name="ftn1">See EU Current Practices at 81.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
For Scotland: Convicted persons’ profiles are retained indefinitely, suspects’ profiles are retained until the underlying proceeding is abandoned or the individual is acquitted, and crime scene stains are kept until they have been identified<ref name="ftn9">See EU Current Practices at 83.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
England & Wales: The Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 (CJPA) allows for the indefinite retention of the DNA profiles of both crime suspects and convicted offenders who are arrested or convicted of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn10">CJPA (2001), § 82.</ref> This provision also applies to crime suspects who are subsequently acquitted or freed of charges. The DNA profiles which are derived from unidentified crime scene stains are stored in the database until a match is found.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: The DNA profiles of those who are arrested of any recordable offence have to be removed from the database as soon as possible following the decision not to institute criminal proceedings against the person concerned or upon acquittal.<ref name="ftn11">Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, Art. 18, § 3.</ref> The DNA profiles of those convicted of any recordable offence can be retained indefinitely. The DNA profiles which are derived from unidentified crime scene stains are stored in the database until they are identified.<br />
<br />
<br />
All samples are retained indefinitely<ref name="ftn12">See EU Current Practices at 81.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
For Scotland: Convicted persons’ samples are retained indefinitely, but suspects’ samples must be destroyed upon their acquittal or when no criminal proceedings are initiated<ref name="ftn13">See EU Current Practices at 83.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
England & Wales: The CJPA 2001 allows for the indefinite retention of the DNA samples of both crime suspects and convicted offenders who are arrested or convicted of any recordable offence. This provision also applies to crime suspect who are subsequently acquitted or freed of charges.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: The DNA samples of those who are convicted of any recordable offence can be retained indefinitely. Those taken from persons who are arrested of any recordable offence have to be destroyed as soon as possible following the decision not to institute criminal proceedings against the person concerned or upon acquittal.<ref name="ftn15">Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, Art. 18, § 3.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
The Forensic Science Service, an Executive Designated staff employed by the Custodian Security clearance to Counter Terrorism Kingdom Agency of the Home Office, was responsible for the management of the National DNA Database since 1995, through the office of its Chief Scientist as Custodian of the Database, under a Memorandum of Understanding between the FSS and the Association of Chief Police Officers, revised in 2000, 2003 and again in 2005, and the oversight of the National DNA Database Board, chaired by ACPO. In July 2005, the Custodianship was transferred to the Home Office, then shortly thereafter to National Policing Improvement Agency.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: Although they can largely develop their own policies regarding the treatment of profiles and samples which are collected in the course of criminal investigations, it is not entirely correct to consider the databases of Scotland and England & Wales as two separate entities.<ref name="ftn16">P. Johnson & R. Williams, DNA and crime investigation: Scotland and the “UK National DNA Database,” 10 Scottish J. Crim. Justice Stds. 74 (2004).</ref> As Scotland exports all its profiles and unidentified crime scene stains to the NDNAD, the latter in fact contains nearly all UK profiles. As Scotland does not retain the profiles of suspects who are acquitted and against whom no criminal proceedings are instituted, these are the only profiles that stay in the custody of the Scottish police.<br />
<br />
<br />
Oracle platform with Loader (input) and Match reporting database (repository for match information) It is an Oracle 9i database. Profiles are loaded electronically but from CSV files submitted as a batch rather than messaging.<br />
<br />
<br />
All new profiles added to the Database are automatically searched on loading against all profiles held. The search regime uses 4 SGM discriminator loci to identify a matching sub-set which is then searched again using the remaining SGM Plus loci. Both exact and partial matches between Subject/crime scene and crime scene/crime scene are reported immediately (failed or rare alleles are treated as wild ‘cards’). Subject/subject matches are reported periodically.<br />
<br />
<br />
One-off ‘snapshot’ speculative searches of sample profiles that do not meet the criteria for loading to the Database are also carried out using the same search regime. ‘Familial searches’ are also carried out to help identify potential relatives of offenders whose profiles are not on the Database A monthly search is also carried out for ‘near matches’ that differ by only 1 allele; these are then investigated to see if there has been an error in the profiling.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/UkraineUkraine2023-04-13T13:33:16Z<p>Admin: /* Resources */</p>
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<div>The 2008 Interpol survey reports that 176 crime scene DNA profiles and 1,723 individuals' profiles were held in Ukraine at the time of the survey. According to Interpol, Ukraine's DNA database grew to 2,609 crime scene DNA profiles, plus 5,162 reference DNA profiles from individuals in 2011. A DNA database legislation had been adopted at that time.<br />
In October 2020, a draft law on State Registration of Human Genomic Information began to be considered by the Ukrainian parliament.<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
* External links<br />
**[http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/AI/2022.50.02.13 Stepaniuk, R., Kikinchuk, V., Pyrih, I., Pletenets, V., & Prylovskyi, V. (2022). Multifaceted approach to legislative regulation for using dna analysis in criminal proceedings of Ukraine. Amazonia Investiga, 11(50), 130-139]<br />
**[http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=70249 Draft Law on State Registration of Human Genomic Information (26th October 2020)] Plus subsequent revisions.<br />
**[http://www.justice.gov/criminal/icitap/programs/forensics.html The International Criminal Investigative Training Assistance Program (ICITAP)] Lists training from the US to Ukraine in DNA forensics.<br />
** [http://www.councilforresponsiblegenetics.org/dnadata/Countries/UA.html Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine: On the approved instructions for the operation of forensic records of the Service Ministry (15th October 2009)]<br />
* Press articles<br />
**[https://112.international/society/dna-profiles-of-ukrainians-to-be-combined-into-one-databasewhat-is-the-purpose-56349.html: 112 Ukraine: DNA profiles of Ukrainians in one database: What's the purpose? (9th November 2020)]<br />
**[http://uatoday.tv/politics/ukraine-s-parliament-adopts-law-protecting-rights-of-volunteer-soldiers-simplifies-dna-procedure-695016.html Ukraine Today: Ukraine adopts law protecting rights of volunteer soldiers, simplifies DNA procedure (13th July 2016)]<br />
** [http://archive.mignews.com.ua/en/articles/360713.html MIGnews: Passports to contain DNA data? (10th July 2009)]</div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/MexicoMexico2023-04-13T11:05:44Z<p>Admin: </p>
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<div>Mexico wants to establish a DNA database for missing persons. It has created a DNA database of police officers.<br />
Mexico city adopted a law in 2019 to set up its own forensic DNA database: this became fully operational in 2023.<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
*External links<br />
**[https://vlex.com.mx/vid/reglas-funcionamiento-coordinacion-interinstitucional-899673104 Reglas de Funcionamiento de la Coordinación Interinstitucional de Operación y Supervisión del Banco de Perfiles Genéticos de la Ciudad de México (5th April 2022)]<br />
**[https://www.congresocdmx.gob.mx/media/documentos/306354a7899b9cffd3096cb79d8897a958ed188e.pdf LEY POR LA QUE SE CREA EL BANCO DE ADN PARA EL USO FORENSE DE LA CIUDAD DE MÉXICO (24th December 2019)]<br />
**[http://www.justice.gov/criminal/icitap/programs/forensics.html The International Criminal Investigative Training Assistance Program (ICITAP)] Lists training from the US to Mexico in DNA forensics.<br />
* Press articles<br />
**[https://politica.expansion.mx/cdmx/2023/02/13/banco-de-adn-en-cdmx-podra-cotejar-perfiles-geneticos-en-menos-de-24-horas Banco de ADN en CDMX podrá cotejar perfiles genéticos en menos de 24 horas (13th February 2023)]<br />
**[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/07/01/mexico-disappeared-dna-roberto-cabrera/?emci=c38fb395-72fc-ec11-b47a-281878b83d8a&emdi=baaa0f65-73fc-ec11-b47a-281878b83d8a&ceid=4613779 The Washington Post: Ex-leader of Mexico’s search for disappeared convicted in DNA scandal (1st July 2022)]<br />
**[https://gatopardo.com/REPORTAJES/TRAFICANTES-DE-ADN-CENTRAL-ADN-Y-LA-PGR-DESAPARECIDOS/ Gatopardo: Traficantes de ADN (13h December 2021)]<br />
**[http://science.kjzz.org/content/356440/arizonas-border-beacon-system-turns-15-tucson-group-works-id-remains-migrants Arizona Science & Innovation Desk: As Arizona's Border Beacon System Turns 15, Tucson Group Works To ID Remains Of Migrants (26th August 2016)]<br />
**[http://kawc.org/post/human-rights-org-creates-dna-database-dead-migrants-border-patrol-rescue-beacons-mark-15th-year KAWC: Human Rights Org Creates DNA Database for Dead Migrants; Border Patrol Rescue Beacons Mark 15th Year (26th August 2016)]<br />
**[http://tucson.com/news/local/border/new-efforts-identify-border-crosser-remains-help-those-in-trouble/article_74dcabde-1c37-5c8d-9b75-ef7659345b79.html Tucson: New efforts identify border-crosser remains, help those in trouble (7th August 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.cronica.com.mx/notas/2016/953381.html Crónica: La genética de nuestros gobernantes, ADN y fosas clandestinas (11th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulo/nacion/politica/2016/03/29/avalan-base-de-adn-pero-piden-gara-ntias El Universal: Avalan base de ADN, pero piden garantías (29th March, 2016)]<br />
**[http://dailycaller.com/2016/03/28/mexico-trying-to-launch-game-changing-dna-database/ The Daily Caller: Mexico Trying To Launch Game-Changing DNA Database (28th March, 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.elmundo.es/america/2015/02/20/54e70ce4268e3e470c8b4591.html El mundo: Crean un banco genético operado por los familiares de los desaparecidos en México (20th Feburary 2016)]<br />
**[https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/desperate-relatives-denounce-disappearances-mexico-142859281.html Al Jazeera: Desperate relatives denounce disappearances in Mexico (23rd August 2015)]<br />
**[http://edition.cnn.com/2015/03/27/opinions/rosas-ayotzinapa-students/ CNN: Mexico must find the 43 Ayotzinapa students (27th March 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/26/mexico-missing-students-thousands-vanished-grave-diggers The Guardian: Bringing up the bodies: Mexico's missing students draw attention to 20,000 'vanished' others (26th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://america.aljazeera.com/watch/shows/fault-lines/articles/2014/10/31/missing-studentsforcemexicoasforgottencrimestosurface.html Al Jazeera: Missing students force Mexico's forgotten crimes to surface (31st October 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.unotv.com/noticias/estados/centro-sur/hallan-narcofosas-en-morelos-234713/ UNO TV: Hallan narcofosas en Morelos (7th August 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=2341637&CategoryId=14091 Latin American Herald Tribune: Tests Confirm Suspect Is Leader of Mexico’s Tijuana Cartel (26th June 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.animalpolitico.com/2014/06/el-banco-genetico-para-identificar-desaparecidos-solo-ha-tenido-2-de-exito/ Animal Politico: El banco genético para identificar a desaparecidos sólo ha tenido 2% de éxito(5th June 2014)] The genebank to identify missing had only 2% of success.<br />
** [http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=387850&CategoryId=14091 Latin American Herald Tribune: Mexico Sets up Police DNA, Fingerprint and Voice Pattern Registry (20th August 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.ipsnews.net/2011/11/mexico-dna-databank-to-identify-missing-migrants/ IPSNews: Mexico Creates DNA Database of Migrants (3rd August 2012)]<br />
** [http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=105760 IPS (Mexico): DNA Databank to Identify Missing Migrants (8th November 2011)]<br />
** [http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/05/us-mexico-forensics-idUSTRE76445Z20110705 Reuters: Drug war bodies expose flaws in Mexican forensics (5th July 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.infobae.com/2011/02/23/1019562-mexico-crea-una-base-datos-sus-policias-nexos-los-narcos infobae: Mexico crea una base de datos de sus policias por nexos con los narcos (23rd February 2011)] Mexico creates a database of their police (including DNA, fingerprints and photos) for ties to drug traffickers.<br />
**[http://cronkitenewsonline.com/2010/10/pima-county-mexican-consulate-announce-shared-dna-database/ Cronkite News: Pima County, Mexican officials agree to share DNA databases (5th October 2010)]</div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/InterpolInterpol2023-04-13T09:37:05Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>The international policing agency, Interpol, conducts surveys of its member countries' use of DNA. Interpol also manages DNA data exchange between countries. By the end of 2012, Interpol's DNA Gateway contained more than 136,000 DNA profiles contributed by 67 member countries. However, use of Interpol's DNA Gateway is relatively limited and regional and bilateral agreements on automated DNA profile matching have been expanding rapidly: see [http://wiki.dnapolicyinitiative.org/index.php?title=International_resources International resources].<br />
<br />
==Resources==<br />
*External links<br />
**[http://www.interpol.int/INTERPOL-expertise/Forensics/DNA Interpol: Forensics]<br />
**[https://www.interpol.int/en/content/download/15469/file/INTERPOL%20Global%20DNA%20Profiling%20Survey%20Results%202019.pdf INTERPOL Global DNA Profiling Survey Results 2019]<br />
**[https://www.interpol.int/en/content/download/4876/file/MEG_Recommendation_Establishing_DNA_Database.pdf INTERPOL Best Practice Principles: Recommendations for the Establishment of a National DNA Database. 1st January 2015]<br />
**[https://www.interpol.int/en/content/download/4877/file/ENGLISH%20MPUHR%20DNA%20RECOMMENDATION%20INTERPOL.pdf INTERPOL Best Practice Principles: Recommendations on the Use of DNA for the Identification of Missing Persons and Unidentified Human Remains. 4th November 2015]<br />
**[http://www.promega.co.uk/~/media/files/resources/conference%20proceedings/ishi%2023/oral%20presentations/21-mestman.pdf?la=en Mestman R (2012) Interpol DNA Hit Catches International Serial Rapist - Only the Second Interpol DNA Hit with the United States]<br />
**[http://www.interpol.int/Public/ICPO/Publications/HandbookPublic2009.pdf Interpol: Interpol Handbook on DNA data exchange and practice (2009) ]<br />
**[http://scm.oas.org/pdfs/forense/INTERPOL.ppt Interpol: International DNA exchange (ppt) (September 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dnaresource.com/documents/2008INTERPOLGLOBALDNASURVEYREPORTV2.pdf Interpol: Global DNA profiling survey: Results and analysis (2008)]<br />
**[http://www.interpol.int/Public/Forensic/dna/Inquiry/InquiryPublic2002.pdf Interpol: Global DNA database inquiry: Results and analysis (2002)]<br />
<br />
*Press articles<br />
**[http://allafrica.com/stories/201112301067.html AllAfrica.com: Africa: 2011- A Ground-breaking Year for INTERPOL's Future (30th December 2011)]</div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/InterpolInterpol2023-04-13T09:35:07Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>The international policing agency, Interpol, conducts surveys of its member countries' use of DNA. Interpol also manages DNA data exchange between countries. By the end of 2012, Interpol's DNA Gateway contained more than 136,000 DNA profiles contributed by 67 member countries. However, use of Interpol's DNA Gateway is relatively limited and regional and bilateral agreements on automated DNA profile matching have been expanding rapidly: see [http://wiki.dnapolicyinitiative.org/index.php?title=International_resources International resources].<br />
<br />
==Resources==<br />
*External links<br />
**[http://www.interpol.int/INTERPOL-expertise/Forensics/DNA Interpol: Forensics]<br />
**[https://www.interpol.int/en/content/download/15469/file/INTERPOL%20Global%20DNA%20Profiling%20Survey%20Results%202019.pdf INTERPOL Global DNA Profiling Survey Results 2019]<br />
**[https://www.interpol.int/en/content/download/4876/file/MEG_Recommendation_Establishing_DNA_Database.pdf INTERPOL Best Practice Principles: Recommendations for the Establishment of a National DNA Database. 1st January 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.interpol.int/en/content/download/4877/file/ENGLISH%20MPUHR%20DNA%20RECOMMENDATION%20INTERPOL.pdf INTERPOL Best Practice Principles: Recommendations on the Use of DNA for the Identification of Missing Persons and Unidentified Human Remains. 4th November 2015]<br />
**[http://www.promega.co.uk/~/media/files/resources/conference%20proceedings/ishi%2023/oral%20presentations/21-mestman.pdf?la=en Mestman R (2012) Interpol DNA Hit Catches International Serial Rapist - Only the Second Interpol DNA Hit with the United States]<br />
**[http://www.interpol.int/Public/ICPO/Publications/HandbookPublic2009.pdf Interpol: Interpol Handbook on DNA data exchange and practice (2009) ]<br />
**[http://scm.oas.org/pdfs/forense/INTERPOL.ppt Interpol: International DNA exchange (ppt) (September 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dnaresource.com/documents/2008INTERPOLGLOBALDNASURVEYREPORTV2.pdf Interpol: Global DNA profiling survey: Results and analysis (2008)]<br />
**[http://www.interpol.int/Public/Forensic/dna/Inquiry/InquiryPublic2002.pdf Interpol: Global DNA database inquiry: Results and analysis (2002)]<br />
<br />
*Press articles<br />
**[http://allafrica.com/stories/201112301067.html AllAfrica.com: Africa: 2011- A Ground-breaking Year for INTERPOL's Future (30th December 2011)]</div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/InterpolInterpol2023-04-13T09:34:35Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>The international policing agency, Interpol, conducts surveys of its member countries' use of DNA. Interpol also manages DNA data exchange between countries. By the end of 2012, Interpol's DNA Gateway contained more than 136,000 DNA profiles contributed by 67 member countries. However, use of Interpol's DNA Gateway is relatively limited and regional and bilateral agreements on automated DNA profile matching have been expanding rapidly: see [http://wiki.dnapolicyinitiative.org/index.php?title=International_resources International resources].<br />
<br />
==Resources==<br />
*External links<br />
**[http://www.interpol.int/INTERPOL-expertise/Forensics/DNA Interpol: Forensics]<br />
**[https://www.interpol.int/en/content/download/15469/file/INTERPOL%20Global%20DNA%20Profiling%20Survey%20Results%202019.pdf INTERPOL Global DNA Profiling Survey Results 2019]<br />
**[https://www.interpol.int/en/content/download/4876/file/MEG_Recommendation_Establishing_DNA_Database.pdf INTERPOL Best Practice Principles: Recommendations for the Establishment of a National DNA Database. 1st January 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.interpol.int/en/content/download/4877/file/ENGLISH%20MPUHR%20DNA%20RECOMMENDATION%20INTERPOL.pdf INTERPOL Best Practice Principles:<br />
Recommendations on the Use of DNA for the Identification of Missing Persons and Unidentified Human Remains. 4th November 2015]<br />
**[http://www.promega.co.uk/~/media/files/resources/conference%20proceedings/ishi%2023/oral%20presentations/21-mestman.pdf?la=en Mestman R (2012) Interpol DNA Hit Catches International Serial Rapist - Only the Second Interpol DNA Hit with the United States]<br />
**[http://www.interpol.int/Public/ICPO/Publications/HandbookPublic2009.pdf Interpol: Interpol Handbook on DNA data exchange and practice (2009) ]<br />
**[http://scm.oas.org/pdfs/forense/INTERPOL.ppt Interpol: International DNA exchange (ppt) (September 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dnaresource.com/documents/2008INTERPOLGLOBALDNASURVEYREPORTV2.pdf Interpol: Global DNA profiling survey: Results and analysis (2008)]<br />
**[http://www.interpol.int/Public/Forensic/dna/Inquiry/InquiryPublic2002.pdf Interpol: Global DNA database inquiry: Results and analysis (2002)]<br />
<br />
*Press articles<br />
**[http://allafrica.com/stories/201112301067.html AllAfrica.com: Africa: 2011- A Ground-breaking Year for INTERPOL's Future (30th December 2011)]</div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/IndiaIndia2023-01-10T09:30:31Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>__TOC__<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
India does not have a national DNA database. However, according to Interpol's 2008 survey it has used HID (Human Identification) software of a national design for the operation of regional (State) databases.<br />
<br />
In 2007 a bill known as the Draft DNA Profiling Bill was piloted by the Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, an autonomous organization funded by the Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India. The DNA Profiling Bill looks to legalize the collection and analysis of DNA samples for forensic purposes and the creation of a national database. The Bill was developed further by an expert committee due to concerns about privacy and lack of safeguards. However, a new draft Bill was scheduled to be submitted to Parliament in summer 2015 despite dissent from some members of the committee, who stated that their concerns had not been fully addressed. A public consultation was then announced (deadline 20th August 2015). A new version of the Bill was submitted to the Indian Parliament in August 2018, but was not adopted before the end of the parliamentary session. The Bill was therefore introduced again following the 2019 General Election. See below for further details.<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
* External links<br />
**[https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-criminal-procedure-identification-bill-2022 PRS India: The Criminal Procedure (Identification) Bill, 2022]<br />
**[https://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/dna-technology-use-and-application-regulation-bill-2019 PRS India: The DNA Technology (Use and Application) Regulation Bill, 2019]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/comments-on-india-dna-bill-2019.pdf GeneWatch UK comments on: THE DNA TECHNOLOGY (USE AND APPLICATION) REGULATION BILL, 2019 (October (2019)]<br />
**[http://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/the-dna-technology-use-and-application-regulation-bill-2018-5330/ The DNA Technology (Use and Application) Regulation Bill 2018]<br />
**[https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/09/23/india-us-tech-firms-should-press-modi-privacy Human Rights Watch: India: US Tech Firms Should Press Modi on Privacy (23rd September 2015)]<br />
**[http://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/human-dna-profiling-bill-2012-vs-2015 CIS: Human DNA Profiling Bill 2012 v/s 2015 Bill (6th September 2015)]<br />
**[http://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/cis-comments-and-recommendations-to-human-dna-profiling-bill-2015 CIS Comments and Recommendations to the Human DNA Profiling Bill, June 2015 (27th August 2015)] also available as [http://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/cis-human-dna-profiling-bill-2015/view pdf]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/IndiaDNABill_FGPI_15.pdf GeneWatch UK response to the consultation on India's Human DNA Profiling Bill (18th August 2015)] <br />
**[http://www.countercurrents.org/cc100815.htm Public Statement By Concerned Citizens: Biometric Data Collection, Aadhaar Number And Related Programs Is A Black Act (10th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/Human-DNA-Profiling-Bill.pdf Draft Human DNA Profiling Bill: Version for Public Comment (9th June 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/Letter.pdf Human DNA Profiling Bill-2015(Comments from Public are invited)] Deadline 20th August 2015.<br />
**[http://righttoprivacydna.blogspot.com.au/ Blog: Ram Krishnaswamy: RIGHTS TO PRIVACY & DNA PROFILING]<br />
**[http://sacw.net/article11388.html India: Usha Ramanathan’s Note of Dissent on Human DNA Profiling Bill that is coming soon in the Parliament (20th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://thewire.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Draft-DNA-Bill-Jan-2015.pdf Working Draft Human DNA Profiling Bill (16th January 2015)]<br />
** [http://cis-india.org/about/internet-governance/blog/public-meeting-on-dna-profiling-bill CIS: A Public Meeting on DNA Profiling Bill in Delhi (29th September 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/INDIA_DNA_BILL_collection.pdf GeneWatch UK: INDIA DNA BILL: Collection of DNA (12th September 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/INDIA_DNA_BILL_retention.PDF GeneWatch UK: INDIA DNA BILL: Retention of DNA (12th September 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/INDIA_DNA_BILL_usesandrestrictions.PDF GeneWatch UK: INDIA DNA BILL: Uses of DNA (12th September 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/INDIA_DNA_BILL_solvingcrime.PDF GeneWatch UK: INDIA DNA BILL: Solving crimes (12th September 2012)]<br />
** [http://cis-india.org/internet-governance/indian-draft-dna-profiling-act.pdf/view CIS: Overview and Concerns Regarding the Indian Draft DNA Profiling Act (6th September 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/India_DNA_Bill_Memo_2.0.pdf CRG: Overview and Concerns Regarding the Indian Draft DNA Profiling Act (April 2012)]<br />
** [http://bargad.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/1draft-human-dna-profiling-bill-2012.pdf Draft Human DNA Profiling Bill 2012 (February 2012)]<br />
** [http://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/privacy/dna-overview Centre for Internet and Society: An Overview of DNA Labs in India]<br />
** [http://cis-india.org/advocacy/igov/privacy-india/privacy_dnaprofilingbill Centre for Internet and Society: The DNA Profiling Bill 2007 and Privacy (25th April 2011)]<br />
<br />
* Press articles<br />
**[https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/dna-technology-regulation-bill/ Observer Research Foundation: DNA Technology Regulation Bill: Concerns on data privacy, dependence, and bias (20th December 2022)]<br />
**[https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2022/04/05/why-policy-makers-law-enforcement-agencies-find-criminal-procedure-bill-a-hard-row-to-hoe.html The Weekly: Why policy makers, law enforcement agencies find criminal procedure bill a hard row to hoe (11th April 2022)]<br />
**[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/criminal-procedure-bill-unconstitutional-against-sc-verdicts-chidambaram-7856990/ Indian Express: Criminal Procedure Bill unconstitutional, against SC verdicts: Chidambaram (7th April 2022)]<br />
**[https://www.medianama.com/2022/04/223-criminal-procedure-identification-bill-debate-parliament/ Medianama: How The Debate On Criminal Procedure (Identification) Bill Unfolded In Lok Sabha (6th April 2022)]<br />
**[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/et-editorial/abiding-and-enforcing-the-law-scientifically/articleshow/90692686.cms The Economic Times (6th April 2022)]<br />
**[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/explainer-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-criminal-procedure-identification-bill-2022/articleshow/90659950.cms Times of India: Explainer: All you need to know about the Criminal Procedure (Identification Bill, 2022) (5th April 2022)]<br />
**[https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/rethink-the-criminal-identification-bill-101648995338679.html Hindustan Times: Rethink the criminal identification bill (3rd April 2022)]<br />
**[https://www.livelaw.in/columns/criminal-procedure-identification-bill-problematic-project-39a-report-195619 Live Law: Criminal Procedure (Identification) Bill Problematic : Project 39A Report (2nd April 2022)]<br />
**[https://scroll.in/article/1020747/explainer-why-a-new-bill-to-collect-data-from-convicts-is-raising-civil-rights-concerns Scroll: Explainer: Why a new bill to collect data from convicts is raising civil rights concerns (1st April 2022)]<br />
**[https://www.epw.in/journal/2021/32/editorials/dna-database-legislative-overreach.html Economic and Political Weekly: DNA Database: A Legislative Overreach (7th August 2021)]<br />
**[http://www.businessworld.in/article/Retention-and-storage-of-forensic-DNA-profiles-critical-to-combat-sexual-crime-in-India/16-12-2020-354466/ Business Wire: Retention And Storage Of Forensic DNA Profiles Critical To Combat Sexual Crime In India (16th December 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.aninews.in/news/business/application-of-forensic-dna-technology-critical-to-deter-sexual-predators-as-rape-complaints-reach-pre-pandemic-levels20200929170914/ ANI News: Application of forensic DNA technology critical to deter sexual predators as rape complaints reach pre-pandemic levels (29th September 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/dna-regulation-bill-2019-1598451591-1 Jagran Josh: The DNA Technology (Use and Application) Regulation Bill of 2019: What does the draft report of the parliamentary standing committee say? (26th August 2020)]<br />
**[https://bestmediainfo.com/2020/07/call-for-use-of-dna-evidence-to-nail-culprits-and-make-india-rape-free/ Best Media Info: Call for use of DNA evidence to nail culprits and make India rape-free (20th July 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/privacy-and-hunt-for-the-code/cid/1742651 The Telegraph (India): Privacy and hunt for the code (6th February 2020)]<br />
**[https://thewire.in/government/dna-technology-bill-2018-databank-parliamentary-standing-committee-privacy-consent The Wire: DNA Technology Bill: Why the Standing Committee Has Its Work Cut Out (1st November 2019)]<br />
**[https://caravanmagazine.in/policy/right-to-privacy-data-protection-bill-policies The Caravan: With the data-protection bill in limbo, these policies contravene the right to privacy (30th September 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.businesstoday.in/current/policy/is-dna-technology-use-and-application-regulation-bill-2019-another-aadhaar-in-making/story/372579.html Business Today: DNA Technology (Use and Application) Regulation Bill 2019: Another Aadhaar in the making (14th August 2009)]<br />
**[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kashmir-to-triple-talaq-lok-sabha-passes-most-bills-since-1952-in-its-most-productive-session-1578238-2019-08-07 India Today: Kashmir to triple talaq: Lok Sabha passes most bills since 1952 in its most productive session] Reports that the DNA Bill has not passed in this parliamentary session.<br />
**[https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/dna-test-only-after-appropriate-satisfaction-for-its-requirement-146946 LiveLaw:DNA Test Cannot Be Ordered Without There Being Appropriate Satisfaction For Its Requirement: SC (5th August 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/aiims-to-dna-profile-unidentified-bodies-create-a-database-accessible-to-public/article28594242.ece# Business Line: AIIMS to DNA profile unidentified bodies, create a database accessible to public (19th July 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.livemint.com/opinion/online-views/the-country-s-new-dna-law-raises-privacy-concerns-1563905765685.html LiveMint: Opinion: The country’s new DNA law raises privacy concerns (24th July 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.newsclick.in/DNA-bill-unclear-consent-privacy News Click: DNA Bill unclear on consent and privacy (12th July 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/dna-technology-bill-introduced-lok-sabha/1636627/ Financial Express: DNA technology bill introduced in Lok Sabha (8th July 2019)]<br />
**[https://thewire.in/government/dna-technology-regulation-bill-lok-sabha The Wire: Amid Opposition Criticism, Government Tables DNA Technology Bill in Lok Sabha (8th July 2019)]<br />
**[https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/dna-regulation-bill-technology-lok-sabha-5799785/ The Indian Express: Explained: Why govt wants to bank DNA (2nd July 2019)]<br />
**[https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/dna-regulation-bill-technology-lok-sabha-5799785/ Indian Express: Explained: Why govt wants to bank DNA (26th June 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cabinet-approves-dna-profiling-bill-1555317-2019-06-24 India Today: Cabinet approves bill that can track your DNA (24th June 2019)]<br />
**[http://www.mondaq.com/india/x/782032/new+technology/DNA+Profiling+In+The+India+Towards+The+New+Age+DNA+Technology+Use+And+Application+Bill Mondaq: India: DNA Profiling In The India (Towards The New Age DNA Technology Use And Application Bill) (18th February 2019)]<br />
**[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajya-sabha-pendency-dips-as-22-bills-lapse-after-lok-sabha-nod-5584757/ Indian Express: Rajya Sabha pendency dips as 22 Bills lapse after Lok Sabha nod (15th February 2019)] Reports that the DNA Bill has lapsed.<br />
**[https://www.firstpost.com/india/dna-bill-is-designed-to-fail-6038751.html First Post: DNA bill is designed to fail (6th February 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.firstpost.com/india/dna-bill-to-ensure-justice-is-gene-uine-govt-must-ensure-privacy-of-individuals-is-respected-as-well-5872381.html First Post: DNA Bill: To ensure justice is 'gene'-uine, govt must ensure privacy of individuals is respected as well (10th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/towards-a-genetic-panopticon/article25791126.ece The Hindu: Towards a genetic panopticon (21st December 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.newslaundry.com/2019/01/14/the-dna-bill-has-a-sequence-of-problems-that-need-to-be-resolved NewsLaundry: The DNA Bill has a sequence of problems that need to be resolved (14th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/01/09/dna-technology-bill-raises-serious-concerns-over-right-to-privacy.html The Week: DNA technology bill raises serious concerns over right to privacy (9th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/67444686.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst The Times of India: CDFD scientists’ wait ends as DNA Bill gets Lok Sabha nod (9th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.firstpost.com/india/dna-technology-bill-passed-in-lok-sabha-lacks-clarity-on-consent-privacy-and-proper-cost-benefit-analysis-5862941.html FirstPost: DNA Technology Bill passed in Lok Sabha lacks clarity on consent, privacy and proper cost-benefit analysis (9th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.news18.com/news/india/lok-sabha-gives-consent-to-dna-bill-to-identity-persons-with-respect-to-criminal-cases-1995807.html News18: Lok Sabha Gives Consent to DNA Bill to Identify Persons With Criminal Cases (8th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/lok-sabha-passes-dna-bill-after-brief-discussion/710502.html Tribune: Lok Sabha passes DNA Bill after brief discussion (8th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.india.com/news/agencies/bill-to-allow-use-of-dna-technology-to-identity-persons-in-ls-3516348/ India.com: Bill to allow use of DNA technology to identity persons in LS (8th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/66790072.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst Times of India: High Court: Create app, save DNA samples to trace missing kids (25th November 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/perspective/caution-dna-bill-raise-700080.html Deccan Herald: Caution on DNA Bill: raise awareness first (26th October 2018)]<br />
**[https://thewire.in/law/dna-bill-data-protection-bill-consent The Wire: Why India’s Draft Data Protection Bill Cannot Solve the Problems of the DNA Bill (29th August 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up-front/story/20180910-dna-profiling-bill-pinning-you-down-with-data-1327615-2018-08-31 India Today: DNA profiling bill: Pinning you down with data (31st August 2018)]<br />
**[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/congress-opposes-dna-profiling-calls-it-violative-of-privacy/articleshow/65555699.cms Times of India: Congress opposes DNA profiling, calls it violative of privacy (27th August 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.news18.com/amp/news/opinion/opinion-dna-databases-designed-to-fight-crime-without-compromising-privacy-1843721.html News 18: DNA Databases, Designed to Fight Crime Without Compromising Privacy (14th August 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2018/08/13/government-will-answer-every-concern-on-DNA-Technology-Bill.html The Week: 'Modi govt will answer every concern on DNA Technology Bill' (13th August 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/storing-of-dna-profiles-of-crime-accused-not-permanent/article24672723.ece The Hindu: ‘Storing of DNA profiles of crime-accused not permanent’(13th August 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/130818/hyderabaddna-bill-raises-many-questions-on-privacy.html Deccan Chronicle: Hyderabad: DNA Bill raises many questions on privacy (13th August 2018)]<br />
**[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/65380304.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst Times of India: 'Aadhaar link to DNA profiles to be decided later' (13th August 2018)]<br />
**[http://www.uniindia.com/cdfd-helped-centre-in-big-way-on-drafting-dna-technology-bill-2018-harsha-vardhan/business-economy/news/1317742.html United News of India: CFD helped Centre in a big way on drafting DNA Technology Bill 2018: Harsha Vardhan (12th August 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/bill-in-ls-to-collect-dna-samples-for-crime-probe/635132.html The Tribune: Bill in LS to collect DNA samples for crime probe (10th August 2018)]<br />
**[https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/bill-in-lok-sabha-for-use-of-dna-technology-to-crack-tough-criminal-cases-5299381/ The Indian Express: Bill in Lok Sabha for use of DNA technology to crack tough criminal cases (9th August 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/decoding-the-dna-bill/article24636395.ece The Hindu: Decoding the DNA Bill (9th August 2018)]<br />
**[https://indianexpress.com/article/delhi/man-conicted-of-rape-delhi-hc-flags-irregularities-in-forensic-reports-5296825/ The Indian Express: Man convicted of rape: Delhi HC flags irregularities in forensic reports (8th August 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.bloombergquint.com/opinion/2018/08/02/the-dna-bill-another-invasive-imperfect-database#gs.XAizV9o Bloomberg Quint:The DNA Bill: Another Invasive, Imperfect Database! (2nd August 2018)]<br />
**[https://thewire.in/government/dna-profiling-bill-parliament The Wire: Four Reasons Why India’s Controversial DNA Bill Should Be Sent to a Standing Committee (25th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/once-bitten-twice-shy-dna-profiling-bill-revives-fear-of-aadhaar-like-data-breach-61193 DownToEarth: Once bitten, twice shy: DNA Profiling Bill revives fear of Aadhaar-like data breach (19th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/proposed-dna-bank-will-not-store-data-permanently-official/article24414326.ece The Hindu: Proposed DNA bank will not store data permanently: official (13th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/home-ministry-guides-states-on-searching-crime-scenes-collecting-evidence/articleshow/64940735.cms Economic Times: Home ministry guides states on searching crime scenes & collecting evidence (11th July 2018)]<br />
**[http://blog.forumias.com/dnatechnology-use-and-application-regulation-bill-2018-an-analysis/ Forum IAS: DNA Technology (Use and Application) Regulation Bill, 2018: An Analysis (10th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/simply-put-how-government-plans-to-use-dna-technology-5252587/ Indian Express: Here’s how the government plans to use DNA profiles, samples and records (10th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://theprint.in/governance/after-aadhaar-a-new-bill-aims-for-greatness-but-may-leave-your-personal-info-unsecured/79483/ The Print: After Aadhaar, a new bill aims for greatness but may leave your personal info unsecured (6th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dna-profiling-bill-to-be-discussed-by-narendra-modi-government-tomorrow/articleshow/64852812.cms Economic Times: DNA Profiling Bill to be discussed by Narendra Modi government tomorrow (5th July 2018)]<br />
**[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-union-cabinet-approves-dna-technology-bill-2633300 DNA: Union Cabinet approves DNA Technology Bill (5th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://thewire.in/law/cabinet-approves-bill-for-setting-up-dna-data-banks-to-store-profiles The Wire: Cabinet Approves Bill for Setting up DNA Data Banks to Store Profiles (5th July 2018)]<br />
**[http://www.livelaw.in/dna-technology-regulation-bill-gets-cabinet-approval/ Live Law: DNA Technology Regulation Bill Gets Cabinet Approval(5th July 2018)]<br />
Read more at: http://www.livelaw.in/dna-technology-regulation-bill-gets-cabinet-approval/<br />
**[https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/cabinet-clears-dna-database-on-crime-242578 Telegraph: Cabinet clears DNA database on crime (5th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2018/07/05/government-gives-nod-to-bill-for-building-dna-databases-in-india-for-criminal-investigation-and-justice-delivery_a_23474995/?guccounter=1 Huffington Post: Government Gives Nod To Bill For Building DNA Databases In India, For 'Criminal Investigation And Justice Delivery' (5th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.thebetterindia.com/148956/centre-cabinet-dna-profiling-bill-news/ The Better India: Centre Passes Bill That Seeks to Set up Human DNA Banks to Strengthen Criminal Justice (5th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-could-have-dna-banks-to-store-profiles-as-cabinet-clears-bill-1878017 NDTV: India Could Have DNA Banks To Store Profiles As Cabinet Clears Bill (4th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dna-profiling-bill-to-be-discussed-by-narendra-modi-government-tomorrow/articleshow/64852812.cms Economic Times: DNA Profiling Bill to be discussed by Narendra Modi government tomorrow (4th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/union-cabinet-clears-dna-profiling-bill/article24333036.ece?homepage=true the Hindu: Union Cabinet clears DNA profiling bill (4th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.firstpost.com/india/monsoon-session-of-parliament-over-50-pending-bills-six-ordinances-to-be-taken-up-in-18-days-4640761.html First Post: Monsoon Session of Parliament: Over 50 pending Bills, six ordinances to be taken up in 18 days (1st July 2018)]<br />
**[https://edition.cnn.com/2018/06/06/health/india-forensics-delays-justice-intl/index.html CNN:Sexual violence victims can wait years for India's overtaxed crime labs (6th June 2018)]<br />
**[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dna-data-banks-to-be-set-up-at-national-state-level-to-store-dna-profiles/articleshow/64147464.cms The Economic Times: DNA data banks to be set up at national, state level to store DNA profiles (13th May 2018)]<br />
**[http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-problems-with-a-dna-registry/article23805145.ece The Hindu: The problems with a DNA registry (8th May 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/modi-government-to-create-dna-archive-to-locate-missing-persons-identify-bodies-1224585-2018-05-02 India Today: Modi government to create DNA archive to locate missing persons, identify bodies (2nd May 2018)]<br />
**[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/centre-promises-law-on-dna-profiling-sc-disposes-of-pil/articleshow/63990546.cms The Times of India: Centre promises law on DNA profiling; SC disposes of PIL (1st May 2018)]<br />
**[https://thewire.in/tech/dna-profiling-bill-aadhaar-biometrics The Wire: India's Blind Faith in DNA and Aadhaar Profiling Will Lead to No Good (27th April 2018)]<br />
**[https://qz.com/1244824/andhra-pradesh-is-using-blockchain-to-collect-dna-data-of-50-million-citizens/ Quartz: An Indian state is using blockchain to collect DNA data of 50 million citizens (9th April 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.mid-day.com/articles/mid-day-impact-government-puts-multi-crore-proposal-for-dna-testing-kit-on-hold/19275155 Mid-Day: Government puts multi-crore proposal for DNA testing kit on hold (3rd April 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/csi-delhi-cops-to-gear-up-for-dna-tests-in-big-crimes-1194827-2018-03-22 India Today: CSI Delhi: Cops to gear up for DNA tests in big crimes (22nd March 2018)]<br />
**[http://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-forensic-training-a-must-for-cops-2583465 DNA: Forensic training a must for cops: (11th February 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.thestatesman.com/india/india-will-soon-forensic-dna-database-curb-crime-rajnath-1502583000.html The Statesman: India will soon have a forensic DNA database to curb crime: Rajnath (10th February 2018)]<br />
**[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-is-delhi-ready-for-the-dna-test-2564122 DNA: Is Delhi ready for the DNA test? (2nd December 2017)]<br />
**[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maharashtra-to-create-dna-database-of-offenders/articleshow/60705938.cms Times of India: Maharashtra to create DNA database of offenders (16th September 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.catchnews.com/national-news/india-needs-to-have-more-aggressive-dna-approach-at-crime-scene-experts-79194.html CatchNews: India needs to have more aggressive DNA approach at crime scene: Experts (29th August 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/indias-supreme-court-says-privacy-is-an-intrinsic-right-in-blow-to-government/2017/08/24/2c0b762c-8828-11e7-96a7-d178cf3524eb_story.html?utm_term=.ed09ca238e31 The Washington POsr: India’s Supreme Court says privacy is a fundamental right in blow to government (24th August 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.worldcrunch.com/opinion-analysis/collection-of-dna-spells-doom-in-india World Crunch: Collection Of DNA Spells Doom In India (10th August 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/6wGBEP2ThTvjzT4175jVOO/Is-profiling-in-Indias-DNA.html Live Mint: Is profiling in India’s DNA? (7th August 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/here-s-why-we-need-a-lot-more-discussion-on-india-s-new-dna-profiling-bill/story-CojTDv2vfMMMBsW0CaLxIP.html Hindustan Times: Here’s why we need a lot more discussion on India’s new DNA Profiling Bill (7th August 2017)]<br />
**[https://swarajyamag.com/politics/is-profiling-in-indias-dna- Swarajyamag: Is Profiling In India’s DNA? (7th August 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.thequint.com/india/2017/08/05/fb-live-dna-profiling-dangers-apar-gupta FB Live: Apar Gupta on Dangers of Proposed DNA Profiling Law (5th August 2017)]<br />
**[https://thewire.in/163958/dna-profiling-fingerprinting-bill-dbt-crime-scene/ The Wire: The DNA Profiling Bill Is Back in a New Avatar - Here’s the Lowdown (2nd August 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.newsbytesapp.com/timeline/India/9432/52719/know-all-about-the-dna-based-technology-bill-2017 NewsBytes: What is the debate surrounding India's new DNA-based technology bill? (2nd August 2017)]<br />
**[http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/simply-put-understanding-the-new-dna-tech-bill-4776304/ The Indian Express: Understanding the new DNA tech Bill: All your questions answered (1st August 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.firstpost.com/india/right-to-privacy-law-commission-submits-draft-bill-on-dna-profiling-moots-creation-of-national-regional-databanks-3875949.html First Post: Right to privacy: Law Commission submits draft bill on DNA profiling; moots creation of national, regional databanks (31st July 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/regulation-of-dna-profiling/article19372786.ece The Hindu: Regulation of DNA profiling (28th July 2017)]<br />
**[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/law-panel-nod-for-dna-bank-to-fight-crime/articleshow/59782271.cms Times of India: Law panel nod for DNA bank to fight crime (27th July 2017)]<br />
**[https://barandbench.com/human-dna-profiling-law-commission/ Bar & Bench: Law Commission Suggests New Human DNA Profiling Bill (27th July 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.catchnews.com/india-news/another-violation-of-right-to-privacy-law-commission-proposes-dna-profiling-74397.html Catch News: Another violation of 'right to privacy'? Law Commission proposes DNA profiling (27th July 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/dna-profiling-should-be-done-only-for-identification-law-panel-117072601303_1.html Business Standard: Now, DNA profiling will be done only for identification, says Law panel (26th July 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.india.com/news/agencies/dna-profiling-should-be-done-only-for-identificationlaw-panel-2353466/ India.com: DNA profiling should be done only for identification: Law panel (26th July 2017)]<br />
**[http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/law-panel-dna-profiling-board-jail-term/1/1011877.html India Today: Law panel moots DNA profiling board, up to 3 years jail term for rule violators (26th July 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.livelaw.in/law-commission-submits-draft-bill-human-dna-profiling-proposes-setting-national-regional-dna-data-banks-read-report/ LiveLaw: Law Commission Submits Draft Bill For Human DNA Profiling; Proposes Setting Up Of National And Regional DNA Data Banks (26th July 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.dailyo.in/politics/human-dna-profiling-test-bill-right-to-privacy-modi-aadhaar/story/1/18558.html Daily O: A DNA profiling law is dystopian nightmare without the fundamental right to privacy (24th July 2017)]<br />
**[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/finalising-fresh-version-of-dna-profiling-bill-govt-tells-sc-4764070/ the Indian Express: Finalising fresh version of DNA Profiling Bill, Govt tells SC (24th July 2017)]<br />
**[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/process-to-bring-in-dna-profiling-bill-has-begun-centre-to-sc-4755149/ The Indian Express: Process to bring in DNA profiling bill has begun: Centre to SC (17th July 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Andhra-Pradesh-working-on-system-to-DNA-tag-convicts/article17149088.ece The Hindu: Andhra Pradesh working on system to DNA-tag convicts (3rd February 2017)]<br />
**[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/first-dna-index-system-to-tackle-crime-introduced-by-andhra-pradesh-police-2989114/ The Indian Express: First DNA index system to tackle crime introduced by Andhra Pradesh Police (21st August 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh-police-to-soon-have-dna-index-system/article9014572.ece The businessline: AP police to soon have DNA index system (21st August 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.firstpost.com/india/crime-in-chennai-is-tamil-nadu-ready-for-police-commission-prediction-of-rise-in-crimes-2913482.html Firstpost: Crime in Chennai: Is Tamil Nadu ready for Police Commission prediction of rise in crimes? (25th July 2016)]<br />
**[http://news.trust.org/item/20160605044124-qc9rd/ India’s biometric blues (5th June 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.frontline.in/cover-story/surveillance-project/article8408866.ece Frontline: Surveillance project (15th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.governancenow.com/gov-next/egov/good-governance-subterfuge-aadhaar-bill Governance Now: ‘Good governance’, but through subterfuge! (21st March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/forget-privacy-aadhaar-bill-gives-too-much-power-to-the-executive/story-ZZjsWwMypqyw7Q5nIFWXcJ.html Hindustan Times: Forget privacy, Aadhaar Bill gives too much power to the executive (17th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.governancenow.com/news/regular-story/cloaking-aadhaar-the-sanctity-a-law-disputable-grounds Governance Now: Cloaking 'Aadhaar' with the sanctity of a law on disputable grounds (4th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-counts-on-big-data-to-grow-biotech/article8046071.ece The Hindu: Centre counts on Big Data to grow biotech (31th December 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/securing-the-right-to-privacy/article7958539.ece The Hindu Business Line: Securing the right to privacy (7th December 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/expert-bats-for-dna-human-profiling-bill/article7863627.ece The Hindu: Expert bats for DNA human profiling Bill (10th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://swarajyamag.com/magazine/every-move-you-make/ Sawarajya: Every Move You Make (23th September 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.newslaundry.com/2015/09/11/blood-tests-and-skin-scraping-of-indian-citizens-for-dna-profiling/ Newslaundry: Blood tests and skin scraping of Indian citizens for DNA profiling (11th September 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/State-to-get-DNA-bank/articleshow/48861394.cms Mumbai Mirror: State to get DNA bank (8th September 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.nyoooz.com/mumbai/194478/state-to-get-dna-bank NYOOZ: State to get DNA bank (8th September 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thequint.com/india/2015/09/01/mandatory-dna-profiling-can-help-solve-puzzle-of-unclaimed-bodies The Quint: Mandatory DNA Profiling Can Help Solve Puzzle of Unclaimed Bodies (2nd September 2015)]<br />
**[http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/in-new-bill-dna-testing-rules-and-some-concerns/ The Indian Express: In new Bill: DNA testing rules, and some concerns (27th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.epw.in/commentary/do-not-analyse-my-dna.html Economic and Political Weekly: D(o) N(ot) A(nalyse) My DNA: Arguments against the Human DNA Profiling Bill 2015 (22nd August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/dna-profiling-a-bill-that-reads-more-like-science-fiction/article1-1382031.aspx Hindustan Times: DNA profiling: A bill that reads more like science fiction (20th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://thewire.in/2015/08/18/government-invites-comments-on-dna-profiling-bill-even-if-belatedly-8698/ The Wire: Government Invites Comments on DNA Profiling Bill, Even if Belatedly (18th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/JBtZ24wlgVhLRvEcaZyvII/DNA-profiling-bill-More-safeguards-needed.html LiveMint: DNA profiling bill: More safeguards needed (17th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/scientific-ambitions-behind-dna-profiling-bill/article7544598.ece The Hindu: ‘Scientific ambitions behind DNA Profiling Bill’(16th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://indiatogether.org/dna-bill-issues-laws India Together: The DNA Bill is a recipe for disaster (12th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/new-bill-proposes-collection-of-samples-from-private-parts-for-dna-profiling-1206680 NDTV: New Bill Proposes Collection of Samples From Private Parts for DNA (12th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/new-bill-proposes-collection-of-samples-from-pvt-parts-for-dna-115081201672_1.html Business Standard: New bill proposes collection of samples from pvt parts for DNA (12th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-human-dna-profiling-bill-new-govt-bill-proposes-collection-of-samples-from-private-parts-2113761 DNA: Human DNA Profiling Bill: New govt bill proposes collection of samples from private parts (12th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/new-bill-proposes-collection-of-samples-from-pvt-parts-for-dna-profiling/articleshow/48457119.cms The Economic Times: New bill proposes collection of samples from pvt parts for DNA profiling (12th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33859720 BBC: Why India's Bihar is taking DNA samples to spite Modi (12th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dailyo.in/politics/human-dna-profiling-bill-2015-biotechnology-right-to-privacy-forensics-dbt-cdfd-hyderabad/story/1/5619.html Daily O: Why the government wants to photograph your private parts (12th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://thewire.in/2015/08/12/government-sidesteps-questions-on-privacy-rights-8349/ The Wire: Government Sidesteps Questions on Privacy Rights (12th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-india-can-learn-from-the-uk-s-mistakes-with-dna-2112143 DNA: India can learn from the UK’s mistakes with DNA (8th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/nation/genetic-profiling-is-it-all-in-the-dna Open: Genetic Profiling: Is it all in the DNA? (7th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://newsclick.in/india/human-dna-profiling-bill-invasion-privacy-grand-scale News Click: Human DNA Profiling Bill: Invasion of Privacy at a Grand Scale (6th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.newindianexpress.com/columns/End-of-Privacy-is-Death-Knell-for-Indian-Democracy/2015/08/05/article2958120.ece New Indian Express: End of Privacy is Death Knell for Indian Democracy (5th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/opinion-pieces/is-dna-profiling-worth-the-effort.html Manorama: Is DNA profiling worth the effort? (5th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/493378/controversy-erupts-over-dna-profiling.html Deccan Herald: Controversy erupts over DNA Profiling Bill ahead of introduction (5th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.com/hindi/india/2015/08/150803_dna_profiling_bill_tk BBC: सरकार के पास डीएनए प्रोफ़ाइल होने से परेशानी क्यों? (4th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-denies-plans-to-build-dna-database-but-experts-fault-bill/article7493062.ece The Hindu: Centre denies plans to build DNA database, but experts fault Bill (3rd August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.hindustantimes.com/comment/dna-profiling-bill-game-changer-but-potential-for-data-misuse/article1-1375782.aspx Hindustan Times: DNA Profiling bill: Game-changer but potential for data misuse (3rd August 2015)]<br />
**[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Four-problems-with-the-DNA-database/articleshow/48311840.cms?from=mdr Times of India: Four problems with the DNA database (2nd August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/why-the-dna-bill-is-open-to-misuse-sunil-abraham-115080101131_1.html Why the DNA Bill is open to misuse: Sunil Abraham (1st August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-basic-right-is-in-danger/article7482874.ece The Hindu; A basic Right is in Danger (31st July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.livemint.com/Politics/L8WX2Kr0WAiOhixEr06mJL/Monsoon-sessions-washout-threatens-to-derail-NDAs-reform-a.html Live Mint: Monsoon session may derail NDA’s reforms agenda (30th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/xrqO4wBzpPbeA4nPruPNXP/A-dangerous-convergence.html Live Mint: A dangerous convergence (29th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.livemint.com/Politics/VF2YLw4sgSxlxgPgIGJG2I/Regulation-misuse-concerns-still-dog-DNA-profiling-bill.html Live Mint: Regulation, misuse concerns still dog DNA profiling bill (29th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/editorial-dnaedit-negative-profiling-2109061 DNA: #dnaEdit: Negative profiling (29th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://bangalore.citizenmatters.in/articles/dna-bill-problems-issues-inputs-from-bangalore Citizen Matters Bangalore: With a powerful board and loose definitions, DNA Bill is a recipe for disaster (28th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/dna-profiling-bill/article7470970.ece The Hindu: DNA profiling Bill triggers debate (28th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/not-ready-for-dna-profiling/article7470651.ece Hindu Business Line: Not ready for DNA profiling (27th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.financialexpress.com/article/fe-columnist/human-dna-profiling-bill-a-tool-that-could-be-misused/108561/ Financial Express: Human DNA Profiling Bill: A tool that could be misused (27th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dailyo.in/politics/human-dna-profiling-2015-monsoon-session-modi-government-kuwait-bjp-nda/story/1/5252.html Daily O: Why Human DNA Profiling Bill can put Indians in danger (27th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dna-profiling-new-headache-for-the-nda-government/article1-1373337.aspx Hindustan Times: DNA profiling the new headache for NDA government (27th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/After-Aadhar-Human-DNA-Profiling-Bill-Raises-Fears-of-Misuse/2015/07/26/article2940327.ece The Sunday Standard: After Aadhar, Human DNA Profiling Bill Raises Fears of Misuse (26th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2015/07/26/indias-dna-profiling-bill-may-become-one-worlds-most-intrusive-laws SBS: India’s DNA profiling bill may become one of the world’s most intrusive laws (26th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://thewire.in/2015/07/25/debating-the-dna-bill-the-government-responds-the-wire-replies-7188/ The Wire: Debating the DNA Bill: The Government Responds, The Wire Replies (25th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://qz.com/463279/indias-dna-profiling-bill-may-become-one-of-the-worlds-most-intrusive-laws/ Quartz: India's DNA profiling bill may become one of the world's most intrusive laws (24th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://thewire.in/2015/07/24/modi-wants-the-dna-profiling-bill-passed-right-away-heres-why-it-shouldnt-be-6922/ The Wire: Modi Wants the DNA Profiling Bill Passed Right Away. Here’s Why It Shouldn’t Be (24th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://scroll.in/article/743049/the-scariest-bill-in-parliament-is-getting-no-attention-heres-what-you-need-to-know-about-it Scroll.in: The scariest bill in Parliament is getting no attention - here’s what you need to know about it (24th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/standpoint-how-dna-tests-can-help-mumbai-s-missing-children-2107443 DNA: How DNA tests can help Mumbai's missing children (23rd July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.nyoooz.com/lucknow/155928/kgmu-proposes-criminal-database-for-up-police NYOOOZ: KGMU proposes criminal database for UP Police (21st July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-dna-test-to-curb-use-of-babies-in-begging-2085620 DNA: DNA test to curb use of babies in begging? (14th May 2015)]<br />
**[http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/begging-rackets-child-trafficking-dna-test-maharashtra-government-beggars-ssa-vidya-thakur/1/416333.html India Today: Maharashtra govt plans to conduct DNA tests on street children to reunite them with their biological parents (1st February 2015)]<br />
**[http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-01-21/news/58306163_1_budget-session-biological-samples-dna-database The Economic Times: Human DNA Profiling Bill likely in Budget session: Centre to SC (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-centre-says-its-needs-legislative-sanction-to-dna-data-bank-2052323 DNA: Centre says its needs legislative sanction to DNA data bank (14th January 2015)]<br />
**[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Cops-mull-DNA-testing-of-Delhis-beggars/articleshow/45722741.cms Times of India: Cops mull DNA testing of Delhi’s beggars (2nd January 2015)]<br />
**[http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/dna-profiling-bill-unidentified-bodies-supreme-court-centre-feasibility/1/384321.html India Today: SC asks Centre on feasibility of DNA profiling of unidentified bodies (22nd September 2014)] Reports that the DNA Bill will be introduced to parliament in March 2015.<br />
**[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/bill-stuck-so-cannot-create-dna-data-bank-centre-to-sc/ The Indian Express: Bill stuck so cannot create DNA data bank (15th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.medianama.com/2014/07/223-government-dna-database-privacy/ MediaNama: Indian Govt plans a DNA profiles database to find missing persons; Privacy? (16th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-supreme-court-asks-centre-to-create-dna-database-for-unidentified-bodies-2002419 DNA India: Supreme Court asks Centre to create DNA database for unidentified bodies (15th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/sc-wants-creation-of-dna-database-for-unidentified-bodies_947636.html Z News: SC wants creation of DNA database for unidentified bodies (15th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/indiahome/indianews/article-2692100/Government-plans-DNA-database-help-missing-people.html Daily Mail: Government plans DNA database to help find missing people (14th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.firstpost.com/india/why-the-aarushi-trial-was-a-double-murder-of-forensics-investigation-1250025.html First Post: Aarushi trial: A double murder of forensics and investigation (26th November 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-army-to-store-soldiers-dna-profile/article4643751.ece The Hindu: Indian Army to store soldiers' DNA profile (22nd April 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1888543/report-dna-special-just-60-forensic-experts-and-25-labs-to-handle-24923-rape-cases DNA special: Just 60 forensic experts and 25 labs to handle 24,923 rape cases (14th September 2013)]<br />
** [http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-01/mumbai/41662217_1_dna-tests-dna-evidence-survivor Times of India: DNA tests can offer clinching proof in all rape cases, say legal experts (1st September 2013)]<br />
** [http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-30/mumbai/41617883_1_dna-profiling-bill-dna-evidence-dna-technology Times of India: Mumbai gang-rape case: 5 names added to DNA database (30th August 2013)]<br />
** [http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/08/16/indias-doubting-fathers-and-sons-embrace-dna-paternity-tests/?src=rechp&_r=0 India Ink: India's Doubting Fathers and Sons Embrace DNA Paternity Tests (16th August 2013)]<br />
** [http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/01/ca-life-technologies-idUSnPNLA56557+1e0+PRN20130801 Reuters: Life Technologies Opens State-of-the-Art DNA Forensics Laboratory in India (1st August 2013)]<br />
** [http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_delhi-gang-rape-case-fsl-pulled-up-for-having-non-competent-officers_1781972 DNA: Delhi gang-rape case: FSL pulled up for having non-competent officers (26th December 2012)]<br />
** [http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-24/chennai/35991440_1_forensic-experts-government-doctors-evidence Times of India: Poor gathering of forensic evidence lets offenders walk free (24th December 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/dna-databases-india-must-learn-from-international-experiences/article4055382.ece The Hindu: DNA databases: 'India must learn from international experiences' (2nd November 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/bihar-to-have-lab-with-dna-test-facility/article4058645.ece The Hindu: Bihar to have lab with DNA test facility (2nd November 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.epw.in/web-exclusives/rethinking-dna-profiling-india.html Economic and Political Weekly: Rethinking DNA Profiling in India (27th October 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bill-to-create-bank-for-dna-profiling-of-accused-coming/article4019621.ece The Hindu: Bill to create bank for DNA profiling of accused coming (21st October 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.deccanherald.com/content/286646/dna-bill-faulted-inadequate-protection.html Deccan Herald: DNA Bill faulted for inadequate protection (19th October 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.firstpost.com/india/dna-experts-could-also-be-guilty-of-giving-false-results-486289.html DNA Experts Could Also be Guilty of Giving False Results(11th October 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.firstpost.com/india/could-better-dna-testing-facilities-in-india-have-saved-the-talwars-486172.html Could Better DNA Testing Facilities in India Have Saved the Talwars?(11th October 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.livemint.com/Politics/hFVRzai11wlgloIlr6zuZP/Proposed-DNA-database-greatly-expands-scope-of-surveillance.html Proposed DNA Database Greatly Expands Scope of Surveillance(1st October 2012)]<br />
** [http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-29/news/34163856_1_dna-samples-dna-database-crime-detection//Government Bill aims to build pool of DNA samples(29th Sept 2012)]<br />
** [http://news.yahoo.com/ap-newsbreak-kashmir-wont-dna-test-mass-graves-112723438.html AP: Kashmir Won't Test Mass DNA Graves (6th Sept 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.indianexpress.com/news/insufficient-chemicals-at-forensic-lab-for-dna-tests/957802//Insufficient Chemicals at Forensic Lab for DNA Tests(8th June 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_lack-of-funds-cripple-forensic-lab_1697399/Lack of Funds Cripples Lab(5th June 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_dna-profiling-very-soon-govt-will-know-you-inside-out_1689317/DNA Profiling in India: Pretty Soon the Government Will Know You Inside and Out (16th May 2012)]<br />
** [http://dnapolicyinitiative.org/dna-samples-lie-untested-in-india-due-to-overburdened-laboratories/DNA Samples Lie Untested in India due to Overburdened Laboratories (23rd April 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/andhra-pradesh/article2869815.ece The Hindu: DNA profiling to tackle crimes yet to catch up (8th February 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/hyderabad/dna-profiling-will-solve-several-issues-732 Deccan Chronicle: DNA profiling will solve several issues (12th November 2011)]<br />
** [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Forensic-experts-in-city-to-discuss-DNA-fingerprinting/articleshow/10697212.cms Times of India: Forensic experts in city to discuss DNA fingerprinting (12th November 2011)]<br />
** [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/dna-testing-to-identify-kashmirs-disappeared-2359361.html The Independent: DNA testing to identify Kashmir's 'disappeared' (23rd September 2011)]<br />
** [http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110707/jsp/northeast/story_14204831.jsp# The Telegraph (Calcutta): N-E to get hi-tech forensic institute (6th July 2011)]<br />
** [http://www.genewatch.org/India%20may%20soon%20have%20DNA%20database%20to%20crack%20crime%20%20Read%20more:%20India%20may%20soon%20have%20DNA%20database%20to%20crack%20crime%20-%20The%20Times%20of%20India%20http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-may-soon-have-DNA-database-to-crack-crime/articleshow/6556476.cms#ixzz11wxir2xH Times of India: India may soon have DNA database to crack crime (15th September 2010)]<br />
** [http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2618/stories/20090911261810100.htm Frontline: DNA controversies (29th August 2009)]<br />
** [http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-23/mumbai/31387482_1_dna-samples-blood-samples-forensic-experts 3 months on, 13/7 DNA samples lie untested]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/BrazilBrazil2022-10-14T11:32:16Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
Brazil has a DNA database for convicted sex offenders. New legislation to expand the database was adopted in May 2012.<br />
<br />
According to the first annual report for the national DNA database (RIPBG), by November 2014, Brazil stored 1,524 DNA profiles from crime scenes, 53 from convicted persons, 26 from identified criminally and 1 from a judicial decision, making a total of 1,698 DNA profiles on the national databank. A year later, a total of 3,621 samples had been collected across the country (2,647 from crime scenes, 753 from convicted persons, 62 from identified criminals and 4 from a judicial decision). <br />
<br />
At end November 2017, the criminal DNA database contained 8225 DNA profiles, of which 5925 came from crime scenes. A further 2544 DNA profiles related to missing persons.<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
*External links<br />
**[https://www.dataprivacybr.org/documentos/bancos-de-perfis-geneticos-para-fins-de-investigacao-criminal-no-brasil/ Data Privacy Research Association: Bancos de perfis genéticos para fins de investigação criminal no Brasil (October 2022)]<br />
**[http://www.justica.gov.br/sua-seguranca/ribpg Rede Integrada de Bancos de Perfis Genéticos (RIBPG)] Main page for the RIBPG, with links to all documents.<br />
**[http://www.justica.gov.br/sua-seguranca/ribpg/relatorio/relatorio_ribpg_nov_2015.pdf/view III Relatório da Rede Integrada de Bancos de Perfis Genéticos (Novembro/2015)] Statistics and results to November 2015.<br />
**[http://www.justica.gov.br/sua-seguranca/ribpg/relatorio/relatorio_semestral_ribpg_maio_2015.pdf/view II Relatório da Rede Integrada de Bancos de Perfis Genéticos (Maio/2015)]<br />
**[http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1886-58872015000300009 Garrido & Rodriguez (2015) The Brazilian Genetic Profile Database Three Years after Law No. 12,654 (In Portuguese)]<br />
**[http://revista.ssp.go.gov.br/index.php/rebesp/article/viewFile/193/82 Godinho(2014) BANCO DE DADOS DE DNA: UMA FERRAMENTA A SERVIÇO DA JUSTIÇA]<br />
**[http://www.justica.gov.br/noticias/relatorio_ribpg_nov_2014.pdf/view RELATORIO_RIBPG_NOV_2014.pdf]<br />
**[http://www.justica.gov.br/sua-seguranca/ribpg/relatorio/relatorio_ribpg_nov_2014.pdf/view I Relatório da Rede Integrada de Bancos de Perfis Genéticos (Novembro/2014)]<br />
**[http://www.justica.gov.br/noticias/banco-de-perfis-geneticos-reune-mais-de-2-500-amostras-e-ja-auxiliou-71-investigacoes-no-brasil/relatorio_ribpg_nov_2014.pdf RELATÓRIO DA REDE INTEGRADA DE BANCOS DE PERFIS GENÉTICOS (04/03/15)] REPORT FROM THE INTEGRATED NETWORK FOR PROFILES FROM GENETIC DATABANKS: Statistics and results to November 2014. Approved by the Steering Committee on RIBPG 04/03/2015.<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/267659826_Manual_Procedimentos_RIBPG_2014.pdf MANUAL DE PROCEDIMENTOS OPERACIONAIS DA REDE INTEGRADA DE BANCOS DE PERFIS GENÉTICOS: Versão 2 (11th November 2014)] Manual of Procedures for Brazil's DNA Database (Version 2).<br />
**[http://www.justica.gov.br/sua-seguranca/ribpg/resolucoes/resolucao_6-2015_aprova_o_manual.pdf/view RESOLUÇÃO Nº 6, DE 11 DE NOVEMBRO DE 2014]<br />
**[http://www.lex.com.br/legis_26037233_RESOLUCAO_N_5_DE_29_DE_MAIO_DE_2014.aspx RESOLUÇÃO Nº 5, DE 29 DE MAIO DE 2014]<br />
**[http://www.lex.com.br/legis_25511794_RESOLUCAO_N_4_DE_27_DE_MARCO_DE_2014.aspx RESOLUÇÃO Nº 4, DE 27 DE MARÇO DE 2014]<br />
**[http://www.lex.com.br/legis_25511793_RESOLUCAO_N_3_DE_26_DE_MARCO_DE_2014.aspx RESOLUÇÃO Nº 3, DE 26 DE MARÇO DE 2014]<br />
**[https://guidebook.com/guide/25839/poi/2259924/ Ferreira et al. (2014) THE USE OF DNA DATABASE OF BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FROM SEXUAL ASSAULTS AND RAPES IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS: A SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCE IN BRAZIL. Presented at the World Forensic Fair, Seoul]<br />
**[http://pesquisa.in.gov.br/imprensa/servlet/INPDFViewer?jornal=1&pagina=18&data=06/05/2014&captchafield=firistAccess RESOLUÇÃO No-2, DE 28 DE NOVEMBRO DE 2013]<br />
**[http://pesquisa.in.gov.br/imprensa/servlet/INPDFViewer?jornal=1&pagina=17&data=06/05/2014&captchafield=firistAccess RESOLUÇÃO No 1, DE 28 DE NOVEMBRO DE 2013]<br />
**[http://www.justica.gov.br/central-de-conteudo/seguranca-publica/manuais/manual-de-procedimentos-operacionais-ribpg-v1-0-versao-final-2013.pdf/view Manual de Procedimentos Operacionais RIBPG v1.0 - Versão Final 2013.pdf]<br />
**[http://www.justica.gov.br/sua-seguranca/ribpg/manual/manual_procedimentos_ribpg_2013.pdf/view Manual de Procedimentos Operacionais da RIBPG, versão 1 (revogada) (2013)]<br />
**[http://siaiweb06.univali.br/seer/index.php/nej/article/viewFile/5137/2697 Schiocchet (2013) A REGULAMENTAÇÃO DA BASE DE DADOS GENÉTICOS PARA FINS DE PERSECUÇÃO CRIMINAL NO BRASIL: REFLEXÕES ACERCA DO USO FORENSE DO DNA]<br />
**[http://www.cpc.pa.gov.br/index.php/imp/noticias/139-pericia-do-para-discute-coleta-de-dna-para-o-banco-nacional-de-perfis-geneticos Centro de Perícias Cientificas: Perícia do Pará discute coleta de DNA para o Banco Nacional de Perfis Genéticos (15th March 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.in.gov.br/visualiza/index.jsp?jornal=1&pagina=4&data=13/03/2013 DECRETO No. 7950, DE 12 DE MARCO DE 2013 (in Portuguese)] Decree setting up a steering committee to implement the DNA database<br />
**[http://dnapolicyinitiative.org/brazil-approves-dna-database-legislation-and-some-human-rights-concerns-remain/Brazil FGPI blog: Brazil pproves DNA Database Legislation but Human Rights Concerns Remain (15th June 2012)]<br />
**[http://por-leitores.jusbrasil.com.br/noticias/100040500/da-coleta-do-perfil-genetico-como-forma-de-identificacao-criminal Jusbrasil: DA COLETA DO PERFIL GENÉTICO COMO FORMA DE IDENTIFICAÇÃO CRIMINAL (2012)]<br />
**[http://www.councilforresponsiblegenetics.org/blog/post/Brazillian-Congress-Approves-Controversial-Database-Bill-Civil-Society-Groups-Appeal-to-the-Brazillian-President-to-Reject.aspx/ CRG blog: Brazillian Congress Approves Controversial DNA Database Bill: Civil Society Groups Appeal (4th May 2012)]<br />
**[http://nupesc.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/bancos-de-dados-de-dna-e-exposic3a7c3a3o-da-pessoa.pdf Garrido & Pessoa (2012): Bancos de dados de DNA e exposicao da pessoa A lei no 12.654/2012 e outras implicacoes]<br />
**[http://www.politics.org.br/?q=node/129 poliTICs: A nova base de dados de DNA brasileira (in Portuguese) (13th November 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2011-2014/2012/Lei/L12654.htm LEI No. 12654, DE 28 DE MAIO DE 2012 (in Portuguese)]<br />
**[http://www.promega.co.uk/~/media/files/resources/conference%20proceedings/ishi%2023/poster%/109%20poster.pdf?la=en Menezes (2012) BRAZILIAN MISSING CHILDREN DNA DATABASE]<br />
**[http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLA820672F8C5EB213 GSJacques: Bancos de Perfis Genéticos: Vídeos relevantes para contextualizar a implantação da Rede Integrada de Bancos de Perfis Genéticos no Brasil]<br />
**[http://www.unisinos.br/blogs/direito/files/2012/03/Programacao-Congresso-Internacional-2012.pdf UNISINOS: Congresso Internacional sobre Bancos de perfis genéticos para fins de persecucao criminal (20th March 2012)]<br />
**[http://www12.senado.gov.br/noticias/materias/2011/08/24/aprovado-banco-de-dados-geneticos-de-condenados-por-crimes-violentos Agencia Senado: Aprovado banco de dados genéticos de condenados por crimes violentos (24th August 2011)]<br />
**[http://participacao.mj.gov.br/pensandoodireito/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Volume-43-Relat%C3%B3rio-final.pdf Schiocchet et al (2011) BANCOS DE PERFIS GENÉTICOS PARA FINS DE PERSECUÇÃO CRIMINAL]<br />
**[http://www.abdconst.com.br/revista6/limitesCarolina.pdf Grant (2011) LIMITES E POSSIBILIDADES CONSTITUCIONAIS À CRIAÇÃO DO BANCO DE PERFIS GENÉTICOS PARA FINS DE INVESTIGAÇÃO CRIMINAL NO BRASIL]<br />
**[http://www.jfrn.gov.br/jfrn/institucional/biblioteca/doutrina/Doutrina305-identificacao-criminal-pelo-dna.pdf ROGÉRIO TADEU ROMANO: IDENTIFICAÇÃO CRIMINAL PELO DNA: UMA EXPERIÊNCIA LOMBROSIANA]<br />
<br />
*Press articles<br />
**[http://jota.uol.com.br/supremo-e-os-bancos-de-perfis-geneticos-para-investigacao-criminal JOTA: Supremo e os bancos de perfis genéticos para investigação criminal (12th July 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.conjur.com.br/2016-jun-17/stf-julgara-constitucionalidade-bancos-geneticos-condenados Consultor Jurídico: STF julgará a constitucionalidade dos bancos genéticos de condenados (17th June 2016)]<br />
**[http://jota.uol.com.br/stf-vai-julgar-com-repercussao-geral-se-e-constitucional-banco-de-dados-geneticos-de-criminosos JOTA: STF vai julgar com repercussão geral se é constitucional banco de dados genéticos de criminosos (15th June 2016)]<br />
**[http://g1.globo.com/rn/rio-grande-do-norte/noticia/2016/04/rn-tem-10-anos-para-implantar-laboratorio-criminal-de-dna-dia-tj.html Globo.com: RN tem 10 anos para implantar laboratório criminal de DNA, diz TJ (26th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://g1.globo.com/sao-paulo/noticia/2016/04/defensoria-publica-passa-coletar-material-genetico-para-dna-em-sp.html Globo.com: Defensoria Pública passa a coletar material genético para DNA em SP (20th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://idest.com.br/noticia-2,amostras-em-banco-de-perfis-geneticos-ajudam-a-esclarecer-crimes-em-ms,69047.htm Idest: Amostras em Banco de Perfis Genéticos ajudam a esclarecer crimes em MS (19th February 2016)]<br />
**[http://g1.globo.com/sc/santa-catarina/noticia/2016/02/com-software-que-analisa-dna-igp-desvenda-crime-de-2013-em-sc.html Santa Catarina: Com software que analisa DNA, IGP desvenda crime de 2013 em SC (19th February 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.sintese.com/noticia_integra_new.asp?id=373723 Sintense: GOVMG - Minas é um dos principais colaboradores na rede integrada de perfis genéticos de criminosos (26th January 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.sonoticias.com.br/noticia/geral/mt-contribui-com-119-amostras-de-perfis-geneticos-em-investigacoes-criminais Só Notícia: MT contribui com 119 amostras de perfis genéticos em investigações criminais (25th January 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.sonoticias.com.br/noticia/geral/mt-contribui-com-119-amostras-de-perfis-geneticos-em-investigacoes-criminais SóNotícias: MT contribui com 119 amostras de perfis genéticos em investigações criminais (25th January 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.goiasagora.go.gov.br/banco-genetico-em-goias-identifica-suspeito-de-crime/ Goiás Agora: Banco Genético em Goiás identifica suspeito de crime (8th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://g1.globo.com/goias/noticia/2015/10/banco-genetico-identifica-autor-de-estupro-que-nao-era-suspeito-em-go.html Globo: Banco genético identifica autor de estupro que não era suspeito, em GO (5th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://g1.globo.com/goias/noticia/2015/09/banco-genetico-cadastra-dna-de-presos-por-crimes-hediondos-em-go.html Globo: Banco genético cadastra DNA de presos por crimes hediondos em GO (21st September 2015)]<br />
**[http://g1.globo.com/pernambuco/noticia/2015/05/banco-genetico-vai-ajudar-policia-de-pernambuco-no-combate-ao-crime.html Globo: Banco genético vai ajudar a polícia de Pernambuco no combate ao crime (25th May 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.cenariomt.com.br/noticia/436585/secretario-de-seguranca-reforca-medidas-contra-criminalidade-em-mato-grosso.html CenarioMT: Secretário de Segurança reforça medidas contra criminalidade em Mato Grosso (11th April 2015)]<br />
**[http://circuitomt.com.br/editorias/policia/65212-politec-contara-com-informacoes-nacionais-de-banco-genetico.html Circuito Mato Grosso: Politec contará com informações nacionais de banco genético(10th April 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.cenariomt.com.br/noticia/435996/compromissos-assumidos-pela-politec-sao-implantados.html CenarioMT: Compromissos assumidos pela Politec são implantados (8th April 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.capitalteresina.com.br/noticias/geral/banco-de-perfis-geneticos-reune-mais-de-2500-amostras-26387.html Capital Teresina: Banco de perfis genéticos reúne mais de 2.500 amostras(21st March 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.brasil.gov.br/cidadania-e-justica/2015/03/banco-de-perfis-geneticos-reune-mais-de-2-500-amostras Portal Brasil: Banco de perfis genéticos reúne mais de 2.500 amostras (20th March 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.pbagora.com.br/conteudo.php?id=20141107193058&cat=policial&keys=ipc-inicia-coleta-dados-identificacao-genetica-condenados-crimes-hediondos PB Agora: IPC inicia coleta de dados para identificação genética em condenados por crimes hediondos (7th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.paraiba.com.br/2014/09/11/79826-projeto-piloto-na-pb-banco-de-dados-geneticos-de-criminosos-e-pioneiro-no-brasil-3-mil-apenados-se-enquadram-no-perfil Paraiba.com: Projeto piloto na PB, banco de dados genéticos de criminosos é pioneiro no Brasil; 3 mil apenados se enquadram no perfil(11th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.brazzilmag.com/component/content/article/136-july-2014/13101-brazil-has-1049-skeletons-to-id-of-political-prisoners-and-death-squad-victims.html BrazzilMag: Brazil Has 1049 Skeletons to ID of Political Prisoners and Death Squad Victims (27th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://diariodovale.uol.com.br/noticias/5,86795,Banco%20de%20dados%20com%20material%20genetico%20e%20a%20nova%20arma%20da%20Policia%20Civil.html#axzz2wcNPbdwl Diario do Vale: Banco de dados com material genético é a nova arma da Polícia Civil (18th March 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.ebc.com.br/noticias/brasil/2014/03/sistema-de-analise-de-dna-pode-ajudar-na-identificacao-do-corpo-de-amarildo EBC Sistema de análise de DNA pode ajudar na identificação do corpo de Amarildo (19th March 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.douradosagora.com.br/brasil-mundo/investimento-em-laboratorios-de-dna-ira-garantir-banco-de-perfis-geneticos Douradosagora: Investimento em laboratórios de DNA irá garantir banco de perfis genéticos(26th October 2013)] Reports an 8 million Real investment in DNA labs to implement the new law. 15 states are integrated, 3 are in progress, and 8 do not yet have DNA labs.<br />
**[http://www.diaadianews.com.br/noticias/40194/cpi-quer-divulgar-banco-de-perfis-geneticos Dia a Dia: CPI quer divulgar banco de perfis genéticos (11th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www2.camara.leg.br/camaranoticias/noticias/SEGURANCA/451609-CPI-QUER-DIVULGAR-BANCO-DE-PERFIS-GENETICOS-PARA-FACILITAR-BUSCA-DE-DESAPARECIDOS.html CPI quer divulgar banco de perfis genéticos para facilitar busca de desaparecidos (10th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.dino.com.br/releases/banco-de-perfis-geneticos-ajuda-a-desvendar-crimes-sem-suspeito-dino89011662131 DINO: Banco de perfis genéticos ajuda a desvendar crimes sem suspeito (6th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.apcf.org.br/Noticias/AgenciaAPCF/tabid/341/post/semin-rio-em-uberl-ndia-discute-a-implementa-o-do-banco-de-perfis-gen-ticos-no-brasil-e-sua-utiliza-o-para-a-solu-o-de-crimes/Default.aspx APCF: Seminário em Uberlândia discute a implementação do banco de perfis genéticos no Brasil e sua utilização para a solução de crimes (9th August 2013)]<br />
**[http://uipi.tv.br/musicvideo.php?vid=53dc9952a uipiTV: Banco de perfis genéticos é tema de palestra(9th August 2013)]<br />
**[http://globotv.globo.com/tv-integracao-triangulo-mineiro/mgtv-2-tv-integracao/v/seminario-discute-importancia-do-banco-de-perfis-geneticos-em-uberlandia/2745532/ MGTV 2: Seminário discute importância do banco de perfis genéticos em Uberlândia (8th August 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.cidadeverde.com/decreto-regulamenta-implantacao-do-banco-nacional-de-perfis-geneticos-127650 Cidadeverde: Decreto regulamenta implantação do banco de perfis genéticos(15th March 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bonde.com.br/?id_bonde=1-3--6-20130101 PR começa a implantar banco de perfis genéticos de presos (in Portuguese) (1st January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.conjur.com.br/2012-jun-02/bancos-perfis-geneticos-geral-polemica-juridica-brasil Consultor Juridico: Banco de perfil genético deve se tornar realidade no país (2nd June 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.diariodopara.com.br/impressao.php?idnot=49797 Diário do Pará: Pará vai aderir a banco de perfis genéticos do FBI]<br />
**[http://www.sacbee.com/2012/05/29/4522863/brazils-president-signs-historic.html Sacramento Bee: Brazil's President Signs Historic DNA Database Legislation Designed to Solve and Prevent Violent Crime (29th May 2012)]</div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/BrazilBrazil2022-10-14T11:31:57Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
Brazil has a DNA database for convicted sex offenders. New legislation to expand the database was adopted in May 2012.<br />
<br />
According to the first annual report for the national DNA database (RIPBG), by November 2014, Brazil stored 1,524 DNA profiles from crime scenes, 53 from convicted persons, 26 from identified criminally and 1 from a judicial decision, making a total of 1,698 DNA profiles on the national databank. A year later, a total of 3,621 samples had been collected across the country (2,647 from crime scenes, 753 from convicted persons, 62 from identified criminals and 4 from a judicial decision). <br />
<br />
At end November 2017, the criminal DNA database contained 8225 DNA profiles, of which 5925 came from crime scenes. A further 2544 DNA profiles related to missing persons.<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
*External links<br />
**[https://www.dataprivacybr.org/documentos/bancos-de-perfis-geneticos-para-fins-de-investigacao-criminal-no-brasil/ Data Privacy Research Association: Bancos de perfis genéticos para fins de investigação criminal no Brasil (october 2022)]<br />
**[http://www.justica.gov.br/sua-seguranca/ribpg Rede Integrada de Bancos de Perfis Genéticos (RIBPG)] Main page for the RIBPG, with links to all documents.<br />
**[http://www.justica.gov.br/sua-seguranca/ribpg/relatorio/relatorio_ribpg_nov_2015.pdf/view III Relatório da Rede Integrada de Bancos de Perfis Genéticos (Novembro/2015)] Statistics and results to November 2015.<br />
**[http://www.justica.gov.br/sua-seguranca/ribpg/relatorio/relatorio_semestral_ribpg_maio_2015.pdf/view II Relatório da Rede Integrada de Bancos de Perfis Genéticos (Maio/2015)]<br />
**[http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1886-58872015000300009 Garrido & Rodriguez (2015) The Brazilian Genetic Profile Database Three Years after Law No. 12,654 (In Portuguese)]<br />
**[http://revista.ssp.go.gov.br/index.php/rebesp/article/viewFile/193/82 Godinho(2014) BANCO DE DADOS DE DNA: UMA FERRAMENTA A SERVIÇO DA JUSTIÇA]<br />
**[http://www.justica.gov.br/noticias/relatorio_ribpg_nov_2014.pdf/view RELATORIO_RIBPG_NOV_2014.pdf]<br />
**[http://www.justica.gov.br/sua-seguranca/ribpg/relatorio/relatorio_ribpg_nov_2014.pdf/view I Relatório da Rede Integrada de Bancos de Perfis Genéticos (Novembro/2014)]<br />
**[http://www.justica.gov.br/noticias/banco-de-perfis-geneticos-reune-mais-de-2-500-amostras-e-ja-auxiliou-71-investigacoes-no-brasil/relatorio_ribpg_nov_2014.pdf RELATÓRIO DA REDE INTEGRADA DE BANCOS DE PERFIS GENÉTICOS (04/03/15)] REPORT FROM THE INTEGRATED NETWORK FOR PROFILES FROM GENETIC DATABANKS: Statistics and results to November 2014. Approved by the Steering Committee on RIBPG 04/03/2015.<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/267659826_Manual_Procedimentos_RIBPG_2014.pdf MANUAL DE PROCEDIMENTOS OPERACIONAIS DA REDE INTEGRADA DE BANCOS DE PERFIS GENÉTICOS: Versão 2 (11th November 2014)] Manual of Procedures for Brazil's DNA Database (Version 2).<br />
**[http://www.justica.gov.br/sua-seguranca/ribpg/resolucoes/resolucao_6-2015_aprova_o_manual.pdf/view RESOLUÇÃO Nº 6, DE 11 DE NOVEMBRO DE 2014]<br />
**[http://www.lex.com.br/legis_26037233_RESOLUCAO_N_5_DE_29_DE_MAIO_DE_2014.aspx RESOLUÇÃO Nº 5, DE 29 DE MAIO DE 2014]<br />
**[http://www.lex.com.br/legis_25511794_RESOLUCAO_N_4_DE_27_DE_MARCO_DE_2014.aspx RESOLUÇÃO Nº 4, DE 27 DE MARÇO DE 2014]<br />
**[http://www.lex.com.br/legis_25511793_RESOLUCAO_N_3_DE_26_DE_MARCO_DE_2014.aspx RESOLUÇÃO Nº 3, DE 26 DE MARÇO DE 2014]<br />
**[https://guidebook.com/guide/25839/poi/2259924/ Ferreira et al. (2014) THE USE OF DNA DATABASE OF BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FROM SEXUAL ASSAULTS AND RAPES IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS: A SUCCESSFUL EXPERIENCE IN BRAZIL. Presented at the World Forensic Fair, Seoul]<br />
**[http://pesquisa.in.gov.br/imprensa/servlet/INPDFViewer?jornal=1&pagina=18&data=06/05/2014&captchafield=firistAccess RESOLUÇÃO No-2, DE 28 DE NOVEMBRO DE 2013]<br />
**[http://pesquisa.in.gov.br/imprensa/servlet/INPDFViewer?jornal=1&pagina=17&data=06/05/2014&captchafield=firistAccess RESOLUÇÃO No 1, DE 28 DE NOVEMBRO DE 2013]<br />
**[http://www.justica.gov.br/central-de-conteudo/seguranca-publica/manuais/manual-de-procedimentos-operacionais-ribpg-v1-0-versao-final-2013.pdf/view Manual de Procedimentos Operacionais RIBPG v1.0 - Versão Final 2013.pdf]<br />
**[http://www.justica.gov.br/sua-seguranca/ribpg/manual/manual_procedimentos_ribpg_2013.pdf/view Manual de Procedimentos Operacionais da RIBPG, versão 1 (revogada) (2013)]<br />
**[http://siaiweb06.univali.br/seer/index.php/nej/article/viewFile/5137/2697 Schiocchet (2013) A REGULAMENTAÇÃO DA BASE DE DADOS GENÉTICOS PARA FINS DE PERSECUÇÃO CRIMINAL NO BRASIL: REFLEXÕES ACERCA DO USO FORENSE DO DNA]<br />
**[http://www.cpc.pa.gov.br/index.php/imp/noticias/139-pericia-do-para-discute-coleta-de-dna-para-o-banco-nacional-de-perfis-geneticos Centro de Perícias Cientificas: Perícia do Pará discute coleta de DNA para o Banco Nacional de Perfis Genéticos (15th March 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.in.gov.br/visualiza/index.jsp?jornal=1&pagina=4&data=13/03/2013 DECRETO No. 7950, DE 12 DE MARCO DE 2013 (in Portuguese)] Decree setting up a steering committee to implement the DNA database<br />
**[http://dnapolicyinitiative.org/brazil-approves-dna-database-legislation-and-some-human-rights-concerns-remain/Brazil FGPI blog: Brazil pproves DNA Database Legislation but Human Rights Concerns Remain (15th June 2012)]<br />
**[http://por-leitores.jusbrasil.com.br/noticias/100040500/da-coleta-do-perfil-genetico-como-forma-de-identificacao-criminal Jusbrasil: DA COLETA DO PERFIL GENÉTICO COMO FORMA DE IDENTIFICAÇÃO CRIMINAL (2012)]<br />
**[http://www.councilforresponsiblegenetics.org/blog/post/Brazillian-Congress-Approves-Controversial-Database-Bill-Civil-Society-Groups-Appeal-to-the-Brazillian-President-to-Reject.aspx/ CRG blog: Brazillian Congress Approves Controversial DNA Database Bill: Civil Society Groups Appeal (4th May 2012)]<br />
**[http://nupesc.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/bancos-de-dados-de-dna-e-exposic3a7c3a3o-da-pessoa.pdf Garrido & Pessoa (2012): Bancos de dados de DNA e exposicao da pessoa A lei no 12.654/2012 e outras implicacoes]<br />
**[http://www.politics.org.br/?q=node/129 poliTICs: A nova base de dados de DNA brasileira (in Portuguese) (13th November 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2011-2014/2012/Lei/L12654.htm LEI No. 12654, DE 28 DE MAIO DE 2012 (in Portuguese)]<br />
**[http://www.promega.co.uk/~/media/files/resources/conference%20proceedings/ishi%2023/poster%/109%20poster.pdf?la=en Menezes (2012) BRAZILIAN MISSING CHILDREN DNA DATABASE]<br />
**[http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLA820672F8C5EB213 GSJacques: Bancos de Perfis Genéticos: Vídeos relevantes para contextualizar a implantação da Rede Integrada de Bancos de Perfis Genéticos no Brasil]<br />
**[http://www.unisinos.br/blogs/direito/files/2012/03/Programacao-Congresso-Internacional-2012.pdf UNISINOS: Congresso Internacional sobre Bancos de perfis genéticos para fins de persecucao criminal (20th March 2012)]<br />
**[http://www12.senado.gov.br/noticias/materias/2011/08/24/aprovado-banco-de-dados-geneticos-de-condenados-por-crimes-violentos Agencia Senado: Aprovado banco de dados genéticos de condenados por crimes violentos (24th August 2011)]<br />
**[http://participacao.mj.gov.br/pensandoodireito/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Volume-43-Relat%C3%B3rio-final.pdf Schiocchet et al (2011) BANCOS DE PERFIS GENÉTICOS PARA FINS DE PERSECUÇÃO CRIMINAL]<br />
**[http://www.abdconst.com.br/revista6/limitesCarolina.pdf Grant (2011) LIMITES E POSSIBILIDADES CONSTITUCIONAIS À CRIAÇÃO DO BANCO DE PERFIS GENÉTICOS PARA FINS DE INVESTIGAÇÃO CRIMINAL NO BRASIL]<br />
**[http://www.jfrn.gov.br/jfrn/institucional/biblioteca/doutrina/Doutrina305-identificacao-criminal-pelo-dna.pdf ROGÉRIO TADEU ROMANO: IDENTIFICAÇÃO CRIMINAL PELO DNA: UMA EXPERIÊNCIA LOMBROSIANA]<br />
<br />
*Press articles<br />
**[http://jota.uol.com.br/supremo-e-os-bancos-de-perfis-geneticos-para-investigacao-criminal JOTA: Supremo e os bancos de perfis genéticos para investigação criminal (12th July 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.conjur.com.br/2016-jun-17/stf-julgara-constitucionalidade-bancos-geneticos-condenados Consultor Jurídico: STF julgará a constitucionalidade dos bancos genéticos de condenados (17th June 2016)]<br />
**[http://jota.uol.com.br/stf-vai-julgar-com-repercussao-geral-se-e-constitucional-banco-de-dados-geneticos-de-criminosos JOTA: STF vai julgar com repercussão geral se é constitucional banco de dados genéticos de criminosos (15th June 2016)]<br />
**[http://g1.globo.com/rn/rio-grande-do-norte/noticia/2016/04/rn-tem-10-anos-para-implantar-laboratorio-criminal-de-dna-dia-tj.html Globo.com: RN tem 10 anos para implantar laboratório criminal de DNA, diz TJ (26th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://g1.globo.com/sao-paulo/noticia/2016/04/defensoria-publica-passa-coletar-material-genetico-para-dna-em-sp.html Globo.com: Defensoria Pública passa a coletar material genético para DNA em SP (20th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://idest.com.br/noticia-2,amostras-em-banco-de-perfis-geneticos-ajudam-a-esclarecer-crimes-em-ms,69047.htm Idest: Amostras em Banco de Perfis Genéticos ajudam a esclarecer crimes em MS (19th February 2016)]<br />
**[http://g1.globo.com/sc/santa-catarina/noticia/2016/02/com-software-que-analisa-dna-igp-desvenda-crime-de-2013-em-sc.html Santa Catarina: Com software que analisa DNA, IGP desvenda crime de 2013 em SC (19th February 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.sintese.com/noticia_integra_new.asp?id=373723 Sintense: GOVMG - Minas é um dos principais colaboradores na rede integrada de perfis genéticos de criminosos (26th January 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.sonoticias.com.br/noticia/geral/mt-contribui-com-119-amostras-de-perfis-geneticos-em-investigacoes-criminais Só Notícia: MT contribui com 119 amostras de perfis genéticos em investigações criminais (25th January 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.sonoticias.com.br/noticia/geral/mt-contribui-com-119-amostras-de-perfis-geneticos-em-investigacoes-criminais SóNotícias: MT contribui com 119 amostras de perfis genéticos em investigações criminais (25th January 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.goiasagora.go.gov.br/banco-genetico-em-goias-identifica-suspeito-de-crime/ Goiás Agora: Banco Genético em Goiás identifica suspeito de crime (8th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://g1.globo.com/goias/noticia/2015/10/banco-genetico-identifica-autor-de-estupro-que-nao-era-suspeito-em-go.html Globo: Banco genético identifica autor de estupro que não era suspeito, em GO (5th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://g1.globo.com/goias/noticia/2015/09/banco-genetico-cadastra-dna-de-presos-por-crimes-hediondos-em-go.html Globo: Banco genético cadastra DNA de presos por crimes hediondos em GO (21st September 2015)]<br />
**[http://g1.globo.com/pernambuco/noticia/2015/05/banco-genetico-vai-ajudar-policia-de-pernambuco-no-combate-ao-crime.html Globo: Banco genético vai ajudar a polícia de Pernambuco no combate ao crime (25th May 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.cenariomt.com.br/noticia/436585/secretario-de-seguranca-reforca-medidas-contra-criminalidade-em-mato-grosso.html CenarioMT: Secretário de Segurança reforça medidas contra criminalidade em Mato Grosso (11th April 2015)]<br />
**[http://circuitomt.com.br/editorias/policia/65212-politec-contara-com-informacoes-nacionais-de-banco-genetico.html Circuito Mato Grosso: Politec contará com informações nacionais de banco genético(10th April 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.cenariomt.com.br/noticia/435996/compromissos-assumidos-pela-politec-sao-implantados.html CenarioMT: Compromissos assumidos pela Politec são implantados (8th April 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.capitalteresina.com.br/noticias/geral/banco-de-perfis-geneticos-reune-mais-de-2500-amostras-26387.html Capital Teresina: Banco de perfis genéticos reúne mais de 2.500 amostras(21st March 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.brasil.gov.br/cidadania-e-justica/2015/03/banco-de-perfis-geneticos-reune-mais-de-2-500-amostras Portal Brasil: Banco de perfis genéticos reúne mais de 2.500 amostras (20th March 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.pbagora.com.br/conteudo.php?id=20141107193058&cat=policial&keys=ipc-inicia-coleta-dados-identificacao-genetica-condenados-crimes-hediondos PB Agora: IPC inicia coleta de dados para identificação genética em condenados por crimes hediondos (7th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.paraiba.com.br/2014/09/11/79826-projeto-piloto-na-pb-banco-de-dados-geneticos-de-criminosos-e-pioneiro-no-brasil-3-mil-apenados-se-enquadram-no-perfil Paraiba.com: Projeto piloto na PB, banco de dados genéticos de criminosos é pioneiro no Brasil; 3 mil apenados se enquadram no perfil(11th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.brazzilmag.com/component/content/article/136-july-2014/13101-brazil-has-1049-skeletons-to-id-of-political-prisoners-and-death-squad-victims.html BrazzilMag: Brazil Has 1049 Skeletons to ID of Political Prisoners and Death Squad Victims (27th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://diariodovale.uol.com.br/noticias/5,86795,Banco%20de%20dados%20com%20material%20genetico%20e%20a%20nova%20arma%20da%20Policia%20Civil.html#axzz2wcNPbdwl Diario do Vale: Banco de dados com material genético é a nova arma da Polícia Civil (18th March 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.ebc.com.br/noticias/brasil/2014/03/sistema-de-analise-de-dna-pode-ajudar-na-identificacao-do-corpo-de-amarildo EBC Sistema de análise de DNA pode ajudar na identificação do corpo de Amarildo (19th March 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.douradosagora.com.br/brasil-mundo/investimento-em-laboratorios-de-dna-ira-garantir-banco-de-perfis-geneticos Douradosagora: Investimento em laboratórios de DNA irá garantir banco de perfis genéticos(26th October 2013)] Reports an 8 million Real investment in DNA labs to implement the new law. 15 states are integrated, 3 are in progress, and 8 do not yet have DNA labs.<br />
**[http://www.diaadianews.com.br/noticias/40194/cpi-quer-divulgar-banco-de-perfis-geneticos Dia a Dia: CPI quer divulgar banco de perfis genéticos (11th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www2.camara.leg.br/camaranoticias/noticias/SEGURANCA/451609-CPI-QUER-DIVULGAR-BANCO-DE-PERFIS-GENETICOS-PARA-FACILITAR-BUSCA-DE-DESAPARECIDOS.html CPI quer divulgar banco de perfis genéticos para facilitar busca de desaparecidos (10th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.dino.com.br/releases/banco-de-perfis-geneticos-ajuda-a-desvendar-crimes-sem-suspeito-dino89011662131 DINO: Banco de perfis genéticos ajuda a desvendar crimes sem suspeito (6th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.apcf.org.br/Noticias/AgenciaAPCF/tabid/341/post/semin-rio-em-uberl-ndia-discute-a-implementa-o-do-banco-de-perfis-gen-ticos-no-brasil-e-sua-utiliza-o-para-a-solu-o-de-crimes/Default.aspx APCF: Seminário em Uberlândia discute a implementação do banco de perfis genéticos no Brasil e sua utilização para a solução de crimes (9th August 2013)]<br />
**[http://uipi.tv.br/musicvideo.php?vid=53dc9952a uipiTV: Banco de perfis genéticos é tema de palestra(9th August 2013)]<br />
**[http://globotv.globo.com/tv-integracao-triangulo-mineiro/mgtv-2-tv-integracao/v/seminario-discute-importancia-do-banco-de-perfis-geneticos-em-uberlandia/2745532/ MGTV 2: Seminário discute importância do banco de perfis genéticos em Uberlândia (8th August 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.cidadeverde.com/decreto-regulamenta-implantacao-do-banco-nacional-de-perfis-geneticos-127650 Cidadeverde: Decreto regulamenta implantação do banco de perfis genéticos(15th March 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bonde.com.br/?id_bonde=1-3--6-20130101 PR começa a implantar banco de perfis genéticos de presos (in Portuguese) (1st January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.conjur.com.br/2012-jun-02/bancos-perfis-geneticos-geral-polemica-juridica-brasil Consultor Juridico: Banco de perfil genético deve se tornar realidade no país (2nd June 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.diariodopara.com.br/impressao.php?idnot=49797 Diário do Pará: Pará vai aderir a banco de perfis genéticos do FBI]<br />
**[http://www.sacbee.com/2012/05/29/4522863/brazils-president-signs-historic.html Sacramento Bee: Brazil's President Signs Historic DNA Database Legislation Designed to Solve and Prevent Violent Crime (29th May 2012)]</div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/SingaporeSingapore2022-09-28T13:07:54Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>Singapore set up its DNA database in 2004. According to Interpol, it contained 166,821 reference DNA profiles from individuals, 3,026 crime scene DNA profiles, plus 1,369 other DNA profiles in 2011. A DNA database legislation had been adopted at that time. A new Bill was introduced and adopted in 2022 to expand the collection of DNA.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Resources==<br />
<br />
*External links<br />
**[https://sprs.parl.gov.sg/search/sprs3topic?reportid=bill-588 Singapore Parliament: Registration of Criminals (Amendment) Bill: 2nd Reading (12th September 2022)] The Bill was passed.<br />
**[https://www.parliament.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/registration-of-criminals-(amendment)-bill-19-2022.pdf?sfvrsn=9aa920d9_0 Registration of Criminals (Amendment) Bill 2022]<br />
**[https://www.mha.gov.sg/mediaroom/press-releases/first-reading-of-the-registration-of-criminals-amendment-bill First Reading of the Registration of Criminals (Amendment) Bill (1st August 2022)]<br />
**[http://www.academia.edu/4245661/Trumping_Communitarianism_Crime_Control_and_Forensic_DNA_Typing_and_Databanking_in_Singapore_in_press_2014_ Toom (2013): TRUMPING COMMUNITARIANISM: CRIME CONTROL AND FORENSIC DNATYPING AND DATABASING IN SINGAPORE]<br />
**[http://www.hsa.gov.sg/publish/hsaportal/en/applied_sciences/forensic_science/dna_database_laboratory.html Singapore Government: Health Sciences Authority: DNA database Laboratory]<br />
**[http://www.mha.gov.sg/basic_content.aspx?pageid=51 Singapore: The Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions)(Amendment) Bill (16th June 2007)]<br />
**[http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId%3A%22c0059ba2-6041-4ccb-bcd2-89dcbc282ccb%22%20Status%3Ainforce%20Depth%3A0;rec=0 Singapore: Registration of Criminals Act (as amended 2003)]<br />
<br />
*Press articles<br />
**[https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/mha-tables-bill-give-police-more-powers-collect-use-dna-data-1957761 Today: MHA tables Bill to give police more powers to collect, use DNA data (1st August 2022)]<br />
**[http://www.academia.edu/1031498/No_innocents_in_forensic_DNA_2011_ The Straits Times: No innocents in forensic DNA (20th October 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.singaporeupdate.com/previous2004/220704_dnadatabaselaunchedinsingapore.htm Singapore Update: DNA Database launched in Singapore (14th July 2004)]<br />
<br />
==Detailed analysis==<br />
<br />
Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act, (2000) Cap. 67, §§ 27 to 27C (Sing.)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Registration of Criminals Act, (1985) Cap. 268, §§ 13A to 13H (Sing.) <br />
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<br />
<br />
The provisions of the two statutes work in tandem to establish and regulate Singapore’s National DNA database.<br />
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<nowiki>Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act (Chapter 67) §§ 27 to 27C [added by Act No. 32 of 2004, see Digest of Acts Passed Between 1 September 2004 and 28 February 2005, 17 S. Ac. L.J. 485, 487-88 (2005) (Sing.).]</nowiki><br />
<br />
<br />
27. Interpretation of sections 27A, 27B and 27C<br />
<br />
(1) In sections 27A, 27B and 27C —<br />
<br />
"appropriate consent" means (a) for a person aged 16 years and above, the written consent of that person; (b) for a person aged 14 years and above but below the age of 16 years, the written consent of both that person and of his parent or guardian; and (c) for a person below the age of 14 years, the written consent of his parent or guardian, given to a police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau in charge of the case after that officer has informed the person concerned, his parent or guardian or both, as the case may be, of the purpose for which a body sample is required from such person and the manner by which such body sample is to be taken from him;<br />
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"DNA information" means genetic information derived from the forensic DNA analysis of a body sample;<br />
<br />
(2) Subject to subsection (3), the Minister may prescribe additional types of body samples that may be taken under section 27A. <br />
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(3) The additional types of body samples that may be prescribed under subsection (2) shall not include samples to be obtained from (a) the genital or anal area of a person’s body; (b) a person’s body orifice other than the mouth; or (c) the breasts of a woman. <br />
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27A Taking of photographs, finger impressions, body samples, etc., from person arrested, detained or subject to police supervision<br />
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(1) A police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau may exercise all or any of the following powers in respect of any person referred to in subsection (2): . . . (c) cause body samples of such person to be taken by a person authorised under section 27B (1); or (d) send any photograph, finger impression, record of particulars or body sample so taken or made to the Commissioner of Police for identification and report. <br />
<br />
(2) The powers referred to in subsection (1) may be exercised in respect of any of the following persons: (a) a person who, on 21st October 2004, is under arrest and detained under section 44 or 45; (b) a person who, on 21st October 2004, is under detention or subject to supervision under section 30, 32 or 38; (c) a person who, on or after 21st October 2004, is arrested, detained or placed under police supervision under any of the provisions of this Act. <br />
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(3) Every person mentioned in subsection (2) shall . . . (c) subject to subsection (5), submit to the taking of his body samples by a person authorised under section 27B (1). <br />
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(4) Where any person mentioned in subsection (2) fails, without reasonable excuse, to comply with subsection (3) (a) that person shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $1,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one month or to both; and (b) a police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau may use such force as is reasonably necessary to take or cause to be taken the photographs, finger impressions and body samples of that person. <br />
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<br />
27B Further provisions for taking of body samples<br />
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(1) For the purposes of section 27A(1)(c), a body sample may only be taken by (a) a registered medical practitioner; (b) a police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau who has received training for the purpose; or (c) any other suitably qualified or trained person who is duly appointed in writing by the Commissioner of Police as an authorised person for the purpose. <br />
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<br />
27C Retention of photographs, finger impressions, particulars and body samples taken<br />
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(1) The Commissioner of Police shall cause to be maintained . . . (b) a DNA database (whether in a computerised form or otherwise) in which shall be stored all DNA information derived from a body sample taken from a person under section 27A. <br />
<br />
(2) Any information stored in the register and the DNA database under subsection (1) may be used for all or any of the following purposes: (a) for comparison with any other information or any other DNA information, as the case may be, obtained in the course of an investigation of an offence conducted by a police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau; (b) for comparison with information in the register established under section 4 of the Registration of Criminals Act (Cap. 268) or with DNA information in the DNA Database established under section 13F of that Act, as the case may be; (ba) for comparison with information or DNA information, as the case may be, in the register or DNA database, respectively, established under (i) section 26D of the Intoxicating Substances Act (Cap. 146A); or (ii) section 40D of the Misuse of Drugs Act (Cap. 185); (c) for any proceedings for any offence; (d) for administering the register and DNA database for the purposes of this Act; (e) for such other purposes as may be prescribed. <br />
<br />
(3) Where any photograph, finger impression, record of particulars or body sample has been taken under section 27A from an arrested person and that person is subsequently released, without being (a) convicted of any offence under this Act; or (b) placed on detention or supervision under this Act, the Commissioner of Police shall cause all such photographs, finger impressions, records of particulars and body samples taken from that person to be removed from the register and DNA database maintained under subsection (1). <br />
<br />
(4) For the purposes of subsection (2)(c), . . . (b) any DNA information stored in the DNA database under subsection (1)(b); and (c) any certificate or report purporting to have been compiled or made from information stored in the register or DNA database maintained under subsection (1), shall, if produced from proper custody and authenticated by the signature of the Commissioner of Police or a police officer authorised by the Commissioner of Police, be admissible in evidence in any proceedings, without proof of signature; <nowiki>and, until the contrary is proved, shall be proof of all matters contained therein or appearing thereon. [i.e. creates a rebuttable presumption of whatever the DNA evidence is offered to prove?]</nowiki><br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>Registration of Criminals Act (Chapter 268) §§ 13A to 13H [added by Act No. 45 of 2002, see Digest of Acts Passed Between 1 September 2002 and 28t February 2003, 15 </nowiki>S. Ac. L.J. 167, 179-80 (2003) (Sing.).]<br />
<br />
<br />
13A Interpretation of this Part<br />
<br />
(1) In this Part — see Singapore Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act § 27.<br />
<br />
Body samples may be taken from arrested persons, convicted persons <nowiki>and prisoners. [if normal cannons of statutory construction apply, inclusion of “and prisoners” implies that there are “prisoners” who are not “convicted persons” (accord. </nowiki>''Russello v. United States'', 464 U.S. 16, 23 (1983) (courts should not construe different terms within the same statute to embody the same meaning.)).<br />
<br />
<br />
13B. <br />
<br />
(1) Subject to the provisions of this Part, a body sample may be taken for forensic DNA analysis from any person who, on or after the date of commencement of the Registration of Criminals (Amendment) Act 2002, (a) is arrested and accused of a crime; (b) is convicted of a crime; or (c) is serving his term of imprisonment in connection with a crime of which he has been convicted. <br />
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<br />
13C Consent for taking of blood sample<br />
<br />
(1) No sample of blood shall be taken from a person who is arrested and accused of a crime unless the appropriate consent is given for the taking of the sample. <br />
<br />
(2) If the appropriate consent required under subsection (1) for the taking of a sample of blood from a person is refused without good cause or cannot be obtained despite all reasonable efforts, that person may be taken before a Magistrate and the Magistrate may, if satisfied that there is reasonable cause to believe that the sample may confirm or disprove whether that person was involved in committing the crime, order that the person provide the sample required. <br />
<br />
(3) Where it is shown that the appropriate consent required under subsection (1) for the taking of a sample of blood from a person was refused without good cause, the court, in determining (a) whether to commit that person for trial in connection with the crime of which he is accused of committing; (b) whether there is a case to answer against that person; or (c) whether that person is guilty of the crime with which he has been charged, <nowiki>may draw such inference from the refusal as it thinks proper and, based on such inference, may treat the refusal as corroboration or amounting to corroboration of any relevant evidence against that person.[i.e. refusal to submit to DNA sample creates rebuttable corroboration of whatever underlying act warranted the DNA sample?]</nowiki> <br />
<br />
<br />
13F DNA database<br />
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(1) The Registrar shall maintain (whether in computerised form or otherwise) a DNA database in which shall be stored all DNA information derived from a body sample taken from a person under this Part.<nowiki> [i.e. profiles not samples]</nowiki><br />
<br />
(2) Any information stored in the DNA database may be used for any of the following purposes: (a) for forensic comparison with any other DNA information in the course of an investigation of an offence conducted by a police officer; (aa) for comparison with DNA information in the DNA database established under (i) section 27C of the Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act (Cap. 67); (ii) section 26D of the Intoxicating Substances Act (Cap. 146A); or (iii) section 40D of the Misuse of Drugs Act (Cap. 185); (b) for any proceedings for any offence; (c) for administering the DNA database for the purposes of this Part; and (d) for such other purposes as may be prescribed. <br />
<br />
<br />
13G Removal of DNA information from register upon acquittal or discharge, etc. <br />
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Where any body sample has been taken under section 13B(1)(a) from a person who is under arrest and accused of a crime . . . and (a) investigations reveal that he was not involved in the commission of any crime . . . (b) it is decided that he shall not be charged with any crime and he has neither admitted to, nor been dealt with by way of being cautioned by any police officer in respect of any crime; (c) the charge or all the charges against him in respect of any crime or crimes (as the case may be) is or are withdrawn; (d) he is discharged by a court before conviction of the crime or of all the crimes (as the case may be) with which he has been charged; (e) he is acquitted of the crime or of all the crimes (as the case may be) with which he has been charged, at trial or on appeal; or (f) he is subsequently convicted of the crime but the Commissioner of Police directs under section 7 that he need not be registered under Part II, the authorised officer in charge of the case shall immediately inform the Registrar of the occurrence of the relevant event and the Registrar shall immediately remove the DNA information of that person from the DNA database.<br />
<br />
<br />
13H Removal of registrable particulars, etc., of person upon death or attainment of 100 years of age<br />
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The Registrar shall remove from the register and from the DNA database the registrable particulars and DNA information of any person (a) whose death has been registered under the Registration of Births and Deaths Act (Cap.267); or (b) who, the Registrar is satisfied, has attained 100 years of age.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<references/></div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/United_KingdomUnited Kingdom2022-09-15T13:34:15Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Overview ==<br />
The UK’s National DNA Database (NDNAD) was the first to be established, in 1995. Two changes in the law, made by the Blair Government in 2001 and 2003, led to a massive expansion of the database. DNA samples and records were collected routinely from everyone arrested for any recordable offence, from the age of ten, and retained indefinitely whether or not they were charged or convicted. However, the law on retention was reversed following public controversy and a successful challenge in the European Court of Human Rights.<br />
<br />
The 2008 Interpol survey reports that 329,660 crime scene DNA profiles and 5,093,145 individuals' profiles, plus 163 unknown/deceased DNA profiles were held in the UK at the time of the survey. According to Interpol, the UK's DNA database grew to 400,337 crime scene DNA profiles, 6,547,187 reference DNA profiles from individuals, 97 missing persons' DNA profiles, 35 unidentified human remains DNA profiles and 43,888 other DNA profiles in 2011. As at 31 March 2015, the NDNAD held 5,766,369 DNA profiles from individuals and 486,691 from crime scenes, following removal of DNA profiles from innocent people and some children convicted of minor offences. Removing these people from the database has not reduced crime detection rates. <br />
<br />
At 31st March 2020, the DNA database held 6,568,035 individuals' DNA profiles (taken from 5,604,185 individuals, when duplicates are taken into account) and 647,378 from crime scenes (of which 213,003 had not been matched to an individual's DNA profile).<br />
<br />
Legislation covering police use of DNA is different in Scotland and Northern Ireland from the law in England and Wales. Scotland and Northern Ireland maintain separate DNA databases, but DNA profile records loaded to these databases are also loaded to the UK's NDNAD. Thus, the UK's NDNAD holds DNA profiles from all UK police forces (as well as the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man), but the laws covering the retention of DNA profiles taken in each country differ. At 31st March 2020, individuals' DNA profiles stored on the NDNAD (including duplicates) consisted of 5,615,953 from England, 371,848 from Scotland, 365,965 from Wales, 171, 037 from Northern Ireland, and 43,230 other (this includes those from the Channel Islands, Isle of Man, Ministry of Defence police forces, HM Revenue and Customs, prisoners and others).<br />
<br />
Scotland rejected plans to retain DNA records from innocent people indefinitely in 2006. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, public opposition to keeping innocent people on the DNA database grew as more cases emerged of people falsely accused of minor offences who had their DNA stored.<br />
<br />
The European Court of Human Rights ruled that the law in England and Wales breached the European Convention on Human Rights in December 2008 (in the case of [http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-90051 S. and Marper v. the United Kingdom]).<br />
<br />
The UK’s Coalition Government adopted the Protection of Freedoms Act on 1st of May 2012, which came in to force at the end of October 2013. The DNA profiles and fingerprints of more than 1.7 million innocent people and children have been removed from police databases and more than 7.7 million DNA samples have also been destroyed.<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
*External links<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/forensic-information-databases-annual-report-2020-to-2021 Forensic Information Databases annual report 2020 to 2021 (27 April 2022)] <br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/forensic-information-databases-for-research-purposes-guidance Forensic information databases for research purposes: guidance (25th January 2021)] <br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-dna-and-fingerprint-exchange-policy-for-the-uk International DNA and fingerprint exchange policy for the UK (6th January 2021)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/biometrics-commissioner-interim-report-december-2020 Biometrics Commissioner: interim report December 2020]<br />
**[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/wfs2.1414 WIREs Forensic Science: The effectiveness of the current use of forensic DNA in criminal investigations in England and Wales (February 2021)] <br />
**[https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/1/2020/EN/COM-2020-857-F1-EN-ANNEX-1-PART-1.PDF European Commission: TRADE AND COOPERATION AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE EUROPEAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMUNITY, OF THE ONE PART, AND THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND, OF THE OTHER PART (25th December 2020)]<br />
**[https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_20_2532 European Commission: Questions & Answers: EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (24th December 2020)]<br />
** [https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/913011/NDNAD_Strategy_Board_AR_2018-2020_Web_Accessible.pdf Home Office: National DNA Database biennial report, 2018 to 2020 (2nd September 2020)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/niconsul2020-gw-fin.pdf GeneWatchUK response to the Department of Justice’s consultation on proposals to amend the legislation governing the retention of DNA and fingerprints in Northern Ireland (July 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.theyworkforyou.com/wms/?id=2020-06-15.HCWS290.h&s=DNA#gHCWS290.0 TheyWorkforYou: Prüm – Data Sharing Update (15th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/873640/dna-v4.0ext1.pdf Home Office: DNA policy guidance: Version 4.0 (16th March 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.scot/news/biometrics-commissioner/ Scottish Government: Biometrics Commissioner (10th March 2020)]<br />
**[http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-200817 European Court of Human Rights: CASE OF GAUGHRAN v. THE UNITED KINGDOM. Judgment, Strasbourg (13th February 2020)] Case regarding the disproportionate character of the indefinite retention of the DNA profile of a person convicted of minor offence.<br />
**[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmsctech/1970/1970.pdf House of Commons Science and Technology Committee: The work of the Biometrics Commissioner and the Forensic Science Regulator. Nineteenth Report of Session 2017–19 (17th July 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-dna-and-fingerprint-exchange-policy-for-the-uk Home Office: International DNA and fingerprint exchange policy for the UK (8th July 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-and-eu-law-enforcement-boost-co-operation-on-dna-databases Home Office: UK and EU law enforcement boost co-operation on DNA databases (14th June 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.scot/news/biometrics-commissioner-bill-published/ Scottish Government: Biometrics Commissioner (31st May 2019)]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/778065/National_DNA_Database_anuual_report_2017-18_print.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board Annual Report 2017/18]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dna-policy UK Government: DNA policy (immigration)]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/715318/FINDS-SB-P-002_-_Issue_1_-_FINDS_Strategy_Board_Policy_Access_and_Use_Po....pdf Forensic Information Databases Service (FINDS):The Forensic Information Databases Strategy Board Policy for Access and Use of DNA Samples, DNA Profiles, Fingerprint Images, and Associated Data (7th June 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.london.gov.uk/what-we-do/mayors-office-policing-and-crime-mopac/governance-and-decision-making/mopac-decisions-0/forensic-services-prum-dna-service-delivery-plan London: Forensic Services Prüm DNA Service Delivery Plan (10th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/biometrics-commissioner-annual-report-2017 Biometrics Commissioner: annual report 2017]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/713593/government_response_-_annual_report_2017.pdf Response to the Biometrics Commissioner's annual report 2017]<br />
**[http://assets.smartcdn.co.uk.s3-website-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/docs/3911_19012018095152.pdf Forensic Science Regulator: Annual Report: November 2016 - November 2017 (19th January 2018)]<br />
**[https://royalsociety.org/~/media/about-us/programmes/science-and-law/royal-society-forensic-dna-analysis-primer-for-courts.pdf Royal Society: Forensic DNA analysis: A Primer for Courts (November 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/594185/58714_Un-Num_Nat_DNA_DB_Accessible.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board Annual Report 2015/16]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/568554/Annual_Report_of_the_Ethics_Group_2015.pdf Annual Report of The Ethics Group: National DNA Database 2015 (16th November 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/526232/55843_BC_Report_ACCESSIBLE_01.pdf Further Report by the Biometrics Commissioner on Issues Raised in his 2015 Annual Report (April 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/507104/54496_Biometrics_Commissioners_Report_Print_Ready__3_.pdf Commissioner for the retention and use of biometric material: Annual Report December 2015]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/access-and-use-of-dna-samples-profiles-and-associated-data NDNAD Strategy Board policy for access and use of DNA samples, profiles and associated data: December 2015]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201516/cmselect/cmeuleg/342-xii/342xii.pdf House of Commons European Scunity Committee: Cross boarder law enforcement cooperation - UK participation in Prüm (4th December 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/484938/52921_NPCC_National_DNA_Database_print_ready.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board Annual Report 2014/15]. Confirms that removing innocent people's DNA profiles has had no adverse impact on solving crimes.<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-dna-exchange-policy-for-the-united-kingdom Policy Paper: International DNA exchange policy for the United Kingdom (23rd October 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/464648/2015_Prum_Business_Case.pdf Prum Business and Implementation Case (30th September 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/463466/ANNEX_H_Prum_Feasibility_Statistical_Analysis.pdf Principle Forensic Services: Prum Feasibility Project. Statistical Study: Report (September 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.pharmiweb.com/pressreleases/pressrel.asp?ROW_ID=124939#.VctwhPmYQxJ IntegenX: Rapid DNA Results Uploaded For First Time To United Kingdom’s National DNA Database (11th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.met.police.uk/foi/pdfs/other_information/corporate/early_deletion_process_2015.pdf Metropolitan Police: Early Deletion Requests - Consideration for the deletion of DNA profiles, Fingerprint, PNC Records and Photographic images. (22nd June 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dna-early-deletion-guidance-and-application-form Home Office: Record deletion guidance (27th May 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/publication-of-the-governments-response-to-the-biometrics-commissioners-first-annual-report UK Government response to the Biometrics Commissioner’s first annual report (13th May 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/circular-0092015-provisions-relating-to-dna-samples-in-the-police-amendment-regulations-2015-and-the-special-constabulary-amendment-regulations Circular 009/2015: provisions relating to DNA samples in the Police (Amendment) Regulations 2015 and the Special Constabulary (Amendment) Regulations 2015]<br />
**[http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/globalassets/documents/raise/deposited-papers/2015/dp1372.pdf: NORTHERN IRELAND DNA DATABASE GOVERNANCE BOARD REPORT 2012-14 (2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-dna-database-annual-report-2013-to-2014 National DNA Database: annual report, 2013 to 2014 (16th December 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/biometrics-commissioner-annual-report-2013-2014 Biometrics Commissioner: annual report 2013-2014 (16th December 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/applications-to-the-biometrics-commissioner-under-pace Home Office: Applications to the Biometrics Commissioner under PACE (26th September 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/358653/GuidanceApplicationstotheBC.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board: Applications to the Biometrics Commissioner under PACE (17th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.familylaw.co.uk/news_and_comment/re-z-application-for-release-of-dna-profiles-2014-ewhc-1999-fam#.U7wiU7Fhvqw Re Z(Application for Release of DNA Profiles) (2014) EWHC 1999 (Fam) (23rd June 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-dna-database-strategy-board-governance-rules National DNA Database strategy board: governance rules (13th June 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dna-early-deletion-guidance-and-application-form Home Office: DNA early deletion guidance and application form (20th January 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/helping-the-police-fight-crime-more-effectively/supporting-pages/national-dna-database National DNA Database]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/home-office/groups/national-dna-database-strategy-board National DNA Database Strategy Board]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/national-dna-database-ethics-group National DNA Database Ethics Group]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/forensic-science-regulator Forensic Science Regulator]<br />
**[https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/memberpage/united-kingdom-817 Europol: United Kingdom]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/254883/Access_And_Use_Of_DNA_Samples_Profiles.pdf Home Office: The NDNAD Strategy Board Policy for Access and Use of DNA Samples, Profiles and Associated Data (4th November 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-ethics-group-6th-annual-report-2013 NDNAD Ethics Group: 6th annual report (October 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/252678/NDNAD_Annual_Report_2012-13.pdf NATIONAL DNA DATABASE STRATEGY BOARD ANNUAL REPORT 2012-2013]<br />
**[http://www.forensicarchive.com/ Forensic Archive Ltd]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmselect/cmsctech/610/610.pdf House of Commons Science and Technology Committee; Forensic Science I (July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmselect/cmsctech/610/610vw.pdf House of Commons Science and Technology Committee: Forensic Science II (July 2013)]<br />
**[http://gizmonaut.net/blog/uk/2013/07/commencement_pofa_dna_provisions.html Gizmonaut: Commencement day of DNA provisions of the Protection of Freedom Act in October (22nd July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/1814/made The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2013] Commencement order for the provisions in the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 which relate to the destruction, retention and use of material including fingerprints, DNA samples and DNA profiles. Most provisions will come into force by 31st October 2013, with the destruction of copies coming into force by 31st January 2014.<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/1813/made The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (Destruction, Retention and Use of Biometric Data) (Transitional, Transitory and Saving Provisions) Order 2013]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/1814/made The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2013]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-annual-report-2011-to-2012 National DNA Database Annual Report: 2011-12]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-biennial-report-2009-to-2011 National DNA Database biennial report: 2009 to 2011]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/update-on-protection-of-freedoms-act-implementation-and-national-dna-database-annual-reports-2009-to-2012 Lord Taylor of Holbeach: Update on Protection of Freedoms Act implementation and National DNA Database annual reports 2009 to 2012 (20th May 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2012/9/pdfs/ukpga_20120009_en.pdf Protection of Freedoms Act 2012]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-dna-database-statistics National DNA Database statistics (23rd April 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/protection-of-freedoms-act-2012-dna-and-fingerprint-provisions/protection-of-freedoms-act-2012-how-dna-and-fingerprint-evidence-is-protected-in-law Home Office: Protection of Freedoms Act 2012: how DNA and fingerprint evidence is protected in law (4th April 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-strategy-board-minutes NDNAD Strategy Board minutes]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/equality-impact-assessment-of-the-national-dna-database Equality impact assessment of the National DNA Database (28th November 2012)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-annual-reports National DNA Database Annual Report 2006-07]<br />
**[http://www.statewatch.org/news/2009/nov/uk-dna-human-genetics-commission.pdf Human Genetics Commission: Nothing to hide, nothing to fear? Balancing individual rights and the public interest in the governance and use of the National DNA Database (24th November 2009)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/117784/ndnad-ann-report-2007-09.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2007-08]<br />
**[http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/Papers/database-state.pdf Rowntree Database State report (23rd March 2009)]<br />
**[https://rm.coe.int/168067d216 European Court of Human Rights: CASE OF S. AND MARPER v. THE UNITED KINGDOM (4th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmhaff/58/58ii.pdf Home Affairs Committee report: A Surveillance Society? (Vol II: Evidence)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmhaff/58/58i.pdf Home Affairs Committee Report: A Surveillance Society? (Vol I)]<br />
**[https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/l_to_o/low_copy_number_dna_testing/ Crown Prosecution Service: DNA: Low Copy Number DNA Testing in the Criminal Justice System (23rd January 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/sites/default/files/The%20forensic%20use%20of%20bioinformation%20-%20ethical%20issues.pdf Nuffield Council on Bioethics: The forensic use of bioinformation: ethical issues (September 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/DNA_report2005_06.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2005/06]<br />
**[http://www.acpo.police.uk/asp/policies/Data/NDNAD_AR_04_051.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2004/05]<br />
**[https://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/sass/WilliamsandJohnsonInterimReport2005-1.pdf Forensic DNA Databasing: A European Perspective – A report from Durham University (June 2005)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/NDNAD_AR_04_05.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2004/05]<br />
**[http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/about-us/corporate-publications-strategy/home-office-circulars/circulars-2004/058-2004/ Home Office Circular: Charges on Basis of Speculative Search Match on the National DNA Database (September 2004)]<br />
**[http://www.statewatch.org/news/2006/jan/uk-DNA-database.pdf DNA Expansion Programme 2000-2005: Reporting achievement]<br />
**[http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/10/PROPS Scottish Executive: Police Retention Of Prints and Samples]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmsctech/96/96i.pdf The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee’s report on forensics, 2005 (main report)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmsctech/96/96ii.pdf The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee’s report on forensics, 2005 (evidence)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/NDNAD_AR_3_4.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2003/04]<br />
**[http://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/sass/Williams_Johnson_Martin_NDNAD_report_2004.pdf Williams et al (2004) Genetic Information and Crime Investigation]<br />
**[https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/assets/uploads/files/lawyers%27%20DNA%20guide%20KSWilliams%20190208%20%28i%29.pdf Forensic Science Service: Guide to DNA for lawyers and investigating officers(2004)]<br />
**[https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/assets/uploads/files/pdf_000328%20-%20%20DNA%20Charging%20Guidance.pdf Crown Prosecution Service: Guidance on DNA Charging (16th July 2004)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/NDNAD_Annual_Report_02_03.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2002/03]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/sub-539478 GeneWatch UK: The UK Police National DNA Database]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1984/60/contents Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (as amended)] This law was amended by the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 in order to set up the UK National DNA Database in 1995 by allowing police to collect DNA samples and conduct searches of stored DNA profiles: it has been amended many times since 1994.<br />
<br />
*Press articles<br />
**[https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/police-failure-to-seal-dna-sample-bags-puts-criminal-cases-at-risk-vdldsqq0p The Times: Police failure to seal DNA sample bags puts criminal cases at risk (29th October 2021)]<br />
**[https://www.thedetail.tv/articles/criticism-for-proposed-changes-to-psni-s-storage-of-public-s-dna-and-fingerprints The Detail: Criticism of proposed changes to PSNI’s storage of public’s DNA and fingerprints (8th July 2021)]<br />
**[https://news.sky.com/story/home-secretary-must-take-responsibility-for-accidental-wiping-of-150-000-arrest-records-12188163 Sky News: 'Human error' blamed for wiping of thousands of police records (16th January 2021)]<br />
**[https://bylinetimes.com/2020/07/14/uk-deal-to-share-dna-and-fingerprints-evades-parliamentary-scrutiny/ Byline Times: UK Deal to Share DNA and Fingerprints Evades Parliamentary Scrutiny (14th July 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/proficiency-testing-guidance-dna-mixture-analysis-and-interpretation Forensic Science Regulator: Proficiency testing guidance: DNA mixture analysis and interpretation (29th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8424405/Privacy-row-erupts-plan-log-thousands-innocent-Britons-DNA-controversial-EU-database.html Daily Mail: Privacy row erupts over plan to log thousands of innocent Britons' DNA on controversial EU database (16th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.biometricupdate.com/202006/northern-ireland-police-agree-to-delete-biometric-records-after-human-rights-ruling Biometric Update: Northern Ireland police agree to delete biometric records after human rights ruling (4th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.ukauthority.com/articles/scotland-to-get-biometrics-commissioner/ UK Authority: Scotland to get biometrics commissioner (13th March 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8000053/European-Court-rule-Northern-Ireland-drink-driver-human-rights-breached-police-kept-fingerprints.html Daily Mail: Drink-driver's privacy rights were breached when police kept his DNA profile, fingerprints and photo indefinitely, European human rights judges rule (13th February 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/feb/13/police-keeping-drink-drivers-dna-breached-his-rights-judges-rule The Guardian: Police keeping drink-driver's DNA breached his rights, judges rule (13th February 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-49361260 BBC: Eurofins Scientific: Cyber-attack leads to backlog of 20,000 forensic samples (16th August 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.governmentcomputing.com/central-government/news/uk-eu-prum-framework Government Computing: UK, EU boost co-operation on DNA databases under Prüm framework (14th June 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-48459890 BBC: New plans to safeguard storage of DNA and fingerprint data (31st May 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.biometricupdate.com/201901/northern-ireland-police-agree-to-publish-biometric-data-retention-policy Biometric Update: Northern Ireland police agree to publish biometric data retention policy (11th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-46803999 BBC: PSNI to publish DNA retention policy after human rights case (9th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://amp.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/oct/25/sajid-javid-apologises-to-migrants-forced-to-give-dna-samples The Guardian: Sajid Javid apologises to immigration applicants forced to give DNA samples (25th October 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/home-office-dna-tests-policy-immigrants-letters-immigration-a8430271.html The Independent: Home Office forcing immigrants to take DNA tests in breach of government's own policy (4th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.governmentcomputing.com/applications/news/home-office-issues-tender-biometrics-development Government Computing: Home Office issues tender for biometrics development (14th May 2018)]<br />
**[https://police.community/topic/134543-police-pay-out-millions-after-collapse-of-forensics-firm/ Police Community: Police pay out millions after collapse of forensics firm (5th February 2018)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-42057009 BBC: UK judges to get scientific guides (22nd November 2017)]<br />
**[http://theconversation.com/dna-databases-its-still-far-from-clear-how-effective-they-are-in-fighting-crime-85137 The Conversation: DNA databases: it’s still far from clear how effective they are in fighting crime (10th October 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.belfastlive.co.uk/news/new-officers-register-dna-database-13733517 Belfast Live: New officers will have to register on a DNA database, PSNI reveals (8th October 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.piratefm.co.uk/news/latest-news/2289933/brothers-to-appeal-over-wadebridge-murders/ Pirate FM: Brothers to appeal over Wadebridge murders? (16th May 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/15213148.CSI_Strathclyde__how_university_forensic_experts_helped_solve_some_of_the_most_high_profile_crimes_of_the_past_fifty_years/ The Herald: CSI Strathclyde: how university forensic experts helped solve some of the most high-profile crimes of the past fifty years (9th April 017)]<br />
**[http://www.scunthorpetelegraph.co.uk/what-are-your-rights-if-police-arrest-you-the-key-questions-answered-from-handcuffs-to-charges/story-30253882-detail/story.html Scunthorpe Telegraph: What are your rights if police arrest you? The key questions answered, from handcuffs to charges (8th April 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/legal-updates/dna--an-unstoppable-march/5060258.article Law Gazette: DNA – an unstoppable march? (20th March 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.burtonmail.co.uk/forensics-expert-john-beckwith-lifts-the-lid-on-how-dna-has-solved-serious-historic-burton-crimes/story-30091644-detail/story.html Burton Mail: Forensics expert John Beckwith lifts the lid on how DNA has solved serious historic Burton crimes (1st March 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.policeoracle.com/news/police_it_and_technology/2017/Feb/23/dna-database-most-effective--since-records-began-_94218.html Police Oracle: DNA database most effective since records began (24th February 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.policeoracle.com/news/investigation/2017/Jan/13/Government-department-to-access-DNA-database-in-bid-to-close-fake-dads-paternity-loophole_93864.html Police Oracle: Government Department to access DNA database in bid to close 'fake dads' paternety loophole. (13th January 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-38527830 BBC: Forensic science standards 'at significant risk' (6th January 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/5180/desc/despite-brexit-uk-committed-to-eu-biometric-database/ Despite Brexit, UK committed to EU biometric database (2nd November 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jun/07/killer-dna-evidence-genetic-profiling-criminal-investigation The Guardian: Killer breakthrough – the day DNA evidence first nailed a murderer (7th June 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/27/dna-and-fingerprints-of-50000-repeat-teenage-offenders-deleted-a/ The Telegraph: DNA and fingerprints of 50,000 repeat teenage offenders deleted after software error by police (27th May 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.thequint.com/hot-wire/2016/05/27/dna-profiles-of-hundreds-of-terror-suspects-destroyed-in-uk The Quint: DNA Profiles of Hundreds of Terror Suspects Destroyed in UK (27th May 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/4530/desc/fears-in-uk-over-deletion-of-terror-suspects-biometric-profiles/ Planet Biometrics: Fears in UK over deletion of terror suspects’ biometric profiles (27th May 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/latest-news/507017/police-mix-DNA-evidence-errors-98-cases-Adam-Scott-case Daily Star: DNA divvies: Police errors result in evidence mix-ups in 98 cases last year (10th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201604/documents-reveal-uk-governments-out-of-court-settlements-over-unlawful-biometrics-storage Biometric Update: Documents reveal UK government’s out-of-court settlements over unlawful biometrics storage (9th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/04/05/home_office_settlements/ The Register: Home Office seeks secret settlements over unlawful DNA retention (5th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-35783475 BBC: Wiping of DNA and fingerprint records 'puts public safety at risk' (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/dna-profiles-and-fingerprints-of-7800-on-police-counterterrorism-database-34532285.html Belfast Telegraph: DNA profiles and fingerprints of 7,800 on police counter-terrorism database (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/mar/11/uk-police-hold-dna-profiles-of-7800-terrorism-suspects The Guardian: UK police hold DNA profiles of 7,800 terrorism suspects (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.rt.com/uk/335286-dna-profiles-terror-suspects/ RT: DNA profiles of 7,800 terror suspects held in police database (11th March, 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/03/11/potential_terrorists_roam_uk_while_police_lose_their_biometrics_details/ The Register: 7,800 people's biometric data held on police anti-terrorism database (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.ukauthority.com/news/6047/police-national-database-still-holds-illegal-photos UK Authority: Police National Database still holds 'illegal' photos (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=25632 Police Professionals: Failure to retain DNA records ‘risking public safety’, says Biometrics Commissioner (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/4270/desc/britains-biometrics-commissioner-in-dna-warning/ Planet Biometrics (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://home.bt.com/news/uk-news/dna-profiles-of-7800-people-on-police-counter-terrorism-database-11364045522485 BT: DNA profiles and prints of 7,800 people on police counter-terrorism database (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://thejusticegap.com/2016/03/12812/ The Justice Gap: Ministers need to reinstate a national forensic science service – and quickly (21st March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-35254521 BBC News: Paternity test dad Vernon Poppleton used brother's DNA (7th January, 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/conservative-berwick-mp-rebels-over-10575572 Chronicle Live: Conservative Berwick MP rebels over plans for UK to join EU crime database (10th December 2015)]<br />
**[https://uk.news.yahoo.com/eurosceptic-theresa-may-calls-mps-160727893.html#dABsF8p Yahoo News: Eurosceptic Theresa May calls for MPs to back EU DNA database in House of Commons debate (8th December 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.itv.com/news/2015-12-08/uk-to-decide-whether-to-join-bond-esque-eu-dna-database/ ITV: UK to decide whether to join Bond-esque EU DNA database (8th December 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/3818/desc/uk-mps-to-vote-on-joining-european-biometric-database/ Planet Biometrics: UK MPs to vote on joining European biometric, DNA database (30th November)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=24904 Police Professional: Home Office urges Prüm opt in (27th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/12019174/Britain-should-join-controversial-EU-crime-database-says-Government.html The Telegraph: Britain should join controversial EU crime database, says Government (26th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-34937158 BBC News: UK ministers outline case for joining EU DNA database scheme (26th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/nov/23/mps-vote-joining-european-police-dna-fingerprint-database The Guardian: MPs to vote on joining European police DNA database (23th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-attacks-france-calls-for-britain-to-give-european-police-access-to-dna-database-a6738471.html Independent: Paris attacks: France calls for Britain to give European police access to DNA database (17th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.information-age.com/technology/security/123460503/whos-more-likely-rob-britains-freedom-isis-or-conservative-party Information Age: Who’s more likely to rob Britain’s freedom: ISIS or the Conservative party? (16th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3318975/Big-Brother-tsar-demands-police-wipe-innocent-people-s-photos-database-18-MILLION-mugshots.html Daily Mail: 'Big Brother tsar' demands police wipe innocent people's photos from database of 18 MILLION mugshots (15th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.journalpioneer.com/Opinion/Columnists/2015-11-10/article-4339029/EASTERN-PASSAGES%3A-Hanged-by-a-thread/1 Journal Pioneer: Eastern passages: Hanged by a thread (10th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/11982516/British-police-face-deluge-of-foreign-DNA-requests-if-UK-joins-EU-crime-database-says-report.html The Telegraph: British police face deluge of foreign DNA requests if UK joins EU crime database, says report (8th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.itv.com/news/granada/2015-11-05/police-use-dna-to-track-down-diners-who-skipped-the-bill/ ITV: Police use DNA to track down diners who skipped the bill (5th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://news.sky.com/story/1572942/rapist-jailed-after-needle-in-a-haystack-hunt Sky News: Rapist Jailed After 'Needle In A Haystack' Hunt (20th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://findbiometrics.com/rapidhit-dna-uk-police-210135/ Find Biometrics: RapidHIT DNA Identification a Hit with UK Police (13th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/3635/desc/biometrics-commissioner-raises-police-face-database-fears/ Planet Biometrics: Biometrics Commissioner raises police face database fears (13th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201510/key-forensic-services-purchases-rapid-dna-system-from-integenx Biometric Update: Key Forensic Services purchases rapid DNA system from IntegenX (4th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/3587/desc/uks-key-forensic-services-buys-rapid-dna-system/ Planet Biometrics: UK’s Key Forensic Services buys Rapid DNA system (1st October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.computerworlduk.com/it-leadership/police-ict-company-ceo-on-austerity-transformation-plans-save-millions-3624427/ Computer World UK: Police ICT Company CEO Martin Wyke on austerity, transformation and plans to save millions (2nd September 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.labnews.co.uk/features/building-case-27-08-2015/ Laboratory News: Building a case: (27th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://finance.yahoo.com/news/rapidhit-dna-profile-uploaded-uk-100000828.html BusinessWire: RapidHIT DNA Profile Uploaded to UK National DNA Database Identifies Dangerous Sex Offender While Suspect in Custody (24th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201508/rapid-dna-results-uploaded-for-the-first-time-to-uks-dna-database Biometric Update: Rapid DNA results uploaded for the first time to UK’s DNA database (19th August 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.policeoracle.com/news/police_it_and_technology/2015/Aug/13/breakthrough-machine-now-being-used-to-upload-genetic-profiles-onto-database_89231.html Police Oracle: Breakthrough machine now being used to upload genetic profiles to database (13th August 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-33784571 BBC: DNA samples copied and held for Troubles investigations (5th August 2015)] Reports retention of DNA profiles in Northern Ireland.<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3174798/Deadbeat-dads-refuse-pay-offspring-face-DNA-database-checks.html Daily Mail: 'Deadbeat dads' who refuse to pay for their offspring face DNA database checks in child maintenance crackdown (26th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=21781 Police Professional: PSNI DNA retention lawful (14th May 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/may/13/retention-of-offenders-dna-does-not-breach-privacy-supreme-court-rules The Guardian: Retention of offenders' DNA profiles not illegal, supreme court rules (13th May 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.bristolpost.co.uk/Avon-Somerset-Police-s-forensic-spending-falls-40/story-26457785-detail/story.html Avon and Somerset Police's forensic spending falls by 40 per cent in seven years (8th May 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/unease-over-police-trial-of-hitech-dna-machines-amid-fears-that-civil-liberties-could-be-infringed-10193791.html The Independent: Unease over police trial of hi-tech DNA machines amid fears that civil liberties could be infringed (21st April 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.littlehamptongazette.co.uk/news/regional/murder-police-dna-screening-plea-1-6675562 Littlehampton Gazette: Murder police DNA screening plea(7th April 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.computing.co.uk/ctg/news/2398702/government-has-failed-to-provide-guidelines-on-use-of-biometric-data-warn-mps Government has failed to provide guidelines on use of biometric data, warn MPs (9th March 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/britain-criticised-for-dna-hold-up-keeping-an-innocent-man-locked-up-in-spanish-prison-10031429.html The Independent: Britain criticised for DNA hold up keeping an innocent man locked up in Spanish prison (8th February 2015)]<br />
**[http://thejusticegap.com/2015/01/police-forensics-risk-criminal-cases-nao-warns/ Police forensics ‘a risk’ to criminal cases, spending watchdog warns (26th January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=20204 Police Professional: Police spending on forensics 'inconsistent' (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/privatisation-of-forensic-services-a-threat-to-justice-and-putting-the-work-in-police-hands-would-be-disastrous-warn-experts-9991356.html The Independent: Privatisation of forensic services 'threat to justice' and putting the work in police hands would be 'disastrous,' warn experts (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-30909722 BBC: Warning by spending watchdog over forensic science work (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://news.stv.tv/scotland/307287-mass-voluntary-dna-screening-in-case-of-valerie-graves-in-bosham/ STV: Mass voluntary DNA screening to find killer of house-sitting Scot (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2914932/The-DNA-photofit-Amazing-breakthrough-means-police-tell-suspect-s-colour-height-age-tiny-speck-blood.html The DNA photofit: Amazing breakthrough means police can tell suspect's colour, height and even age – from a tiny speck of blood (17th January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thedetail.tv/articles/genetic-profile-of-123-000-people-on-ni-s-dna-database Genetic profile of 123,000 people on NI's DNA database (14th January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/dec/16/foreogn-criminals-data-police-records-biometrics The Guardian: Foreign criminals’ data taken off police records (16th December 2014)]<br />
**[http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/572081/20141107/australia-uk-dna-polce-usa-canada.htm#.VGHb2cnvaSo International Business Times: Australia and UK Sign Pact For DNA Database Sharing Among Police Forces To Check Serious Crimes (7th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://rt.com/uk/202919-uk-australia-dna-database/ RT: UK, Australia to share DNA database to aid international crime solving (6th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/australian-police-in-dna-access-deal-with-british-counterparts/story-fn59niix-1227114004691 The Australian: Australian police in DNA access deal with British counterparts (5th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2014/nov/06/australian-and-british-police-to-share-their-dna-databases The Guardian: Australian and British police to share their DNA databases (5th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://online.wsj.com/articles/spain-threatens-u-k-s-inclusion-in-eu-justice-cooperation-1412881174 Spain Threatens U.K.’s Inclusion in EU Justice Cooperation (9th October 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/09/30/scrap_human_rights_act_chris_grayling_privacy_freedom_expression/ The Register: Scrapping the Human Rights Act: What about privacy and freedom of expression? (30th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2767453/DNA-blunders-mean-murderers-rapists-convictions-overturned-Home-Office-admits-misleading-evidence-presented-juries.html Daily Mail: DNA blunders mean murderers and rapists could have convictions overturned: Home Office admits misleading evidence has been presented to juries (24th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/european-convention-on-human-rights-what-has-it-ever-done-for-us-9773928.html The Independent: European Convention on Human Rights: What has it ever done for us? (3rd October 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201409/guidelines-for-uk-police-chiefs-on-applications-to-retain-use-biometrics Guidelines for UK police chiefs on applications to retain & use biometric material (29th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.scotsman.com/news/how-dna-fingerprint-left-its-mark-on-justice-1-3533752 The Scotsman: How DNA fingerprint left its mark on justice (8th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/11382557.Commissioner_helps_to_speed_DNA_checks/?ref=rss Lancashire Telegraph: Commissioner helps to speed DNA checks (1st August 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2708277/DNA-testing-crime-scene-investigations-soon-identify-criminals-matter-HOURS.html DNA-testing for crime scene investigations will soon identify criminals in a matter of HOURS (28th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/crime-courts/police-storing-dna-samples-of-children-as-young-as-10-x.24764874 Herald: Police storing DNA samples of children as young as 10 (16th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.heraldscotland.com/comment/herald-view/storing-childrens-dna-and-issue-of-civil-liberties.24733748 Herald: Storing children's DNA and issue of civil liberties (16th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2689894/Police-plea-share-DNA-clues-EU-foreign-criminals.html Daily Mail: Police in plea to share DNA clues with EU - because we have so many foreign criminals (12th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.scotsman.com/news/uk/eu-set-for-more-policing-powers-1-3467441 The Scotsman: EU set for ‘more policing’ powers (8th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/486945/Cameron-could-give-more-police-powers-to-Brussels-DNA-database The Express: Now David Cameron 'considers giving POLICING powers to Brussels', leaked documents reveal (5th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/05/david-cameron-eu-talks-police-cooperation The Guardian: David Cameron in talks with EU leaders over international DNA database (5th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-28130767 BBC: Marion Crofts murder: Tony Jasinskyj's appeal refused(2nd July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.labmate-online.com/articles/laboratory-products/3/tracy_alexander/dna_collection_and_interpretation/1590/ Labmate: DNA: Collection and Interpretation (12th March 2014)]<br />
**[http://ampp3d.mirror.co.uk/2014/01/15/nearly-6-million-of-us-are-on-the-dna-database-does-it-make-you-feel-any-safer/ Nearly 6 million of us are on the DNA database. Does it make you feel any safer? (15th January 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.nottinghampost.com/Ex-offender-74-wins-right-provide-sample-DNA/story-19891968-detail/story.html Nottingham Post: Ex-offender from Nottingham wins right not to provide a sample of his DNA (5th October 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24207612 BBC: Operation Nutmeg: Court could force police to destroy DNA (24th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24224506 BBC: Court rejects ex-prisoner's DNA sample challenge (24th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24224506 The Guardian: Ex-prisoner fails to halt police DNA-collection programme (24th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2429637/One-year-old-baby-thousands-children-DNA-taken-police.html Daily Mail: One-year-old baby among thousands of children who have had their DNA taken by police (22nd September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-police-take-dna-samples-6073851 Wales Online: Welsh police take DNA samples from more than 5,500 children (22nd September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/police-take-dna-children-criminal-2259291 Mirror: Police take DNA from children in criminal investigations (8th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://esciencenews.com/articles/2013/08/14/forensic.familial.search.methods.carry.risk.certain.false.matches e! Science News: Forensic familial search methods carry risk of certain false matches (14th August 2013)] There is a video abstract and general public explanation video available for this research.<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-23683910 BBC: University of Leicester cat DNA database to be used for solving crime (14th August 2013)]<br />
** [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23436303 BBC: Forensics upheaval 'threat to justice', MPs warn (25th July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2013/jul/08/britain-european-arrest-warrant-reform The Guardian: Britain to keep European arrest warrant but try to reform it (8th July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/police-told-to-explain-use-of-unregulated-dna-database-8651380.html The Independent: Police told to explain use of unregulated DNA database (9th June 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2013/may/20/police-retain-dna-thousands-children The Guardian: Police retain DNA from thousands of children (20th May 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22595835 BBC: Police swabbing of child DNA excessive, says charity (20th May 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/police-bosses-tell-cops-don%E2%80%99t-target-gays-dna-roundup180113 GayStarNews: Police bosses tell cops: don’t target gays in DNA roundup (18th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.eadt.co.uk/news/ipswich_victory_after_man_s_six_year_battle_to_have_dna_records_removed_from_police_records_1_1796207 EADT24: Ipswich: Victory after man’s six-year battle to have DNA records removed from police records (18th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.politics.co.uk/news/2013/01/17/outrage-grows-over-gay-dna-witchhunt Politics.co.uk: Outrage grows over gay DNA witchhunt (17th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2261239/Stephen-Close-Police-demand-DNA-sample-soldier-gay-relationship-Army.html?ITO=1490&ns_mchannel=rss&ns_campaign=1490 Daily Mail: Police demand DNA sample from former soldier because he had gay relationship in the Army 30 years ago (12th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2259319/EU-demands-access-details-UK-drivers-Orwellian-hand-personal-information-foreign-police-forces.html?ito=feeds-newsxml Daily Mail: EU demands access to details of all UK drivers: ‘Orwellian’ move to hand out personal information to foreign police forces (9th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/9628235/Rapists-feared-still-at-large-as-police-fail-to-update-DNA-database.html The Telegraph: Rapists feared still at large as police fail to update DNA database (23rd October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2211365/Adam-Scott-Innocent-man-spent-FIVE-MONTHS-prison-forensics-mix-meant-falsely-accused-rape.html Daily Mail: Innocent man spent FIVE MONTHS in prison after forensics mix-up meant he was falsely accused of rape (1st October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19782917 BBC: DNA rape sample procedures ‘not adequate’ (1st October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.littlehamptongazette.co.uk/news/sussex-police-collect-ex-cons-dna-for-national-database-1-4321532 Littlehampton Gazette: Sussex Police collect ex-cons’ DNA for national database (1st October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2012/sep/27/ex-offenders-targeted-dna-database The Guardian: Thousands of ex-offenders targeted in drive to add to DNA database (27th September 2012)]<br />
**[http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1588993_police-order-thousands-of-dna-samples-from-ex-convicts-in-greater-manchester Manchester Evening News: Police order thousands of DNA samples from ex-convicts in Greater Manchester (18th September 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.zdnet.com/blog/london/london-police-8216hack-suspects-phones-a-major-blow-to-human-rights/4775 ZDNet: London police ‘hack’ suspects’ phones: A major blow to human rights (18th May 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/privatisation-is-a-catastrophe-warns-godfather-of-forensics-7606789.html The Independent: Privatisation is a catastrophe, warns godfather of forensics (2nd April 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2114252/Teenager-spends-months-bars-DNA-blunder-fingers-rape-city-visited.html Daily Mail: DNA database in doubt after teenager spends three months behind bars for rape in city he has never even visited because gene samples were mixed up (13th March 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2012/mar/08/forensics-blunder-convictions The Guardian: Forensics blunder ‘may endanger convictions’ (8th March 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.economist.com/node/21543121 The Economist: Ignorance is bliss (21st January 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21128285.500-euro-dna-treaty-risks-false-positives.html?DCMP=OTC-rss&nsref=online-news#.UebhRG3OB0M New Scientist: DNA super-network increases risk of mix-ups (5th September 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13440012 BBC Online: DNA and fingerprint guidelines ‘unlawful’ (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/guidelines-on-dna-samples-unlawful-2285712.html The Independent: Guidelines on DNA samples unlawful (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.publicservice.co.uk/news_story.asp?id=15673 Public Service: Police DNA retention policy ‘unlawful’ (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://ukhumanrightsblog.com/2011/05/18/retention-of-dna-breaches-article-8-says-supreme-court/ UK Human Rights blog: Retention of DNA breaches human right to privacy, says Supreme Court (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/libertycentral/2011/may/18/dna-retention-supreme-court-police The Guardian: DNA retention judgment won’t see discriminatory policy destroyed (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/03/03/ico_freedoms_bill/ The Register: Supreme Court: DNA database retention regs are unlawful (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/may/18/police-dna-database-supreme-court The Guardian: Police breaking law by keeping DNA of the innocent, supreme court rules (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/mar/05/dna-rules-will-restore-trust The Guardian: New DNA rules will restore public trust [Letter] (5th March 2011])<br />
**[http://www.publicservice.co.uk/news_story.asp?id=15673 Public Service: Government store DNA of over 6 million (4th March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/05/18/supreme_court_dna_database_ruling/ The Register: ICO evidence raises Freedoms Bill data worries (3rd March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-12536138 BBC: How Protection of Freedoms Bill will work (1st March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=18987 ITN: Government to curb DNA database (1st March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=18987 The Voice: Innocent black Brits may get their DNA removed from database (22nd February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/columnists/philipjohnston/8324874/The-Coalitions-Freedom-Bill-is-a-blow-against-the-snoopers-and-clampers.html The Telegraph: The coalition’s Freedom Bill is a blow against the snoopers and clampers (15th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.24dash.com/blogs/lynne_featherstone_mp/2011/02/13/Freedoms-Bill/ 24dash.com: Freedoms Bill (13th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12433116 BBC: DNA profiles to be deleted from police database (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1356198/DNA-database-purge-Victory-Mail-records-1m-innocent-people-removed.html#ixzz1DsbppVHm Daily Mail: DNA database purge: Victory for the Mail as records of 1m innocent people removed (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/8318900/DNA-of-up-to-a-million-to-be-wiped-under-Freedom-Bill.html The Telegraph: DNA of up to a million to be wiped under Freedom Bill (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/feb/11/dna-profiles-deleted-police-database The Guardian: DNA profiles to be deleted from police database (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.dailyexpress.co.uk/posts/view/228588/At-last-victory-over-Labour-s-army-of-snoops/ Daily Express: At last, victory over Labour’s army of snoops (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2011/feb/11/criminal-checks-eased-freedom-bill The Guardian: Criminal checks on people working with children to be eased (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-a-victory-for-civil-liberties-ndash-and-a-challenge-for-labour-2209670.html Independent: A victory for civil liberties – and a challenge for Labour (10th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/8317257/Nick-Clegg-were-restoring-hard-won-British-liberties.html The Telegraph: Nick Clegg; we’re restoring hard won British liberties (10th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/id-cards-go-up-in-flames-in-first-step-to-tackle-database-state-2209936.html The Independent: ID cards go up in flames in first step to tackle ‘database state’ (10th February 2010)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8691753.stm BBC: Deputy Prime Minister’s Reform Speech (19th May 2010)]<br />
**[http://www.publicservice.co.uk/news_story.asp?id=15673 Public Service: Government store DNA of over 6 million (4th March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20527424.700-unreliable-evidence-time-to-open-up-dna-databases.html?full=true New Scientist: Unreliable evidence? Time to open up DNA Databases (6th January 2010)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8434713.stm BBC Online: Innocent people face DNA database ‘shambles’ (31st December 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1877525.ece The Times: From schoolboy squabble to DNA database in one easy step – if you’re black (24th November 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8375567.stm BBC Online: New safeguards urged over routine police DNA tests (24th November 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1223688/DNA-innocents-kept-database-years.html The Daily Mail: DNA of innocents will be kept on database for six years (29th October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/oct/28/dna-database-innocent-profiles The Guardian: Innocent suspects’ profiles still reaching DNA database (28th October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1877336.ece The Times: Record number of DNA samples taken but crimes solved with them are down (22nd October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/6399228/Crimes-solved-by-DNA-drop-by-a-fifth.html The Telegraph: Crimes solved by DNA drop by a fifth (22nd October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/oct/21/dna-database-convictions-fall The Guardian: Detections using DNA database fall despite huge rise in profiles (21st October)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/oct/19/innocent-dna-database The Guardian: Home Office climbs down over keeping DNA records of innocent (19th October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/6056725/Tory-MP-Damian-Green-has-DNA-profile-deleted-from-database.html The Telegraph: Tory MP Damian Green has DNA profile deleted from database (20th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/18/science/18dna.html?_r=2&hp New York Times: DNA evidence can be fabricated, scientists show (17th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=16083 The Voice: DNA database is damaging race relations, says expert (17th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1205867/300-children-day-added-DNA-database-400-000-15s-Big-Brother-roll.html Daily Mail: 300 children a day added to DNA database (12th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/aug/09/police-dna-database-black-children The Observer: ‘Racist bias’ blamed for disparity in police DNA database (9th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/aug/07/dna-database-police-advice The Guardian: Police told to ignore human rights ruling over database (7th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/5990033/Equality-watchdog-warns-DNA-plans-break-law.html The Telegraph: Equality watchdog warns DNA plans break law (7th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/5444332/Police-arrest-innocent-youths-for-their-DNA-officer-claims.html The Telegraph: Police arrest innocent youths for the DNA, officer claims (4th June 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1185060/Driver-thrown-police-cell-DVLA-office-blunder-wrong-shade-green-MOT-certificate.html Daily Mail: Driver thrown in police cell after DVLA office blunder (21st May 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/apr/17/damian-green-arrest-jacqui-smith The Guardian: DPP’s verdict on papers leaked in Damian Green affair – Not a threat to security (17th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/apr/15/jeffreys-dna-database-human-rights-police The Guardian: DNA pioneer Alec Jeffreys: drop innocent from database (15th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/5109248/Police-will-be-banned-from-keeping-DNA-of-innocent-people-pledge-Tories.html The Telegraph: Police will be banned from keeping DNA of innocent people, pledge Tories (6th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.politics.co.uk/news/legal-and-constitutional/tories-promise-to-reform-dna-database-$1285967.htm Politics.co.uk: Tories promise to reform DNA database (6th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.crosbyherald.co.uk/news/crosby-news/2009/04/02/teenager-arrested-by-southport-police-for-handing-in-mobile-phone-68459-23291295/ The Crosby Herald: Teen arrested by police for handing in phone (2nd April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/5078599/Five-million-people-now-on-DNA-database.html The Telegraph: Five million people now on database (31st March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.computing.co.uk/computing/news/2239421/dna-database-grows-per-cent-two Computing: DNA database grows by 38 per cent in two years (30th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7966641.stm BBC Online: ‘DNA bungle’ haunts German police (28th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/the_daily_politics/7968121.stm BBC Politics Show: Time for a universal DNA database? (27th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/the_daily_politics/7968054.stm BBC Politics Show: MP’s battle over DNA database (27th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.thisisplymouth.co.uk/news/know-feel-Truman/article-848720-detail/article.html The Plymouth Herald: I know how you feel, Mr Truman (26th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/the-big-question-are-there-illegal-government-databases-and-what-can-we-do-about-it-1652623.html The Independent: The Big Question: Are there illegal Government databases and what can we do about it? (24th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-1164291/ROSS-CLARK-As-report-condemns-government-databases--Big-Brother-wasting-billions.html The Daily Mail: As report condemns Government databases…Big Brother is wasting your billions (24th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7955205.stm BBC Online: Call to scrap ‘illegal’ databases (23rd March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/mar/19/dna-database-comment The Guardian: Mark Thomas: How I got my genes deleted (19th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/libertycentral/2009/mar/16/dna-database-civil-liberties The Guardian: Question Eight: DNA Database (16th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/4966168/DNA-of-one-year-old-baby-stored-on-national-database.html The Telegraph: DNA of one-year-old baby stored on national database (10th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/03/02/dna_dbase_stalling/ The Register: Three months on, you still can’t get off the DNA Database (2nd March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/feb/27/dna-database-justice The Guardian: Government plans to keep DNA samples of innocent (27th February 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/feb/27/dna-database-children-criminal-record The Guardian: DNA details of 1.1m children on database (27th February 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1137022/Banish-Big-Brother-The-states-surveillance-powers-curbed-say-Lords.html The Daily Mail: Banish Big Brother: The state’s surveillance powers must be curbed, say Lords (6th February 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/12/17/david_mery_reclaim_your_dna/ The Register: Don’t delay: Delete your DNA (17th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-1094963/JAMES-SLACK-The-EUs-Big-Brother-database-poses-threat-liberties.html Daily Mail: The EU’s Big Brother database poses a threat to our liberties (16th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-a-victory-for-civil-liberties-ndash-but-the-larger-war-still-rages-1052547.html The Independent: A victory for civil liberties – but the larger war still rages (5th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1091880/One-million-innocent-people-profiles-wiped-Britains-DNA-database-court-ruling.html The Daily Mail: One million innocent people could have their profiles wiped from Britain’s ‘Orwellian’ DNA database after court ruling (5th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7765484.stm BBC Online: Europe DNA ruling resonates in UK (4th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/3547773/DNA-database-Campaigners-welcome-ruling-that-DNA-holding-breaches-human-rights.html The Telegraph: Campaigners welcome ruling that DNA-holding breaches human rights (4th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/liverpool-news/regional-news/2008/11/19/police-order-child-s-dna-to-be-removed-from-database-64375-22290909/ Liverpool Daily Post: Police order child’s DNA to be removed from database (19th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/3473483/More-than-one-million-added-to-the-DNA-database-as-children.html The Telegraph: More than one million added to the DNA database as children (17th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/3418649/Crimes-solved-by-DNA-evidence-fall-despite-millions-being-added-to-database.html The Telegraph: Crimes solved by DNA evidence fall despite millions being added to database (10th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/11/06/dna_database_special/page2.html The Register: The DNA Database and You (6th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/north-wales-news/2008/10/30/one-in-11-from-north-wales-on-dna-file-55578-22148188/ Daily Post North Wales: One in 11 from North Wales on DNA file (30th October 2008) 30th October 2008]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1078821/New-law-allow-police-collect-DNA-secret-teacups.html The Daily Mail: New law to allow police to collect DNA in secret from teacups (19th October 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.christiantoday.com/article/black.church.leaders.concerned.over.criminal.dna.database/20635.htm Christian Today: Black church leaders concerned over criminal DNA database (18th July 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/06/29/brown_dna_database_innocent_genewatch/ The Register: Gordo’s DNA database claims branded ‘ridiculous’ (29th June 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=/opinion/2008/06/09/do0902.xml The Telegraph: MPs must act now to set limits on snooping (9th June 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.vision.org/visionmedia/article.aspx?id=4824 Reuters: Watchdog criticises plan to share DNA data (15th May 2008)]<br />
**[http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/joepublic/2008/05/the_scandal_of_criminalising_m.html The Guardian: The scandal of ‘criminalising’ mental health patients (12th May 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1929849/DNA-bank-solves-one-crime-per-800-profiles.html The Telegraph: DNA bank solves one crime per 800 profiles (6th May 2008)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7341251.stm BBC Online: DNA technique ‘fit for purpose’ (11th April 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.sundaymirror.co.uk/news/sunday/2008/04/06/40-000-kids-put-on-dna-crimes-list-98487-20373651/ The Sunday Mirror: 40,000 kids put on DNA crimes list (6th April 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/mar/16/youthjustice.children The Observer: Put young children on DNA list urge police (16th March 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=528857&in_page_id=1770 The Daily Mail: 1.5m children will have DNA taken next year amid claims of universal database ‘by stealth’ (9th March 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.computing.co.uk/computing/news/2211158/met-police-chief-calls-european Computing: Met police chief calls for European DNA database (5th March 2008)]<br />
**[http://blackmentalhealth.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=281&Itemid=117 Black Mental Health UK: Sarah Teather tells House of Commons DNA database discriminates (1st March 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/feb/28/ukcrime.forensicscience The Guardian: Mixed results (28th February)]<br />
**[http://www.newstatesman.com/200802280017 New Statesman: Spare pairs of genes (28th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article3448837.ece The Times: CCTV and DNA advances add to bills but minister calls rises unacceptable (28th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/technology/technology.html?in_article_id=519568&in_page_id=1965 The Daily Mail: One in eight samples filed under innocent names in Government blunder (27th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.publictechnology.net/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=14351 Public Technology: Home Office Minister rejects call for a national citizen DNA database (25th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=518416&in_page_id=1770 The Daily Mail: Police in retreat after public backlash over their demands for a DNA database (25th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=518151&in_page_id=1770 The Daily Mail; Home Office retreat from plans to extend ‘nation of suspects’ DNA database to include litterbugs (24th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article3423450.ece The Sunday Times: Should Britain have a compulsory DNA database? (24th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theherald.co.uk/news/news/display.var.2067932.0.Police_we_must_keep_DNA_of_everyone_arrested.php The Glasgow Herald: Police: we must keep DNA of everyone arrested (23rd February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2008/feb/23/ukcrime The Guardian: Calls for compulsory DNA database rejected (23rd February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2008/feb/21/conservatives.police The Guardian: Inquiry as Tories attack DNA failure (21st February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article3401745.ece The Times: Gordon Brown admits assaults committed while DNA data disc lost (20th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article3399712.ece The Times: Disc listing foreign criminals lost for a year (20th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2008/feb/13/ukguns.police The Guardian: Stop! Armed police! Put down your MP3 player (13th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7230487.stm BBC Online: Clegg attacks surveillance UK (6th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/01/07/delete_your_dna_profile/print.html The Register: How to delete your DNA Profile (7th January 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=491714&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Big Brother UK: Police now hold DNA ‘fingerprints’ of 4.5 million Britons (5th November 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/11/04/ndna104.xml The Telegraph: Police retain DNA of ‘petty crime suspects’ (5th November 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/law/article2210263.ece The Times: Police told to erase ‘irrelevant’ crime records (1st November 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/health/advice/article1790236.ece The Times: Policing the gene pool (29th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9867324 The Economist: Learning to live with Big Brother (27th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7161/full/449377b.html Nature: Genome abuse (26th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1873220.ece The Times: DNA database ‘puts innocent under suspicion’ (18th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/09/17/dna_purge/ The Register: Innocent ‘terror techie’ purges DNA records (17th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/europe/article2595861.ece The Times: Inside the world where experts try to unlock DNA clues (15th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23412351-details/Outrage%20as%20DNA%20profile%20of%20seven-month-old%20baby%20is%20added%20to%20register/article.do Evening Standard: Outrage as DNA profile of seven-month old baby is added to DNA database (15th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=482410&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Innocent people’s DNA ‘must not be kept on national database’ (10th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2007/09/11/226664/dna-plan-would-require-san-the-size-of-belgium.htm Computer Weekly: DNA plan would require SAN the size of Belgium (11th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.scotsman.com/politics.cfm?id=1419912007 The Scotsman: Judge opens hornets’ nest with call for everyone’s DNA to go on record (6th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6979138.stm BBC Online: All UK ‘must be on DNA database’ (5th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23411070-details/Top+minister+backs+judge%27s+calls+for+DNA+database+registration+for+all/article.do Evening Standard: Ministers accused of trying to build DNA database by stealth (5th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6979490.stm BBC Online: DNA database call prompts concern (5th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23406663-details/Beware:+Minor+offences+could+land+you+on+DNA+database...for+life/article.do Evening Standard: Speeding drivers face DNA swabs under Big Brother powers (1st August 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1873007.ece The Times: Police want DNA from speeding drivers and litterbugs on database (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/08/02/ndna102.xml The Telegraph: Litter lout DNA samples a step too far (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2826207.ece The Independent: Police DNA database ‘risks criminalising non-offenders’ (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=472544&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Government accused on DNA samples (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://politics.guardian.co.uk/homeaffairs/story/0,,2139675,00.html The Guardian: Police may be given powers to take DNA samples on the street (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://politics.guardian.co.uk/homeaffairs/story/0,,2089265,00.html The Observer: Civil rights fears over DNA for everyone (27th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=457046&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Police put 100,000 innocent children on DNA Database (23rd May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/23/ndna23.xml The Telegraph: DNA file on 100,000 innocent children]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/humanrights/story/0,,2084290,00.html The Guardian: ‘Orwellian’ CCTV in shires alarms senior police officer (21st May 2001)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/crime/article/0,,2084659,00.html The Guardian: Plan to identify potential offenders condemned (21st May)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/19/ncrime19.xml The Telegraph: DNA police revisit high profile murder cases (19th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2556459.ece The Independent: DNA database blunder ‘could have resulted in 200 crimes’ (18th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/localnews/display.var.1404197.0.youths_warned_not_to_use_fake_id.php The Argus: Youths warned not to use fake ID (17th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisisthenortheast.co.uk/display.var.1404576.0.peer_calls_for_babies_dna_to_stored.php The Northern Echo: Peer calls for babies’ DNA to be stored (17th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6665267.stm BBC Online: DNA failings ‘missed 183 crimes’ (17th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/story/0,,2079721,00.html The Guardian: A database of prejudice (15th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://new.edp24.co.uk/content/news/story.aspx?brand=EDPOnline&category=News&tBrand=EDPOnline&tCategory=news&itemid=NOED10%20May%202007%2008%3A09%3A49%3A133 EDP-24 (Norfolk): Car crime victims must foot the bill (10th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=453739&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Fears over innocent Britons’ DNA being given to European police forces (9th May)]<br />
**[http://www.blink.org.uk/pdescription.asp?key=14682&grp=30&cat=138 Black Information Link: Chained by our genes (3rd May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.computerworlduk.com/technology/applications/databases/news/index.cfm?newsid=2669 Computer World: EU police data-sharing plan draws criticism (19th April 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=445902&in_page_id=1766&in_a_source=&ito=1490 Mail on Sunday: Five civil servants suspended over ‘DNA espionage’ (1st April 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.yorkshiretoday.co.uk/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleID=2194926&SectionID=55 Yorkshire Post: Yorkshire cases to test DNA sampling policy (31st March 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/crime/article/0,,2044296,00.html?gusrc=rss&feed=11 The Guardian: Every child to be screened for risk of turning criminal under Blair justice plan (28th March 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/uk/6452795.stm BBC Online: ‘Retail jails’ could ease police burden (15th March 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml;jsessionid=GAUE2T1MP0CL5QFIQMGCFGGAVCBQUIV0?xml=/news/2007/02/16/ndna16.xml The Telegraph: DNA data deal ‘will create big brother Europe’ (18th February 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=10830 The Voice: Mayor urged to support DNA profiling curb (9th February 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/article209046.ece The Sunday Times: Reid ‘buries’ news that police hold DNA of 1m innocent people (17th December 2006)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/south_yorkshire/6174877.stm BBC: New DNA clue in 1964 murder hunt (13th December 2006)]<br />
**[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2016134.ece The Independent: DNA of suspects’ families to be held on police files (26th November 2006)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/11/05/nrace05.xml The Telegraph: Three in four young black men on the DNA database (5th November 2006)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6104876.stm BBC Online: Fear that DNA use ‘gone too far’ (1st November 2006)]<br />
**[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,1821676,00.html The Observer: Police DNA database is ‘spiraling out of control’(16th July 2006)]<br />
**[http://www.lookingglassnews.org/viewstory.php?storyid=5722 The Independent: More Britons have DNA held by police than rest of world (14th April 2006)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/01/09/ndna09.xml The Telegraph: Huge rise in juvenile DNA samples kept by the police]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/frontpage/story/0,16518,1678168,00.html The Guardian: DNA of 37% of black men held by police]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/01/09/ndna09.xml The Telegraph: Freedom fears as the DNA database expands]<br />
**[http://news.scotsman.com/scitech.cfm?id=680402005 The Scotsman article: Keep DNA of innocent and guilty alike]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=6549 The Voice: 1 in 3 black men are DNA profiled]<br />
**[http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18624944.900 New Scientist: Will DNA profiling fuel prejudice?]<br />
**[http://newswww.bbc.net.uk/1/low/uk_politics/4166559.stm BBC Online: DNA database Big Brother warning]<br />
<br />
== Detailed Analysis ==<br />
'''Note: This section has not yet been updated to include the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012.'''<br />
<br />
Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984 and amendments to PACE : Criminal Justice and Public Order Act (CJPOA) 1994;Criminal Evidence.<br />
<br />
<br />
(Amendment) Act 1997;Criminal Justice and Police Act (CJPA) 001;Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 2003. Changes in the Data Protection Act (DPA) 1998, the Human Rights Act (HRA) 1998 and case law.<ref name="ftn0">E.U. 9445/1/06 at 9.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
Persons convicted of any recordable offence, arrested for any recordable offense, and all crime scene stains<ref name="ftn7">See EU Current Practices at 80-81.</ref> The Counter-Terrorism Act 2008 (c.28) increased police powers for the stated purpose of countering terrorism. It allows speculative searches against DNA profiles held on behalf of the Security Service or Secret Intelligence Service and allows matches to be used “for purposes related to the identification . . . of the person from whom the material came.” In other words, a valid match can be obtained from a reference sample that did not originate from a crime scene.<br />
<br />
<br />
For Scotland: Persons convicted of any recordable offence, arrested for any recordable offense, and all crime scene stains<ref name="ftn6">See EU Current Practices at 81-83.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
England & Wales: The Justice and Public Order Act 1994 allows for the entry of the DNA profiles of all individuals who are charged with any recordable offence or who are convicted of such an offence. All DNA profiles that are derived from crime scene stains are also stored in the NDNAD.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: The Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 allows for the entry of the DNA profiles of those arrested of any recordable offence or who are convicted of such an offence. All DNA profiles that are derived from unidentified crime scene stains are also stored in the database.<br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>England & Wales: Whereas the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) allowed for the coercive taking of ‘non-intimate samples’ such as hair shafts, the Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (JPOA) changed the definition of ‘non-intimate samples’ to include buccal swabs by which police sampling powers were seriously extended. [4]</nowiki><ref name="ftn5">JPOA (1994), § 58.</ref> This provision applies to both crime suspects and convicted offenders who are arrested or convicted of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn4">Id. at § 55.</ref> The police are allowed to take a DNA sample from minors who have reached the age of ten and from mentally ill persons. There are no restrictions to the collection of crime scene samples.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: A constable or a police custody and security officer at a constable’s direction can collect a mouth swab from those arrested of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn8">Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2003, Art. 55, § 2</ref> They may use reasonable force in exercising this power.<ref name="ftn3">Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, Art. 18, § 7.</ref> A constable or a police custody and security officer at a constable’s direction can also coercively collect a mouth swab from those convicted of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn2">Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2003, Art. 55, § 3.</ref> They are allowed to take a DNA sample from minors who have reached the age of ten and from mentally ill persons. There are no restrictions to the collection of unidentified crime scene samples.<br />
<br />
<br />
Convicted persons’ and suspects’ profiles are retained indefinitely and crime scene stains are kept until they have been identified<ref name="ftn1">See EU Current Practices at 81.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
For Scotland: Convicted persons’ profiles are retained indefinitely, suspects’ profiles are retained until the underlying proceeding is abandoned or the individual is acquitted, and crime scene stains are kept until they have been identified<ref name="ftn9">See EU Current Practices at 83.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
England & Wales: The Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 (CJPA) allows for the indefinite retention of the DNA profiles of both crime suspects and convicted offenders who are arrested or convicted of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn10">CJPA (2001), § 82.</ref> This provision also applies to crime suspects who are subsequently acquitted or freed of charges. The DNA profiles which are derived from unidentified crime scene stains are stored in the database until a match is found.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: The DNA profiles of those who are arrested of any recordable offence have to be removed from the database as soon as possible following the decision not to institute criminal proceedings against the person concerned or upon acquittal.<ref name="ftn11">Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, Art. 18, § 3.</ref> The DNA profiles of those convicted of any recordable offence can be retained indefinitely. The DNA profiles which are derived from unidentified crime scene stains are stored in the database until they are identified.<br />
<br />
<br />
All samples are retained indefinitely<ref name="ftn12">See EU Current Practices at 81.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
For Scotland: Convicted persons’ samples are retained indefinitely, but suspects’ samples must be destroyed upon their acquittal or when no criminal proceedings are initiated<ref name="ftn13">See EU Current Practices at 83.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
England & Wales: The CJPA 2001 allows for the indefinite retention of the DNA samples of both crime suspects and convicted offenders who are arrested or convicted of any recordable offence. This provision also applies to crime suspect who are subsequently acquitted or freed of charges.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: The DNA samples of those who are convicted of any recordable offence can be retained indefinitely. Those taken from persons who are arrested of any recordable offence have to be destroyed as soon as possible following the decision not to institute criminal proceedings against the person concerned or upon acquittal.<ref name="ftn15">Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, Art. 18, § 3.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
The Forensic Science Service, an Executive Designated staff employed by the Custodian Security clearance to Counter Terrorism Kingdom Agency of the Home Office, was responsible for the management of the National DNA Database since 1995, through the office of its Chief Scientist as Custodian of the Database, under a Memorandum of Understanding between the FSS and the Association of Chief Police Officers, revised in 2000, 2003 and again in 2005, and the oversight of the National DNA Database Board, chaired by ACPO. In July 2005, the Custodianship was transferred to the Home Office, then shortly thereafter to National Policing Improvement Agency.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: Although they can largely develop their own policies regarding the treatment of profiles and samples which are collected in the course of criminal investigations, it is not entirely correct to consider the databases of Scotland and England & Wales as two separate entities.<ref name="ftn16">P. Johnson & R. Williams, DNA and crime investigation: Scotland and the “UK National DNA Database,” 10 Scottish J. Crim. Justice Stds. 74 (2004).</ref> As Scotland exports all its profiles and unidentified crime scene stains to the NDNAD, the latter in fact contains nearly all UK profiles. As Scotland does not retain the profiles of suspects who are acquitted and against whom no criminal proceedings are instituted, these are the only profiles that stay in the custody of the Scottish police.<br />
<br />
<br />
Oracle platform with Loader (input) and Match reporting database (repository for match information) It is an Oracle 9i database. Profiles are loaded electronically but from CSV files submitted as a batch rather than messaging.<br />
<br />
<br />
All new profiles added to the Database are automatically searched on loading against all profiles held. The search regime uses 4 SGM discriminator loci to identify a matching sub-set which is then searched again using the remaining SGM Plus loci. Both exact and partial matches between Subject/crime scene and crime scene/crime scene are reported immediately (failed or rare alleles are treated as wild ‘cards’). Subject/subject matches are reported periodically.<br />
<br />
<br />
One-off ‘snapshot’ speculative searches of sample profiles that do not meet the criteria for loading to the Database are also carried out using the same search regime. ‘Familial searches’ are also carried out to help identify potential relatives of offenders whose profiles are not on the Database A monthly search is also carried out for ‘near matches’ that differ by only 1 allele; these are then investigated to see if there has been an error in the profiling.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/UgandaUganda2022-08-10T09:22:58Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>Uganda police have a DNA unit for use in specific investigations but there is no national DNA database. According to Interpol, such a DNA database is planned. Construction of a DNA databank began in 2021. In 2022, plans to include DNA in biometric IDs from 2024 were announced.<br />
<br />
==Resources==<br />
*External links<br />
**[https://www.parliament.go.ug/news/5337/construction-dna-databank-stalls-due-lack-land-title Parliament of Unganda: Construction of DNA databank stalls due to lack of land title (26th October 2021)]<br />
**[http://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/allele-frequency-of-short-tandem-repeats-strs-in-a-buganda-population-central-uganda-forensic-utility-and-parentage-testing-2157-7145.1000216.pdf Forensic Research: Allele Frequency of 15 Short Tandem Repeats (Strs) in a Buganda Population (Central Uganda): Forensic Utility and Parentage Testing (13th January 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.upf.go.ug/uganda-police-takes-leap-scientific-investigations/ Uganda Police Force: Uganda Police takes leap into scientific Investigations (17th December 2013)]<br />
**[http://africabiosystems.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Concept-Paper-Forensic-Lab-for-Uganda-Police-20130911-v1-PUBLIC.pdf Africa Biosystems Limited: Regional Forensic Referral Center Uganda Police Brief (March 2013)]<br />
<br />
*Press articles<br />
**[https://www.tuko.co.ke/world/africa/454795-ugandans-have-dna-biometric-data-captured-new-electronic-national-id-cards/ Tuko: Ugandans to Have DNA, Biometric Data Captured in New Electronic National ID Cards (17th May 2022)]<br />
**[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/oped/editorial/go-slow-on-dna-on-ids-3818016 Monitor: Go slow on DNA on IDs (17th May 2022)]<br />
**[https://www.biometricupdate.com/202205/concerns-raised-as-uganda-plans-dna-upgrade-for-biometric-id-cards Concerns raised as Uganda plans DNA upgrade for biometric ID cards (17th May 2022)]<br />
**[https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1508734/measures-government-undertake-check-insecurity New Vision: 10 measures the government to undertake to check insecurity (16th October 2019)]<br />
**[https://africa.cgtn.com/2018/03/01/ugandas-museveni-wants-dna-database-in-effort-to-fight-rising-crime/ CGTN: Uganda’s Museveni wants DNA database in effort to fight rising crime (1st March 2019)] <br />
**[http://allafrica.com/stories/201511250816.html AllAfrica: Uganda: Law On Acid Use in Offing (25th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://appablog.wordpress.com/2012/03/22/eac-to-establish-forensic-referral-center/ APO: East African Community to Establish Forensic Referral Center (23rd March 2012)]</div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/UgandaUganda2022-08-10T09:20:26Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>Uganda police have a DNA unit for use in specific investigations but there is no national DNA database. According to Interpol, such a DNA database is planned. Construction of a DNA databank began in 2021. In 2022, plans to include DNA in biometric IDs from 2024 were announced.<br />
<br />
==Resources==<br />
*External links<br />
**[https://www.parliament.go.ug/news/5337/construction-dna-databank-stalls-due-lack-land-title Parliament of Unganda: Construction of DNA databank stalls due to lack of land title (26th October 2021)]<br />
**[http://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/allele-frequency-of-short-tandem-repeats-strs-in-a-buganda-population-central-uganda-forensic-utility-and-parentage-testing-2157-7145.1000216.pdf Forensic Research: Allele Frequency of 15 Short Tandem Repeats (Strs) in a Buganda Population (Central Uganda): Forensic Utility and Parentage Testing (13th January 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.upf.go.ug/uganda-police-takes-leap-scientific-investigations/ Uganda Police Force: Uganda Police takes leap into scientific Investigations (17th December 2013)]<br />
**[http://africabiosystems.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Concept-Paper-Forensic-Lab-for-Uganda-Police-20130911-v1-PUBLIC.pdf Africa Biosystems Limited: Regional Forensic Referral Center Uganda Police Brief (March 2013)]<br />
<br />
*Press articles<br />
<br />
**[https://www.tuko.co.ke/world/africa/454795-ugandans-have-dna-biometric-data-captured-new-electronic-national-id-cards/ Tuko: Ugandans to Have DNA, Biometric Data Captured in New Electronic National ID Cards (17th May 2022)]<br />
**[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/oped/editorial/go-slow-on-dna-on-ids-3818016 Monitor: Go slow on DNA on IDs (17th May 2022)]<br />
**[https://www.biometricupdate.com/202205/concerns-raised-as-uganda-plans-dna-upgrade-for-biometric-id-cards Concerns raised as Uganda plans DNA upgrade for biometric ID cards (17th May 2022)]<br />
**[https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1508734/measures-government-undertake-check-insecurity New Vision: 10 measures the government to undertake to check insecurity (16th October 2019)]<br />
**[https://africa.cgtn.com/2018/03/01/ugandas-museveni-wants-dna-database-in-effort-to-fight-rising-crime/ CGTN: Uganda’s Museveni wants DNA database in effort to fight rising crime (1st March 2019)] <br />
**[http://allafrica.com/stories/201511250816.html AllAfrica: Uganda: Law On Acid Use in Offing (25th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://appablog.wordpress.com/2012/03/22/eac-to-establish-forensic-referral-center/ APO: East African Community to Establish Forensic Referral Center (23rd March 2012)]</div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/SingaporeSingapore2022-08-10T09:11:44Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>Singapore set up its DNA database in 2004. According to Interpol, it contained 166,821 reference DNA profiles from individuals, 3,026 crime scene DNA profiles, plus 1,369 other DNA profiles in 2011. A DNA database legislation had been adopted at that time. A new Bill was introduced in 2022 to expand the collection of DNA.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Resources==<br />
<br />
*External links<br />
**[https://www.parliament.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/registration-of-criminals-(amendment)-bill-19-2022.pdf?sfvrsn=9aa920d9_0 Registration of Criminals (Amendment) Bill 2022]<br />
**[https://www.mha.gov.sg/mediaroom/press-releases/first-reading-of-the-registration-of-criminals-amendment-bill First Reading of the Registration of Criminals (Amendment) Bill (1st August 2022)]<br />
**[http://www.academia.edu/4245661/Trumping_Communitarianism_Crime_Control_and_Forensic_DNA_Typing_and_Databanking_in_Singapore_in_press_2014_ Toom (2013): TRUMPING COMMUNITARIANISM: CRIME CONTROL AND FORENSIC DNATYPING AND DATABASING IN SINGAPORE]<br />
**[http://www.hsa.gov.sg/publish/hsaportal/en/applied_sciences/forensic_science/dna_database_laboratory.html Singapore Government: Health Sciences Authority: DNA database Laboratory]<br />
**[http://www.mha.gov.sg/basic_content.aspx?pageid=51 Singapore: The Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions)(Amendment) Bill (16th June 2007)]<br />
**[http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId%3A%22c0059ba2-6041-4ccb-bcd2-89dcbc282ccb%22%20Status%3Ainforce%20Depth%3A0;rec=0 Singapore: Registration of Criminals Act (as amended 2003)]<br />
<br />
*Press articles<br />
**[https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/mha-tables-bill-give-police-more-powers-collect-use-dna-data-1957761 Today: MHA tables Bill to give police more powers to collect, use DNA data (1st August 2022)]<br />
**[http://www.academia.edu/1031498/No_innocents_in_forensic_DNA_2011_ The Straits Times: No innocents in forensic DNA (20th October 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.singaporeupdate.com/previous2004/220704_dnadatabaselaunchedinsingapore.htm Singapore Update: DNA Database launched in Singapore (14th July 2004)]<br />
<br />
==Detailed analysis==<br />
<br />
Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act, (2000) Cap. 67, §§ 27 to 27C (Sing.)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Registration of Criminals Act, (1985) Cap. 268, §§ 13A to 13H (Sing.) <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
The provisions of the two statutes work in tandem to establish and regulate Singapore’s National DNA database.<br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act (Chapter 67) §§ 27 to 27C [added by Act No. 32 of 2004, see Digest of Acts Passed Between 1 September 2004 and 28 February 2005, 17 S. Ac. L.J. 485, 487-88 (2005) (Sing.).]</nowiki><br />
<br />
<br />
27. Interpretation of sections 27A, 27B and 27C<br />
<br />
(1) In sections 27A, 27B and 27C —<br />
<br />
"appropriate consent" means (a) for a person aged 16 years and above, the written consent of that person; (b) for a person aged 14 years and above but below the age of 16 years, the written consent of both that person and of his parent or guardian; and (c) for a person below the age of 14 years, the written consent of his parent or guardian, given to a police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau in charge of the case after that officer has informed the person concerned, his parent or guardian or both, as the case may be, of the purpose for which a body sample is required from such person and the manner by which such body sample is to be taken from him;<br />
<br />
"DNA information" means genetic information derived from the forensic DNA analysis of a body sample;<br />
<br />
(2) Subject to subsection (3), the Minister may prescribe additional types of body samples that may be taken under section 27A. <br />
<br />
(3) The additional types of body samples that may be prescribed under subsection (2) shall not include samples to be obtained from (a) the genital or anal area of a person’s body; (b) a person’s body orifice other than the mouth; or (c) the breasts of a woman. <br />
<br />
<br />
27A Taking of photographs, finger impressions, body samples, etc., from person arrested, detained or subject to police supervision<br />
<br />
<br />
(1) A police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau may exercise all or any of the following powers in respect of any person referred to in subsection (2): . . . (c) cause body samples of such person to be taken by a person authorised under section 27B (1); or (d) send any photograph, finger impression, record of particulars or body sample so taken or made to the Commissioner of Police for identification and report. <br />
<br />
(2) The powers referred to in subsection (1) may be exercised in respect of any of the following persons: (a) a person who, on 21st October 2004, is under arrest and detained under section 44 or 45; (b) a person who, on 21st October 2004, is under detention or subject to supervision under section 30, 32 or 38; (c) a person who, on or after 21st October 2004, is arrested, detained or placed under police supervision under any of the provisions of this Act. <br />
<br />
(3) Every person mentioned in subsection (2) shall . . . (c) subject to subsection (5), submit to the taking of his body samples by a person authorised under section 27B (1). <br />
<br />
(4) Where any person mentioned in subsection (2) fails, without reasonable excuse, to comply with subsection (3) (a) that person shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $1,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one month or to both; and (b) a police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau may use such force as is reasonably necessary to take or cause to be taken the photographs, finger impressions and body samples of that person. <br />
<br />
<br />
27B Further provisions for taking of body samples<br />
<br />
(1) For the purposes of section 27A(1)(c), a body sample may only be taken by (a) a registered medical practitioner; (b) a police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau who has received training for the purpose; or (c) any other suitably qualified or trained person who is duly appointed in writing by the Commissioner of Police as an authorised person for the purpose. <br />
<br />
<br />
27C Retention of photographs, finger impressions, particulars and body samples taken<br />
<br />
(1) The Commissioner of Police shall cause to be maintained . . . (b) a DNA database (whether in a computerised form or otherwise) in which shall be stored all DNA information derived from a body sample taken from a person under section 27A. <br />
<br />
(2) Any information stored in the register and the DNA database under subsection (1) may be used for all or any of the following purposes: (a) for comparison with any other information or any other DNA information, as the case may be, obtained in the course of an investigation of an offence conducted by a police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau; (b) for comparison with information in the register established under section 4 of the Registration of Criminals Act (Cap. 268) or with DNA information in the DNA Database established under section 13F of that Act, as the case may be; (ba) for comparison with information or DNA information, as the case may be, in the register or DNA database, respectively, established under (i) section 26D of the Intoxicating Substances Act (Cap. 146A); or (ii) section 40D of the Misuse of Drugs Act (Cap. 185); (c) for any proceedings for any offence; (d) for administering the register and DNA database for the purposes of this Act; (e) for such other purposes as may be prescribed. <br />
<br />
(3) Where any photograph, finger impression, record of particulars or body sample has been taken under section 27A from an arrested person and that person is subsequently released, without being (a) convicted of any offence under this Act; or (b) placed on detention or supervision under this Act, the Commissioner of Police shall cause all such photographs, finger impressions, records of particulars and body samples taken from that person to be removed from the register and DNA database maintained under subsection (1). <br />
<br />
(4) For the purposes of subsection (2)(c), . . . (b) any DNA information stored in the DNA database under subsection (1)(b); and (c) any certificate or report purporting to have been compiled or made from information stored in the register or DNA database maintained under subsection (1), shall, if produced from proper custody and authenticated by the signature of the Commissioner of Police or a police officer authorised by the Commissioner of Police, be admissible in evidence in any proceedings, without proof of signature; <nowiki>and, until the contrary is proved, shall be proof of all matters contained therein or appearing thereon. [i.e. creates a rebuttable presumption of whatever the DNA evidence is offered to prove?]</nowiki><br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>Registration of Criminals Act (Chapter 268) §§ 13A to 13H [added by Act No. 45 of 2002, see Digest of Acts Passed Between 1 September 2002 and 28t February 2003, 15 </nowiki>S. Ac. L.J. 167, 179-80 (2003) (Sing.).]<br />
<br />
<br />
13A Interpretation of this Part<br />
<br />
(1) In this Part — see Singapore Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act § 27.<br />
<br />
Body samples may be taken from arrested persons, convicted persons <nowiki>and prisoners. [if normal cannons of statutory construction apply, inclusion of “and prisoners” implies that there are “prisoners” who are not “convicted persons” (accord. </nowiki>''Russello v. United States'', 464 U.S. 16, 23 (1983) (courts should not construe different terms within the same statute to embody the same meaning.)).<br />
<br />
<br />
13B. <br />
<br />
(1) Subject to the provisions of this Part, a body sample may be taken for forensic DNA analysis from any person who, on or after the date of commencement of the Registration of Criminals (Amendment) Act 2002, (a) is arrested and accused of a crime; (b) is convicted of a crime; or (c) is serving his term of imprisonment in connection with a crime of which he has been convicted. <br />
<br />
<br />
13C Consent for taking of blood sample<br />
<br />
(1) No sample of blood shall be taken from a person who is arrested and accused of a crime unless the appropriate consent is given for the taking of the sample. <br />
<br />
(2) If the appropriate consent required under subsection (1) for the taking of a sample of blood from a person is refused without good cause or cannot be obtained despite all reasonable efforts, that person may be taken before a Magistrate and the Magistrate may, if satisfied that there is reasonable cause to believe that the sample may confirm or disprove whether that person was involved in committing the crime, order that the person provide the sample required. <br />
<br />
(3) Where it is shown that the appropriate consent required under subsection (1) for the taking of a sample of blood from a person was refused without good cause, the court, in determining (a) whether to commit that person for trial in connection with the crime of which he is accused of committing; (b) whether there is a case to answer against that person; or (c) whether that person is guilty of the crime with which he has been charged, <nowiki>may draw such inference from the refusal as it thinks proper and, based on such inference, may treat the refusal as corroboration or amounting to corroboration of any relevant evidence against that person.[i.e. refusal to submit to DNA sample creates rebuttable corroboration of whatever underlying act warranted the DNA sample?]</nowiki> <br />
<br />
<br />
13F DNA database<br />
<br />
(1) The Registrar shall maintain (whether in computerised form or otherwise) a DNA database in which shall be stored all DNA information derived from a body sample taken from a person under this Part.<nowiki> [i.e. profiles not samples]</nowiki><br />
<br />
(2) Any information stored in the DNA database may be used for any of the following purposes: (a) for forensic comparison with any other DNA information in the course of an investigation of an offence conducted by a police officer; (aa) for comparison with DNA information in the DNA database established under (i) section 27C of the Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act (Cap. 67); (ii) section 26D of the Intoxicating Substances Act (Cap. 146A); or (iii) section 40D of the Misuse of Drugs Act (Cap. 185); (b) for any proceedings for any offence; (c) for administering the DNA database for the purposes of this Part; and (d) for such other purposes as may be prescribed. <br />
<br />
<br />
13G Removal of DNA information from register upon acquittal or discharge, etc. <br />
<br />
Where any body sample has been taken under section 13B(1)(a) from a person who is under arrest and accused of a crime . . . and (a) investigations reveal that he was not involved in the commission of any crime . . . (b) it is decided that he shall not be charged with any crime and he has neither admitted to, nor been dealt with by way of being cautioned by any police officer in respect of any crime; (c) the charge or all the charges against him in respect of any crime or crimes (as the case may be) is or are withdrawn; (d) he is discharged by a court before conviction of the crime or of all the crimes (as the case may be) with which he has been charged; (e) he is acquitted of the crime or of all the crimes (as the case may be) with which he has been charged, at trial or on appeal; or (f) he is subsequently convicted of the crime but the Commissioner of Police directs under section 7 that he need not be registered under Part II, the authorised officer in charge of the case shall immediately inform the Registrar of the occurrence of the relevant event and the Registrar shall immediately remove the DNA information of that person from the DNA database.<br />
<br />
<br />
13H Removal of registrable particulars, etc., of person upon death or attainment of 100 years of age<br />
<br />
The Registrar shall remove from the register and from the DNA database the registrable particulars and DNA information of any person (a) whose death has been registered under the Registration of Births and Deaths Act (Cap.267); or (b) who, the Registrar is satisfied, has attained 100 years of age.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<references/></div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/SingaporeSingapore2022-08-10T09:10:37Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>Singapore set up its DNA database in 2004. According to Interpol, it contained 166,821 reference DNA profiles from individuals, 3,026 crime scene DNA profiles, plus 1,369 other DNA profiles in 2011. A DNA database legislation had been adopted at that time. A new Bill was introduced in 2022 to expand the collection of DNA.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Resources==<br />
<br />
*External links<br />
**[https://www.parliament.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/registration-of-criminals-(amendment)-bill-19-2022.pdf?sfvrsn=9aa920d9_0 Registration of Criminals (Amendment) Bill 2022]<br />
**[https://www.mha.gov.sg/mediaroom/press-releases/first-reading-of-the-registration-of-criminals-amendment-bill First Reading of the Registration of Criminals (Amendment) Bill (1st August 2022)]<br />
**[http://www.academia.edu/4245661/Trumping_Communitarianism_Crime_Control_and_Forensic_DNA_Typing_and_Databanking_in_Singapore_in_press_2014_ Toom (2013): TRUMPING COMMUNITARIANISM: CRIME CONTROL AND FORENSIC DNATYPING AND DATABASING IN SINGAPORE]<br />
**[http://www.hsa.gov.sg/publish/hsaportal/en/applied_sciences/forensic_science/dna_database_laboratory.html Singapore Government: Health Sciences Authority: DNA database Laboratory]<br />
**[http://www.mha.gov.sg/basic_content.aspx?pageid=51 Singapore: The Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions)(Amendment) Bill (16th June 2007)]<br />
**[http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId%3A%22c0059ba2-6041-4ccb-bcd2-89dcbc282ccb%22%20Status%3Ainforce%20Depth%3A0;rec=0 Singapore: Registration of Criminals Act (as amended 2003)]<br />
<br />
*Press articles<br />
**[https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/mha-tables-bill-give-police-more-powers-collect-use-dna-data-1957761 MHA tables Bill to give police more powers to collect, use DNA data]<br />
**[http://www.academia.edu/1031498/No_innocents_in_forensic_DNA_2011_ The Straits Times: No innocents in forensic DNA (20th October 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.singaporeupdate.com/previous2004/220704_dnadatabaselaunchedinsingapore.htm Singapore Update: DNA Database launched in Singapore (14th July 2004)]<br />
<br />
==Detailed analysis==<br />
<br />
Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act, (2000) Cap. 67, §§ 27 to 27C (Sing.)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Registration of Criminals Act, (1985) Cap. 268, §§ 13A to 13H (Sing.) <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
The provisions of the two statutes work in tandem to establish and regulate Singapore’s National DNA database.<br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act (Chapter 67) §§ 27 to 27C [added by Act No. 32 of 2004, see Digest of Acts Passed Between 1 September 2004 and 28 February 2005, 17 S. Ac. L.J. 485, 487-88 (2005) (Sing.).]</nowiki><br />
<br />
<br />
27. Interpretation of sections 27A, 27B and 27C<br />
<br />
(1) In sections 27A, 27B and 27C —<br />
<br />
"appropriate consent" means (a) for a person aged 16 years and above, the written consent of that person; (b) for a person aged 14 years and above but below the age of 16 years, the written consent of both that person and of his parent or guardian; and (c) for a person below the age of 14 years, the written consent of his parent or guardian, given to a police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau in charge of the case after that officer has informed the person concerned, his parent or guardian or both, as the case may be, of the purpose for which a body sample is required from such person and the manner by which such body sample is to be taken from him;<br />
<br />
"DNA information" means genetic information derived from the forensic DNA analysis of a body sample;<br />
<br />
(2) Subject to subsection (3), the Minister may prescribe additional types of body samples that may be taken under section 27A. <br />
<br />
(3) The additional types of body samples that may be prescribed under subsection (2) shall not include samples to be obtained from (a) the genital or anal area of a person’s body; (b) a person’s body orifice other than the mouth; or (c) the breasts of a woman. <br />
<br />
<br />
27A Taking of photographs, finger impressions, body samples, etc., from person arrested, detained or subject to police supervision<br />
<br />
<br />
(1) A police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau may exercise all or any of the following powers in respect of any person referred to in subsection (2): . . . (c) cause body samples of such person to be taken by a person authorised under section 27B (1); or (d) send any photograph, finger impression, record of particulars or body sample so taken or made to the Commissioner of Police for identification and report. <br />
<br />
(2) The powers referred to in subsection (1) may be exercised in respect of any of the following persons: (a) a person who, on 21st October 2004, is under arrest and detained under section 44 or 45; (b) a person who, on 21st October 2004, is under detention or subject to supervision under section 30, 32 or 38; (c) a person who, on or after 21st October 2004, is arrested, detained or placed under police supervision under any of the provisions of this Act. <br />
<br />
(3) Every person mentioned in subsection (2) shall . . . (c) subject to subsection (5), submit to the taking of his body samples by a person authorised under section 27B (1). <br />
<br />
(4) Where any person mentioned in subsection (2) fails, without reasonable excuse, to comply with subsection (3) (a) that person shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $1,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one month or to both; and (b) a police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau may use such force as is reasonably necessary to take or cause to be taken the photographs, finger impressions and body samples of that person. <br />
<br />
<br />
27B Further provisions for taking of body samples<br />
<br />
(1) For the purposes of section 27A(1)(c), a body sample may only be taken by (a) a registered medical practitioner; (b) a police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau who has received training for the purpose; or (c) any other suitably qualified or trained person who is duly appointed in writing by the Commissioner of Police as an authorised person for the purpose. <br />
<br />
<br />
27C Retention of photographs, finger impressions, particulars and body samples taken<br />
<br />
(1) The Commissioner of Police shall cause to be maintained . . . (b) a DNA database (whether in a computerised form or otherwise) in which shall be stored all DNA information derived from a body sample taken from a person under section 27A. <br />
<br />
(2) Any information stored in the register and the DNA database under subsection (1) may be used for all or any of the following purposes: (a) for comparison with any other information or any other DNA information, as the case may be, obtained in the course of an investigation of an offence conducted by a police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau; (b) for comparison with information in the register established under section 4 of the Registration of Criminals Act (Cap. 268) or with DNA information in the DNA Database established under section 13F of that Act, as the case may be; (ba) for comparison with information or DNA information, as the case may be, in the register or DNA database, respectively, established under (i) section 26D of the Intoxicating Substances Act (Cap. 146A); or (ii) section 40D of the Misuse of Drugs Act (Cap. 185); (c) for any proceedings for any offence; (d) for administering the register and DNA database for the purposes of this Act; (e) for such other purposes as may be prescribed. <br />
<br />
(3) Where any photograph, finger impression, record of particulars or body sample has been taken under section 27A from an arrested person and that person is subsequently released, without being (a) convicted of any offence under this Act; or (b) placed on detention or supervision under this Act, the Commissioner of Police shall cause all such photographs, finger impressions, records of particulars and body samples taken from that person to be removed from the register and DNA database maintained under subsection (1). <br />
<br />
(4) For the purposes of subsection (2)(c), . . . (b) any DNA information stored in the DNA database under subsection (1)(b); and (c) any certificate or report purporting to have been compiled or made from information stored in the register or DNA database maintained under subsection (1), shall, if produced from proper custody and authenticated by the signature of the Commissioner of Police or a police officer authorised by the Commissioner of Police, be admissible in evidence in any proceedings, without proof of signature; <nowiki>and, until the contrary is proved, shall be proof of all matters contained therein or appearing thereon. [i.e. creates a rebuttable presumption of whatever the DNA evidence is offered to prove?]</nowiki><br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>Registration of Criminals Act (Chapter 268) §§ 13A to 13H [added by Act No. 45 of 2002, see Digest of Acts Passed Between 1 September 2002 and 28t February 2003, 15 </nowiki>S. Ac. L.J. 167, 179-80 (2003) (Sing.).]<br />
<br />
<br />
13A Interpretation of this Part<br />
<br />
(1) In this Part — see Singapore Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act § 27.<br />
<br />
Body samples may be taken from arrested persons, convicted persons <nowiki>and prisoners. [if normal cannons of statutory construction apply, inclusion of “and prisoners” implies that there are “prisoners” who are not “convicted persons” (accord. </nowiki>''Russello v. United States'', 464 U.S. 16, 23 (1983) (courts should not construe different terms within the same statute to embody the same meaning.)).<br />
<br />
<br />
13B. <br />
<br />
(1) Subject to the provisions of this Part, a body sample may be taken for forensic DNA analysis from any person who, on or after the date of commencement of the Registration of Criminals (Amendment) Act 2002, (a) is arrested and accused of a crime; (b) is convicted of a crime; or (c) is serving his term of imprisonment in connection with a crime of which he has been convicted. <br />
<br />
<br />
13C Consent for taking of blood sample<br />
<br />
(1) No sample of blood shall be taken from a person who is arrested and accused of a crime unless the appropriate consent is given for the taking of the sample. <br />
<br />
(2) If the appropriate consent required under subsection (1) for the taking of a sample of blood from a person is refused without good cause or cannot be obtained despite all reasonable efforts, that person may be taken before a Magistrate and the Magistrate may, if satisfied that there is reasonable cause to believe that the sample may confirm or disprove whether that person was involved in committing the crime, order that the person provide the sample required. <br />
<br />
(3) Where it is shown that the appropriate consent required under subsection (1) for the taking of a sample of blood from a person was refused without good cause, the court, in determining (a) whether to commit that person for trial in connection with the crime of which he is accused of committing; (b) whether there is a case to answer against that person; or (c) whether that person is guilty of the crime with which he has been charged, <nowiki>may draw such inference from the refusal as it thinks proper and, based on such inference, may treat the refusal as corroboration or amounting to corroboration of any relevant evidence against that person.[i.e. refusal to submit to DNA sample creates rebuttable corroboration of whatever underlying act warranted the DNA sample?]</nowiki> <br />
<br />
<br />
13F DNA database<br />
<br />
(1) The Registrar shall maintain (whether in computerised form or otherwise) a DNA database in which shall be stored all DNA information derived from a body sample taken from a person under this Part.<nowiki> [i.e. profiles not samples]</nowiki><br />
<br />
(2) Any information stored in the DNA database may be used for any of the following purposes: (a) for forensic comparison with any other DNA information in the course of an investigation of an offence conducted by a police officer; (aa) for comparison with DNA information in the DNA database established under (i) section 27C of the Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act (Cap. 67); (ii) section 26D of the Intoxicating Substances Act (Cap. 146A); or (iii) section 40D of the Misuse of Drugs Act (Cap. 185); (b) for any proceedings for any offence; (c) for administering the DNA database for the purposes of this Part; and (d) for such other purposes as may be prescribed. <br />
<br />
<br />
13G Removal of DNA information from register upon acquittal or discharge, etc. <br />
<br />
Where any body sample has been taken under section 13B(1)(a) from a person who is under arrest and accused of a crime . . . and (a) investigations reveal that he was not involved in the commission of any crime . . . (b) it is decided that he shall not be charged with any crime and he has neither admitted to, nor been dealt with by way of being cautioned by any police officer in respect of any crime; (c) the charge or all the charges against him in respect of any crime or crimes (as the case may be) is or are withdrawn; (d) he is discharged by a court before conviction of the crime or of all the crimes (as the case may be) with which he has been charged; (e) he is acquitted of the crime or of all the crimes (as the case may be) with which he has been charged, at trial or on appeal; or (f) he is subsequently convicted of the crime but the Commissioner of Police directs under section 7 that he need not be registered under Part II, the authorised officer in charge of the case shall immediately inform the Registrar of the occurrence of the relevant event and the Registrar shall immediately remove the DNA information of that person from the DNA database.<br />
<br />
<br />
13H Removal of registrable particulars, etc., of person upon death or attainment of 100 years of age<br />
<br />
The Registrar shall remove from the register and from the DNA database the registrable particulars and DNA information of any person (a) whose death has been registered under the Registration of Births and Deaths Act (Cap.267); or (b) who, the Registrar is satisfied, has attained 100 years of age.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<references/></div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/SingaporeSingapore2022-08-10T09:09:00Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>Singapore set up its DNA database in 2004. According to Interpol, it contained 166,821 reference DNA profiles from individuals, 3,026 crime scene DNA profiles, plus 1,369 other DNA profiles in 2011. A DNA database legislation had been adopted at that time. A new Bill was introduced in 2022 to expand the collection of DNA.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Resources==<br />
<br />
*External links<br />
**[https://www.parliament.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/registration-of-criminals-(amendment)-bill-19-2022.pdf?sfvrsn=9aa920d9_0 Registration of Criminals (Amendment) Bill 2022]<br />
**[https://www.mha.gov.sg/mediaroom/press-releases/first-reading-of-the-registration-of-criminals-amendment-bill First Reading of the Registration of Criminals (Amendment) Bill (1st August 2022)]<br />
**[http://www.academia.edu/4245661/Trumping_Communitarianism_Crime_Control_and_Forensic_DNA_Typing_and_Databanking_in_Singapore_in_press_2014_ Toom (2013): TRUMPING COMMUNITARIANISM: CRIME CONTROL AND FORENSIC DNATYPING AND DATABASING IN SINGAPORE]<br />
**[http://www.hsa.gov.sg/publish/hsaportal/en/applied_sciences/forensic_science/dna_database_laboratory.html Singapore Government: Health Sciences Authority: DNA database Laboratory]<br />
**[http://www.mha.gov.sg/basic_content.aspx?pageid=51 Singapore: The Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions)(Amendment) Bill (16th June 2007)]<br />
**[http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId%3A%22c0059ba2-6041-4ccb-bcd2-89dcbc282ccb%22%20Status%3Ainforce%20Depth%3A0;rec=0 Singapore: Registration of Criminals Act (as amended 2003)]<br />
<br />
*Press articles<br />
**[http://www.academia.edu/1031498/No_innocents_in_forensic_DNA_2011_ The Straits Times: No innocents in forensic DNA (20th October 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.singaporeupdate.com/previous2004/220704_dnadatabaselaunchedinsingapore.htm Singapore Update: DNA Database launched in Singapore (14th July 2004)]<br />
<br />
==Detailed analysis==<br />
<br />
Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act, (2000) Cap. 67, §§ 27 to 27C (Sing.)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Registration of Criminals Act, (1985) Cap. 268, §§ 13A to 13H (Sing.) <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
The provisions of the two statutes work in tandem to establish and regulate Singapore’s National DNA database.<br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act (Chapter 67) §§ 27 to 27C [added by Act No. 32 of 2004, see Digest of Acts Passed Between 1 September 2004 and 28 February 2005, 17 S. Ac. L.J. 485, 487-88 (2005) (Sing.).]</nowiki><br />
<br />
<br />
27. Interpretation of sections 27A, 27B and 27C<br />
<br />
(1) In sections 27A, 27B and 27C —<br />
<br />
"appropriate consent" means (a) for a person aged 16 years and above, the written consent of that person; (b) for a person aged 14 years and above but below the age of 16 years, the written consent of both that person and of his parent or guardian; and (c) for a person below the age of 14 years, the written consent of his parent or guardian, given to a police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau in charge of the case after that officer has informed the person concerned, his parent or guardian or both, as the case may be, of the purpose for which a body sample is required from such person and the manner by which such body sample is to be taken from him;<br />
<br />
"DNA information" means genetic information derived from the forensic DNA analysis of a body sample;<br />
<br />
(2) Subject to subsection (3), the Minister may prescribe additional types of body samples that may be taken under section 27A. <br />
<br />
(3) The additional types of body samples that may be prescribed under subsection (2) shall not include samples to be obtained from (a) the genital or anal area of a person’s body; (b) a person’s body orifice other than the mouth; or (c) the breasts of a woman. <br />
<br />
<br />
27A Taking of photographs, finger impressions, body samples, etc., from person arrested, detained or subject to police supervision<br />
<br />
<br />
(1) A police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau may exercise all or any of the following powers in respect of any person referred to in subsection (2): . . . (c) cause body samples of such person to be taken by a person authorised under section 27B (1); or (d) send any photograph, finger impression, record of particulars or body sample so taken or made to the Commissioner of Police for identification and report. <br />
<br />
(2) The powers referred to in subsection (1) may be exercised in respect of any of the following persons: (a) a person who, on 21st October 2004, is under arrest and detained under section 44 or 45; (b) a person who, on 21st October 2004, is under detention or subject to supervision under section 30, 32 or 38; (c) a person who, on or after 21st October 2004, is arrested, detained or placed under police supervision under any of the provisions of this Act. <br />
<br />
(3) Every person mentioned in subsection (2) shall . . . (c) subject to subsection (5), submit to the taking of his body samples by a person authorised under section 27B (1). <br />
<br />
(4) Where any person mentioned in subsection (2) fails, without reasonable excuse, to comply with subsection (3) (a) that person shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $1,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one month or to both; and (b) a police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau may use such force as is reasonably necessary to take or cause to be taken the photographs, finger impressions and body samples of that person. <br />
<br />
<br />
27B Further provisions for taking of body samples<br />
<br />
(1) For the purposes of section 27A(1)(c), a body sample may only be taken by (a) a registered medical practitioner; (b) a police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau who has received training for the purpose; or (c) any other suitably qualified or trained person who is duly appointed in writing by the Commissioner of Police as an authorised person for the purpose. <br />
<br />
<br />
27C Retention of photographs, finger impressions, particulars and body samples taken<br />
<br />
(1) The Commissioner of Police shall cause to be maintained . . . (b) a DNA database (whether in a computerised form or otherwise) in which shall be stored all DNA information derived from a body sample taken from a person under section 27A. <br />
<br />
(2) Any information stored in the register and the DNA database under subsection (1) may be used for all or any of the following purposes: (a) for comparison with any other information or any other DNA information, as the case may be, obtained in the course of an investigation of an offence conducted by a police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau; (b) for comparison with information in the register established under section 4 of the Registration of Criminals Act (Cap. 268) or with DNA information in the DNA Database established under section 13F of that Act, as the case may be; (ba) for comparison with information or DNA information, as the case may be, in the register or DNA database, respectively, established under (i) section 26D of the Intoxicating Substances Act (Cap. 146A); or (ii) section 40D of the Misuse of Drugs Act (Cap. 185); (c) for any proceedings for any offence; (d) for administering the register and DNA database for the purposes of this Act; (e) for such other purposes as may be prescribed. <br />
<br />
(3) Where any photograph, finger impression, record of particulars or body sample has been taken under section 27A from an arrested person and that person is subsequently released, without being (a) convicted of any offence under this Act; or (b) placed on detention or supervision under this Act, the Commissioner of Police shall cause all such photographs, finger impressions, records of particulars and body samples taken from that person to be removed from the register and DNA database maintained under subsection (1). <br />
<br />
(4) For the purposes of subsection (2)(c), . . . (b) any DNA information stored in the DNA database under subsection (1)(b); and (c) any certificate or report purporting to have been compiled or made from information stored in the register or DNA database maintained under subsection (1), shall, if produced from proper custody and authenticated by the signature of the Commissioner of Police or a police officer authorised by the Commissioner of Police, be admissible in evidence in any proceedings, without proof of signature; <nowiki>and, until the contrary is proved, shall be proof of all matters contained therein or appearing thereon. [i.e. creates a rebuttable presumption of whatever the DNA evidence is offered to prove?]</nowiki><br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>Registration of Criminals Act (Chapter 268) §§ 13A to 13H [added by Act No. 45 of 2002, see Digest of Acts Passed Between 1 September 2002 and 28t February 2003, 15 </nowiki>S. Ac. L.J. 167, 179-80 (2003) (Sing.).]<br />
<br />
<br />
13A Interpretation of this Part<br />
<br />
(1) In this Part — see Singapore Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act § 27.<br />
<br />
Body samples may be taken from arrested persons, convicted persons <nowiki>and prisoners. [if normal cannons of statutory construction apply, inclusion of “and prisoners” implies that there are “prisoners” who are not “convicted persons” (accord. </nowiki>''Russello v. United States'', 464 U.S. 16, 23 (1983) (courts should not construe different terms within the same statute to embody the same meaning.)).<br />
<br />
<br />
13B. <br />
<br />
(1) Subject to the provisions of this Part, a body sample may be taken for forensic DNA analysis from any person who, on or after the date of commencement of the Registration of Criminals (Amendment) Act 2002, (a) is arrested and accused of a crime; (b) is convicted of a crime; or (c) is serving his term of imprisonment in connection with a crime of which he has been convicted. <br />
<br />
<br />
13C Consent for taking of blood sample<br />
<br />
(1) No sample of blood shall be taken from a person who is arrested and accused of a crime unless the appropriate consent is given for the taking of the sample. <br />
<br />
(2) If the appropriate consent required under subsection (1) for the taking of a sample of blood from a person is refused without good cause or cannot be obtained despite all reasonable efforts, that person may be taken before a Magistrate and the Magistrate may, if satisfied that there is reasonable cause to believe that the sample may confirm or disprove whether that person was involved in committing the crime, order that the person provide the sample required. <br />
<br />
(3) Where it is shown that the appropriate consent required under subsection (1) for the taking of a sample of blood from a person was refused without good cause, the court, in determining (a) whether to commit that person for trial in connection with the crime of which he is accused of committing; (b) whether there is a case to answer against that person; or (c) whether that person is guilty of the crime with which he has been charged, <nowiki>may draw such inference from the refusal as it thinks proper and, based on such inference, may treat the refusal as corroboration or amounting to corroboration of any relevant evidence against that person.[i.e. refusal to submit to DNA sample creates rebuttable corroboration of whatever underlying act warranted the DNA sample?]</nowiki> <br />
<br />
<br />
13F DNA database<br />
<br />
(1) The Registrar shall maintain (whether in computerised form or otherwise) a DNA database in which shall be stored all DNA information derived from a body sample taken from a person under this Part.<nowiki> [i.e. profiles not samples]</nowiki><br />
<br />
(2) Any information stored in the DNA database may be used for any of the following purposes: (a) for forensic comparison with any other DNA information in the course of an investigation of an offence conducted by a police officer; (aa) for comparison with DNA information in the DNA database established under (i) section 27C of the Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act (Cap. 67); (ii) section 26D of the Intoxicating Substances Act (Cap. 146A); or (iii) section 40D of the Misuse of Drugs Act (Cap. 185); (b) for any proceedings for any offence; (c) for administering the DNA database for the purposes of this Part; and (d) for such other purposes as may be prescribed. <br />
<br />
<br />
13G Removal of DNA information from register upon acquittal or discharge, etc. <br />
<br />
Where any body sample has been taken under section 13B(1)(a) from a person who is under arrest and accused of a crime . . . and (a) investigations reveal that he was not involved in the commission of any crime . . . (b) it is decided that he shall not be charged with any crime and he has neither admitted to, nor been dealt with by way of being cautioned by any police officer in respect of any crime; (c) the charge or all the charges against him in respect of any crime or crimes (as the case may be) is or are withdrawn; (d) he is discharged by a court before conviction of the crime or of all the crimes (as the case may be) with which he has been charged; (e) he is acquitted of the crime or of all the crimes (as the case may be) with which he has been charged, at trial or on appeal; or (f) he is subsequently convicted of the crime but the Commissioner of Police directs under section 7 that he need not be registered under Part II, the authorised officer in charge of the case shall immediately inform the Registrar of the occurrence of the relevant event and the Registrar shall immediately remove the DNA information of that person from the DNA database.<br />
<br />
<br />
13H Removal of registrable particulars, etc., of person upon death or attainment of 100 years of age<br />
<br />
The Registrar shall remove from the register and from the DNA database the registrable particulars and DNA information of any person (a) whose death has been registered under the Registration of Births and Deaths Act (Cap.267); or (b) who, the Registrar is satisfied, has attained 100 years of age.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<references/></div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/SingaporeSingapore2022-08-10T09:08:24Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>Singapore set up its DNA database in 2004. According to Interpol, it contained 166,821 reference DNA profiles from individuals, 3,026 crime scene DNA profiles, plus 1,369 other DNA profiles in 2011. A DNA database legislation had been adopted at that time. A new Bill was introduced in 2022 to expand the collection of DNA.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Resources==<br />
<br />
*External links<br />
**[https://www.parliament.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/registration-of-criminals-(amendment)-bill-19-2022.pdf?sfvrsn=9aa920d9_0 Registration of Criminals (Amendment) Bill 2022]<br />
**[First Reading of the Registration of Criminals (Amendment) Bill (1st August 2022) https://www.mha.gov.sg/mediaroom/press-releases/first-reading-of-the-registration-of-criminals-amendment-bill]<br />
**[http://www.academia.edu/4245661/Trumping_Communitarianism_Crime_Control_and_Forensic_DNA_Typing_and_Databanking_in_Singapore_in_press_2014_ Toom (2013): TRUMPING COMMUNITARIANISM: CRIME CONTROL AND FORENSIC DNATYPING AND DATABASING IN SINGAPORE]<br />
**[http://www.hsa.gov.sg/publish/hsaportal/en/applied_sciences/forensic_science/dna_database_laboratory.html Singapore Government: Health Sciences Authority: DNA database Laboratory]<br />
**[http://www.mha.gov.sg/basic_content.aspx?pageid=51 Singapore: The Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions)(Amendment) Bill (16th June 2007)]<br />
**[http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId%3A%22c0059ba2-6041-4ccb-bcd2-89dcbc282ccb%22%20Status%3Ainforce%20Depth%3A0;rec=0 Singapore: Registration of Criminals Act (as amended 2003)]<br />
<br />
*Press articles<br />
**[http://www.academia.edu/1031498/No_innocents_in_forensic_DNA_2011_ The Straits Times: No innocents in forensic DNA (20th October 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.singaporeupdate.com/previous2004/220704_dnadatabaselaunchedinsingapore.htm Singapore Update: DNA Database launched in Singapore (14th July 2004)]<br />
<br />
==Detailed analysis==<br />
<br />
Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act, (2000) Cap. 67, §§ 27 to 27C (Sing.)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Registration of Criminals Act, (1985) Cap. 268, §§ 13A to 13H (Sing.) <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
The provisions of the two statutes work in tandem to establish and regulate Singapore’s National DNA database.<br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act (Chapter 67) §§ 27 to 27C [added by Act No. 32 of 2004, see Digest of Acts Passed Between 1 September 2004 and 28 February 2005, 17 S. Ac. L.J. 485, 487-88 (2005) (Sing.).]</nowiki><br />
<br />
<br />
27. Interpretation of sections 27A, 27B and 27C<br />
<br />
(1) In sections 27A, 27B and 27C —<br />
<br />
"appropriate consent" means (a) for a person aged 16 years and above, the written consent of that person; (b) for a person aged 14 years and above but below the age of 16 years, the written consent of both that person and of his parent or guardian; and (c) for a person below the age of 14 years, the written consent of his parent or guardian, given to a police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau in charge of the case after that officer has informed the person concerned, his parent or guardian or both, as the case may be, of the purpose for which a body sample is required from such person and the manner by which such body sample is to be taken from him;<br />
<br />
"DNA information" means genetic information derived from the forensic DNA analysis of a body sample;<br />
<br />
(2) Subject to subsection (3), the Minister may prescribe additional types of body samples that may be taken under section 27A. <br />
<br />
(3) The additional types of body samples that may be prescribed under subsection (2) shall not include samples to be obtained from (a) the genital or anal area of a person’s body; (b) a person’s body orifice other than the mouth; or (c) the breasts of a woman. <br />
<br />
<br />
27A Taking of photographs, finger impressions, body samples, etc., from person arrested, detained or subject to police supervision<br />
<br />
<br />
(1) A police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau may exercise all or any of the following powers in respect of any person referred to in subsection (2): . . . (c) cause body samples of such person to be taken by a person authorised under section 27B (1); or (d) send any photograph, finger impression, record of particulars or body sample so taken or made to the Commissioner of Police for identification and report. <br />
<br />
(2) The powers referred to in subsection (1) may be exercised in respect of any of the following persons: (a) a person who, on 21st October 2004, is under arrest and detained under section 44 or 45; (b) a person who, on 21st October 2004, is under detention or subject to supervision under section 30, 32 or 38; (c) a person who, on or after 21st October 2004, is arrested, detained or placed under police supervision under any of the provisions of this Act. <br />
<br />
(3) Every person mentioned in subsection (2) shall . . . (c) subject to subsection (5), submit to the taking of his body samples by a person authorised under section 27B (1). <br />
<br />
(4) Where any person mentioned in subsection (2) fails, without reasonable excuse, to comply with subsection (3) (a) that person shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $1,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one month or to both; and (b) a police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau may use such force as is reasonably necessary to take or cause to be taken the photographs, finger impressions and body samples of that person. <br />
<br />
<br />
27B Further provisions for taking of body samples<br />
<br />
(1) For the purposes of section 27A(1)(c), a body sample may only be taken by (a) a registered medical practitioner; (b) a police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau who has received training for the purpose; or (c) any other suitably qualified or trained person who is duly appointed in writing by the Commissioner of Police as an authorised person for the purpose. <br />
<br />
<br />
27C Retention of photographs, finger impressions, particulars and body samples taken<br />
<br />
(1) The Commissioner of Police shall cause to be maintained . . . (b) a DNA database (whether in a computerised form or otherwise) in which shall be stored all DNA information derived from a body sample taken from a person under section 27A. <br />
<br />
(2) Any information stored in the register and the DNA database under subsection (1) may be used for all or any of the following purposes: (a) for comparison with any other information or any other DNA information, as the case may be, obtained in the course of an investigation of an offence conducted by a police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau; (b) for comparison with information in the register established under section 4 of the Registration of Criminals Act (Cap. 268) or with DNA information in the DNA Database established under section 13F of that Act, as the case may be; (ba) for comparison with information or DNA information, as the case may be, in the register or DNA database, respectively, established under (i) section 26D of the Intoxicating Substances Act (Cap. 146A); or (ii) section 40D of the Misuse of Drugs Act (Cap. 185); (c) for any proceedings for any offence; (d) for administering the register and DNA database for the purposes of this Act; (e) for such other purposes as may be prescribed. <br />
<br />
(3) Where any photograph, finger impression, record of particulars or body sample has been taken under section 27A from an arrested person and that person is subsequently released, without being (a) convicted of any offence under this Act; or (b) placed on detention or supervision under this Act, the Commissioner of Police shall cause all such photographs, finger impressions, records of particulars and body samples taken from that person to be removed from the register and DNA database maintained under subsection (1). <br />
<br />
(4) For the purposes of subsection (2)(c), . . . (b) any DNA information stored in the DNA database under subsection (1)(b); and (c) any certificate or report purporting to have been compiled or made from information stored in the register or DNA database maintained under subsection (1), shall, if produced from proper custody and authenticated by the signature of the Commissioner of Police or a police officer authorised by the Commissioner of Police, be admissible in evidence in any proceedings, without proof of signature; <nowiki>and, until the contrary is proved, shall be proof of all matters contained therein or appearing thereon. [i.e. creates a rebuttable presumption of whatever the DNA evidence is offered to prove?]</nowiki><br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>Registration of Criminals Act (Chapter 268) §§ 13A to 13H [added by Act No. 45 of 2002, see Digest of Acts Passed Between 1 September 2002 and 28t February 2003, 15 </nowiki>S. Ac. L.J. 167, 179-80 (2003) (Sing.).]<br />
<br />
<br />
13A Interpretation of this Part<br />
<br />
(1) In this Part — see Singapore Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act § 27.<br />
<br />
Body samples may be taken from arrested persons, convicted persons <nowiki>and prisoners. [if normal cannons of statutory construction apply, inclusion of “and prisoners” implies that there are “prisoners” who are not “convicted persons” (accord. </nowiki>''Russello v. United States'', 464 U.S. 16, 23 (1983) (courts should not construe different terms within the same statute to embody the same meaning.)).<br />
<br />
<br />
13B. <br />
<br />
(1) Subject to the provisions of this Part, a body sample may be taken for forensic DNA analysis from any person who, on or after the date of commencement of the Registration of Criminals (Amendment) Act 2002, (a) is arrested and accused of a crime; (b) is convicted of a crime; or (c) is serving his term of imprisonment in connection with a crime of which he has been convicted. <br />
<br />
<br />
13C Consent for taking of blood sample<br />
<br />
(1) No sample of blood shall be taken from a person who is arrested and accused of a crime unless the appropriate consent is given for the taking of the sample. <br />
<br />
(2) If the appropriate consent required under subsection (1) for the taking of a sample of blood from a person is refused without good cause or cannot be obtained despite all reasonable efforts, that person may be taken before a Magistrate and the Magistrate may, if satisfied that there is reasonable cause to believe that the sample may confirm or disprove whether that person was involved in committing the crime, order that the person provide the sample required. <br />
<br />
(3) Where it is shown that the appropriate consent required under subsection (1) for the taking of a sample of blood from a person was refused without good cause, the court, in determining (a) whether to commit that person for trial in connection with the crime of which he is accused of committing; (b) whether there is a case to answer against that person; or (c) whether that person is guilty of the crime with which he has been charged, <nowiki>may draw such inference from the refusal as it thinks proper and, based on such inference, may treat the refusal as corroboration or amounting to corroboration of any relevant evidence against that person.[i.e. refusal to submit to DNA sample creates rebuttable corroboration of whatever underlying act warranted the DNA sample?]</nowiki> <br />
<br />
<br />
13F DNA database<br />
<br />
(1) The Registrar shall maintain (whether in computerised form or otherwise) a DNA database in which shall be stored all DNA information derived from a body sample taken from a person under this Part.<nowiki> [i.e. profiles not samples]</nowiki><br />
<br />
(2) Any information stored in the DNA database may be used for any of the following purposes: (a) for forensic comparison with any other DNA information in the course of an investigation of an offence conducted by a police officer; (aa) for comparison with DNA information in the DNA database established under (i) section 27C of the Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act (Cap. 67); (ii) section 26D of the Intoxicating Substances Act (Cap. 146A); or (iii) section 40D of the Misuse of Drugs Act (Cap. 185); (b) for any proceedings for any offence; (c) for administering the DNA database for the purposes of this Part; and (d) for such other purposes as may be prescribed. <br />
<br />
<br />
13G Removal of DNA information from register upon acquittal or discharge, etc. <br />
<br />
Where any body sample has been taken under section 13B(1)(a) from a person who is under arrest and accused of a crime . . . and (a) investigations reveal that he was not involved in the commission of any crime . . . (b) it is decided that he shall not be charged with any crime and he has neither admitted to, nor been dealt with by way of being cautioned by any police officer in respect of any crime; (c) the charge or all the charges against him in respect of any crime or crimes (as the case may be) is or are withdrawn; (d) he is discharged by a court before conviction of the crime or of all the crimes (as the case may be) with which he has been charged; (e) he is acquitted of the crime or of all the crimes (as the case may be) with which he has been charged, at trial or on appeal; or (f) he is subsequently convicted of the crime but the Commissioner of Police directs under section 7 that he need not be registered under Part II, the authorised officer in charge of the case shall immediately inform the Registrar of the occurrence of the relevant event and the Registrar shall immediately remove the DNA information of that person from the DNA database.<br />
<br />
<br />
13H Removal of registrable particulars, etc., of person upon death or attainment of 100 years of age<br />
<br />
The Registrar shall remove from the register and from the DNA database the registrable particulars and DNA information of any person (a) whose death has been registered under the Registration of Births and Deaths Act (Cap.267); or (b) who, the Registrar is satisfied, has attained 100 years of age.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<references/></div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/SingaporeSingapore2022-08-10T09:06:37Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>Singapore set up its DNA database in 2004. According to Interpol, it contained 166,821 reference DNA profiles from individuals, 3,026 crime scene DNA profiles, plus 1,369 other DNA profiles in 2011. A DNA database legislation had been adopted at that time. A new Bill was introduced in 2022 to expand the collection of DNA.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Resources==<br />
<br />
*External links<br />
**[https://www.parliament.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/registration-of-criminals-(amendment)-bill-19-2022.pdf?sfvrsn=9aa920d9_0 Registration of Criminals (Amendment) Bill 2022]<br />
**[http://www.academia.edu/4245661/Trumping_Communitarianism_Crime_Control_and_Forensic_DNA_Typing_and_Databanking_in_Singapore_in_press_2014_ Toom (2013): TRUMPING COMMUNITARIANISM: CRIME CONTROL AND FORENSIC DNATYPING AND DATABASING IN SINGAPORE]<br />
**[http://www.hsa.gov.sg/publish/hsaportal/en/applied_sciences/forensic_science/dna_database_laboratory.html Singapore Government: Health Sciences Authority: DNA database Laboratory]<br />
**[http://www.mha.gov.sg/basic_content.aspx?pageid=51 Singapore: The Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions)(Amendment) Bill (16th June 2007)]<br />
**[http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId%3A%22c0059ba2-6041-4ccb-bcd2-89dcbc282ccb%22%20Status%3Ainforce%20Depth%3A0;rec=0 Singapore: Registration of Criminals Act (as amended 2003)]<br />
<br />
*Press articles<br />
**[http://www.academia.edu/1031498/No_innocents_in_forensic_DNA_2011_ The Straits Times: No innocents in forensic DNA (20th October 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.singaporeupdate.com/previous2004/220704_dnadatabaselaunchedinsingapore.htm Singapore Update: DNA Database launched in Singapore (14th July 2004)]<br />
<br />
==Detailed analysis==<br />
<br />
Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act, (2000) Cap. 67, §§ 27 to 27C (Sing.)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Registration of Criminals Act, (1985) Cap. 268, §§ 13A to 13H (Sing.) <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
The provisions of the two statutes work in tandem to establish and regulate Singapore’s National DNA database.<br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act (Chapter 67) §§ 27 to 27C [added by Act No. 32 of 2004, see Digest of Acts Passed Between 1 September 2004 and 28 February 2005, 17 S. Ac. L.J. 485, 487-88 (2005) (Sing.).]</nowiki><br />
<br />
<br />
27. Interpretation of sections 27A, 27B and 27C<br />
<br />
(1) In sections 27A, 27B and 27C —<br />
<br />
"appropriate consent" means (a) for a person aged 16 years and above, the written consent of that person; (b) for a person aged 14 years and above but below the age of 16 years, the written consent of both that person and of his parent or guardian; and (c) for a person below the age of 14 years, the written consent of his parent or guardian, given to a police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau in charge of the case after that officer has informed the person concerned, his parent or guardian or both, as the case may be, of the purpose for which a body sample is required from such person and the manner by which such body sample is to be taken from him;<br />
<br />
"DNA information" means genetic information derived from the forensic DNA analysis of a body sample;<br />
<br />
(2) Subject to subsection (3), the Minister may prescribe additional types of body samples that may be taken under section 27A. <br />
<br />
(3) The additional types of body samples that may be prescribed under subsection (2) shall not include samples to be obtained from (a) the genital or anal area of a person’s body; (b) a person’s body orifice other than the mouth; or (c) the breasts of a woman. <br />
<br />
<br />
27A Taking of photographs, finger impressions, body samples, etc., from person arrested, detained or subject to police supervision<br />
<br />
<br />
(1) A police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau may exercise all or any of the following powers in respect of any person referred to in subsection (2): . . . (c) cause body samples of such person to be taken by a person authorised under section 27B (1); or (d) send any photograph, finger impression, record of particulars or body sample so taken or made to the Commissioner of Police for identification and report. <br />
<br />
(2) The powers referred to in subsection (1) may be exercised in respect of any of the following persons: (a) a person who, on 21st October 2004, is under arrest and detained under section 44 or 45; (b) a person who, on 21st October 2004, is under detention or subject to supervision under section 30, 32 or 38; (c) a person who, on or after 21st October 2004, is arrested, detained or placed under police supervision under any of the provisions of this Act. <br />
<br />
(3) Every person mentioned in subsection (2) shall . . . (c) subject to subsection (5), submit to the taking of his body samples by a person authorised under section 27B (1). <br />
<br />
(4) Where any person mentioned in subsection (2) fails, without reasonable excuse, to comply with subsection (3) (a) that person shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $1,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one month or to both; and (b) a police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau may use such force as is reasonably necessary to take or cause to be taken the photographs, finger impressions and body samples of that person. <br />
<br />
<br />
27B Further provisions for taking of body samples<br />
<br />
(1) For the purposes of section 27A(1)(c), a body sample may only be taken by (a) a registered medical practitioner; (b) a police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau who has received training for the purpose; or (c) any other suitably qualified or trained person who is duly appointed in writing by the Commissioner of Police as an authorised person for the purpose. <br />
<br />
<br />
27C Retention of photographs, finger impressions, particulars and body samples taken<br />
<br />
(1) The Commissioner of Police shall cause to be maintained . . . (b) a DNA database (whether in a computerised form or otherwise) in which shall be stored all DNA information derived from a body sample taken from a person under section 27A. <br />
<br />
(2) Any information stored in the register and the DNA database under subsection (1) may be used for all or any of the following purposes: (a) for comparison with any other information or any other DNA information, as the case may be, obtained in the course of an investigation of an offence conducted by a police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau; (b) for comparison with information in the register established under section 4 of the Registration of Criminals Act (Cap. 268) or with DNA information in the DNA Database established under section 13F of that Act, as the case may be; (ba) for comparison with information or DNA information, as the case may be, in the register or DNA database, respectively, established under (i) section 26D of the Intoxicating Substances Act (Cap. 146A); or (ii) section 40D of the Misuse of Drugs Act (Cap. 185); (c) for any proceedings for any offence; (d) for administering the register and DNA database for the purposes of this Act; (e) for such other purposes as may be prescribed. <br />
<br />
(3) Where any photograph, finger impression, record of particulars or body sample has been taken under section 27A from an arrested person and that person is subsequently released, without being (a) convicted of any offence under this Act; or (b) placed on detention or supervision under this Act, the Commissioner of Police shall cause all such photographs, finger impressions, records of particulars and body samples taken from that person to be removed from the register and DNA database maintained under subsection (1). <br />
<br />
(4) For the purposes of subsection (2)(c), . . . (b) any DNA information stored in the DNA database under subsection (1)(b); and (c) any certificate or report purporting to have been compiled or made from information stored in the register or DNA database maintained under subsection (1), shall, if produced from proper custody and authenticated by the signature of the Commissioner of Police or a police officer authorised by the Commissioner of Police, be admissible in evidence in any proceedings, without proof of signature; <nowiki>and, until the contrary is proved, shall be proof of all matters contained therein or appearing thereon. [i.e. creates a rebuttable presumption of whatever the DNA evidence is offered to prove?]</nowiki><br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>Registration of Criminals Act (Chapter 268) §§ 13A to 13H [added by Act No. 45 of 2002, see Digest of Acts Passed Between 1 September 2002 and 28t February 2003, 15 </nowiki>S. Ac. L.J. 167, 179-80 (2003) (Sing.).]<br />
<br />
<br />
13A Interpretation of this Part<br />
<br />
(1) In this Part — see Singapore Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act § 27.<br />
<br />
Body samples may be taken from arrested persons, convicted persons <nowiki>and prisoners. [if normal cannons of statutory construction apply, inclusion of “and prisoners” implies that there are “prisoners” who are not “convicted persons” (accord. </nowiki>''Russello v. United States'', 464 U.S. 16, 23 (1983) (courts should not construe different terms within the same statute to embody the same meaning.)).<br />
<br />
<br />
13B. <br />
<br />
(1) Subject to the provisions of this Part, a body sample may be taken for forensic DNA analysis from any person who, on or after the date of commencement of the Registration of Criminals (Amendment) Act 2002, (a) is arrested and accused of a crime; (b) is convicted of a crime; or (c) is serving his term of imprisonment in connection with a crime of which he has been convicted. <br />
<br />
<br />
13C Consent for taking of blood sample<br />
<br />
(1) No sample of blood shall be taken from a person who is arrested and accused of a crime unless the appropriate consent is given for the taking of the sample. <br />
<br />
(2) If the appropriate consent required under subsection (1) for the taking of a sample of blood from a person is refused without good cause or cannot be obtained despite all reasonable efforts, that person may be taken before a Magistrate and the Magistrate may, if satisfied that there is reasonable cause to believe that the sample may confirm or disprove whether that person was involved in committing the crime, order that the person provide the sample required. <br />
<br />
(3) Where it is shown that the appropriate consent required under subsection (1) for the taking of a sample of blood from a person was refused without good cause, the court, in determining (a) whether to commit that person for trial in connection with the crime of which he is accused of committing; (b) whether there is a case to answer against that person; or (c) whether that person is guilty of the crime with which he has been charged, <nowiki>may draw such inference from the refusal as it thinks proper and, based on such inference, may treat the refusal as corroboration or amounting to corroboration of any relevant evidence against that person.[i.e. refusal to submit to DNA sample creates rebuttable corroboration of whatever underlying act warranted the DNA sample?]</nowiki> <br />
<br />
<br />
13F DNA database<br />
<br />
(1) The Registrar shall maintain (whether in computerised form or otherwise) a DNA database in which shall be stored all DNA information derived from a body sample taken from a person under this Part.<nowiki> [i.e. profiles not samples]</nowiki><br />
<br />
(2) Any information stored in the DNA database may be used for any of the following purposes: (a) for forensic comparison with any other DNA information in the course of an investigation of an offence conducted by a police officer; (aa) for comparison with DNA information in the DNA database established under (i) section 27C of the Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act (Cap. 67); (ii) section 26D of the Intoxicating Substances Act (Cap. 146A); or (iii) section 40D of the Misuse of Drugs Act (Cap. 185); (b) for any proceedings for any offence; (c) for administering the DNA database for the purposes of this Part; and (d) for such other purposes as may be prescribed. <br />
<br />
<br />
13G Removal of DNA information from register upon acquittal or discharge, etc. <br />
<br />
Where any body sample has been taken under section 13B(1)(a) from a person who is under arrest and accused of a crime . . . and (a) investigations reveal that he was not involved in the commission of any crime . . . (b) it is decided that he shall not be charged with any crime and he has neither admitted to, nor been dealt with by way of being cautioned by any police officer in respect of any crime; (c) the charge or all the charges against him in respect of any crime or crimes (as the case may be) is or are withdrawn; (d) he is discharged by a court before conviction of the crime or of all the crimes (as the case may be) with which he has been charged; (e) he is acquitted of the crime or of all the crimes (as the case may be) with which he has been charged, at trial or on appeal; or (f) he is subsequently convicted of the crime but the Commissioner of Police directs under section 7 that he need not be registered under Part II, the authorised officer in charge of the case shall immediately inform the Registrar of the occurrence of the relevant event and the Registrar shall immediately remove the DNA information of that person from the DNA database.<br />
<br />
<br />
13H Removal of registrable particulars, etc., of person upon death or attainment of 100 years of age<br />
<br />
The Registrar shall remove from the register and from the DNA database the registrable particulars and DNA information of any person (a) whose death has been registered under the Registration of Births and Deaths Act (Cap.267); or (b) who, the Registrar is satisfied, has attained 100 years of age.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<references/></div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/SingaporeSingapore2022-08-10T09:05:33Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>Singapore set up its DNA database in 2004. According to Interpol, it contained 166,821 reference DNA profiles from individuals, 3,026 crime scene DNA profiles, plus 1,369 other DNA profiles in 2011. A DNA database legislation had been adopted at that time. A new Bill was introduced in 2022 to expand the collection of DNA.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Resources==<br />
<br />
*External links<br />
**[https://www.parliament.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/registration-of-criminals-(amendment)-bill-19-2022.pdf?sfvrsn=9aa920d9_0 Registration of Criminals (Amendment) Bill 2022]<br />
**[http://www.academia.edu/4245661/Trumping_Communitarianism_Crime_Control_and_Forensic_DNA_Typing_and_Databanking_in_Singapore_in_press_2014_ Toom (2013): TRUMPING COMMUNITARIANISM: CRIME CONTROL AND FORENSIC DNATYPING AND DATABASING IN SINGAPORE]<br />
**[http://www.hsa.gov.sg/publish/hsaportal/en/applied_sciences/forensic_science/dna_database_laboratory.html Singapore Government: Health Sciences Authority: DNA database Laboratory]<br />
**[http://www.mha.gov.sg/basic_content.aspx?pageid=51 Singapore: The Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions)(Amendment) Bill (16th June 2007)]<br />
**[http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId%3A%22c0059ba2-6041-4ccb-bcd2-89dcbc282ccb%22%20Status%3Ainforce%20Depth%3A0;rec=0 Singapore: Registration of Criminals Act (as amended 2003)]<br />
<br />
*Press articles<br />
**[http://www.academia.edu/1031498/No_innocents_in_forensic_DNA_2011_ The Straits Times: No innocents in forensic DNA (20th October 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.singaporeupdate.com/previous2004/220704_dnadatabaselaunchedinsingapore.htm Singapore Update: DNA Database launched in Singapore (14th July 2004)]<br />
<br />
==Detailed analysis==<br />
<br />
Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act<ref name="ftn1"> Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act, (2000) Cap. 67, §§ 27 to 27C (Sing.)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Registration of Criminals Act<ref name="ftn2"> Registration of Criminals Act, (1985) Cap. 268, §§ 13A to 13H (Sing.) <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
The provisions of the two statutes work in tandem to establish and regulate Singapore’s National DNA database.<br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act (Chapter 67) §§ 27 to 27C [added by Act No. 32 of 2004, see Digest of Acts Passed Between 1 September 2004 and 28 February 2005, 17 S. Ac. L.J. 485, 487-88 (2005) (Sing.).]</nowiki><br />
<br />
<br />
27. Interpretation of sections 27A, 27B and 27C<br />
<br />
(1) In sections 27A, 27B and 27C —<br />
<br />
"appropriate consent" means (a) for a person aged 16 years and above, the written consent of that person; (b) for a person aged 14 years and above but below the age of 16 years, the written consent of both that person and of his parent or guardian; and (c) for a person below the age of 14 years, the written consent of his parent or guardian, given to a police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau in charge of the case after that officer has informed the person concerned, his parent or guardian or both, as the case may be, of the purpose for which a body sample is required from such person and the manner by which such body sample is to be taken from him;<br />
<br />
"DNA information" means genetic information derived from the forensic DNA analysis of a body sample;<br />
<br />
(2) Subject to subsection (3), the Minister may prescribe additional types of body samples that may be taken under section 27A. <br />
<br />
(3) The additional types of body samples that may be prescribed under subsection (2) shall not include samples to be obtained from (a) the genital or anal area of a person’s body; (b) a person’s body orifice other than the mouth; or (c) the breasts of a woman. <br />
<br />
<br />
27A Taking of photographs, finger impressions, body samples, etc., from person arrested, detained or subject to police supervision<br />
<br />
<br />
(1) A police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau may exercise all or any of the following powers in respect of any person referred to in subsection (2): . . . (c) cause body samples of such person to be taken by a person authorised under section 27B (1); or (d) send any photograph, finger impression, record of particulars or body sample so taken or made to the Commissioner of Police for identification and report. <br />
<br />
(2) The powers referred to in subsection (1) may be exercised in respect of any of the following persons: (a) a person who, on 21st October 2004, is under arrest and detained under section 44 or 45; (b) a person who, on 21st October 2004, is under detention or subject to supervision under section 30, 32 or 38; (c) a person who, on or after 21st October 2004, is arrested, detained or placed under police supervision under any of the provisions of this Act. <br />
<br />
(3) Every person mentioned in subsection (2) shall . . . (c) subject to subsection (5), submit to the taking of his body samples by a person authorised under section 27B (1). <br />
<br />
(4) Where any person mentioned in subsection (2) fails, without reasonable excuse, to comply with subsection (3) (a) that person shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $1,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one month or to both; and (b) a police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau may use such force as is reasonably necessary to take or cause to be taken the photographs, finger impressions and body samples of that person. <br />
<br />
<br />
27B Further provisions for taking of body samples<br />
<br />
(1) For the purposes of section 27A(1)(c), a body sample may only be taken by (a) a registered medical practitioner; (b) a police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau who has received training for the purpose; or (c) any other suitably qualified or trained person who is duly appointed in writing by the Commissioner of Police as an authorised person for the purpose. <br />
<br />
<br />
27C Retention of photographs, finger impressions, particulars and body samples taken<br />
<br />
(1) The Commissioner of Police shall cause to be maintained . . . (b) a DNA database (whether in a computerised form or otherwise) in which shall be stored all DNA information derived from a body sample taken from a person under section 27A. <br />
<br />
(2) Any information stored in the register and the DNA database under subsection (1) may be used for all or any of the following purposes: (a) for comparison with any other information or any other DNA information, as the case may be, obtained in the course of an investigation of an offence conducted by a police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau; (b) for comparison with information in the register established under section 4 of the Registration of Criminals Act (Cap. 268) or with DNA information in the DNA Database established under section 13F of that Act, as the case may be; (ba) for comparison with information or DNA information, as the case may be, in the register or DNA database, respectively, established under (i) section 26D of the Intoxicating Substances Act (Cap. 146A); or (ii) section 40D of the Misuse of Drugs Act (Cap. 185); (c) for any proceedings for any offence; (d) for administering the register and DNA database for the purposes of this Act; (e) for such other purposes as may be prescribed. <br />
<br />
(3) Where any photograph, finger impression, record of particulars or body sample has been taken under section 27A from an arrested person and that person is subsequently released, without being (a) convicted of any offence under this Act; or (b) placed on detention or supervision under this Act, the Commissioner of Police shall cause all such photographs, finger impressions, records of particulars and body samples taken from that person to be removed from the register and DNA database maintained under subsection (1). <br />
<br />
(4) For the purposes of subsection (2)(c), . . . (b) any DNA information stored in the DNA database under subsection (1)(b); and (c) any certificate or report purporting to have been compiled or made from information stored in the register or DNA database maintained under subsection (1), shall, if produced from proper custody and authenticated by the signature of the Commissioner of Police or a police officer authorised by the Commissioner of Police, be admissible in evidence in any proceedings, without proof of signature; <nowiki>and, until the contrary is proved, shall be proof of all matters contained therein or appearing thereon. [i.e. creates a rebuttable presumption of whatever the DNA evidence is offered to prove?]</nowiki><br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>Registration of Criminals Act (Chapter 268) §§ 13A to 13H [added by Act No. 45 of 2002, see Digest of Acts Passed Between 1 September 2002 and 28t February 2003, 15 </nowiki>S. Ac. L.J. 167, 179-80 (2003) (Sing.).]<br />
<br />
<br />
13A Interpretation of this Part<br />
<br />
(1) In this Part — see Singapore Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act § 27.<br />
<br />
Body samples may be taken from arrested persons, convicted persons <nowiki>and prisoners. [if normal cannons of statutory construction apply, inclusion of “and prisoners” implies that there are “prisoners” who are not “convicted persons” (accord. </nowiki>''Russello v. United States'', 464 U.S. 16, 23 (1983) (courts should not construe different terms within the same statute to embody the same meaning.)).<br />
<br />
<br />
13B. <br />
<br />
(1) Subject to the provisions of this Part, a body sample may be taken for forensic DNA analysis from any person who, on or after the date of commencement of the Registration of Criminals (Amendment) Act 2002, (a) is arrested and accused of a crime; (b) is convicted of a crime; or (c) is serving his term of imprisonment in connection with a crime of which he has been convicted. <br />
<br />
<br />
13C Consent for taking of blood sample<br />
<br />
(1) No sample of blood shall be taken from a person who is arrested and accused of a crime unless the appropriate consent is given for the taking of the sample. <br />
<br />
(2) If the appropriate consent required under subsection (1) for the taking of a sample of blood from a person is refused without good cause or cannot be obtained despite all reasonable efforts, that person may be taken before a Magistrate and the Magistrate may, if satisfied that there is reasonable cause to believe that the sample may confirm or disprove whether that person was involved in committing the crime, order that the person provide the sample required. <br />
<br />
(3) Where it is shown that the appropriate consent required under subsection (1) for the taking of a sample of blood from a person was refused without good cause, the court, in determining (a) whether to commit that person for trial in connection with the crime of which he is accused of committing; (b) whether there is a case to answer against that person; or (c) whether that person is guilty of the crime with which he has been charged, <nowiki>may draw such inference from the refusal as it thinks proper and, based on such inference, may treat the refusal as corroboration or amounting to corroboration of any relevant evidence against that person.[i.e. refusal to submit to DNA sample creates rebuttable corroboration of whatever underlying act warranted the DNA sample?]</nowiki> <br />
<br />
<br />
13F DNA database<br />
<br />
(1) The Registrar shall maintain (whether in computerised form or otherwise) a DNA database in which shall be stored all DNA information derived from a body sample taken from a person under this Part.<nowiki> [i.e. profiles not samples]</nowiki><br />
<br />
(2) Any information stored in the DNA database may be used for any of the following purposes: (a) for forensic comparison with any other DNA information in the course of an investigation of an offence conducted by a police officer; (aa) for comparison with DNA information in the DNA database established under (i) section 27C of the Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act (Cap. 67); (ii) section 26D of the Intoxicating Substances Act (Cap. 146A); or (iii) section 40D of the Misuse of Drugs Act (Cap. 185); (b) for any proceedings for any offence; (c) for administering the DNA database for the purposes of this Part; and (d) for such other purposes as may be prescribed. <br />
<br />
<br />
13G Removal of DNA information from register upon acquittal or discharge, etc. <br />
<br />
Where any body sample has been taken under section 13B(1)(a) from a person who is under arrest and accused of a crime . . . and (a) investigations reveal that he was not involved in the commission of any crime . . . (b) it is decided that he shall not be charged with any crime and he has neither admitted to, nor been dealt with by way of being cautioned by any police officer in respect of any crime; (c) the charge or all the charges against him in respect of any crime or crimes (as the case may be) is or are withdrawn; (d) he is discharged by a court before conviction of the crime or of all the crimes (as the case may be) with which he has been charged; (e) he is acquitted of the crime or of all the crimes (as the case may be) with which he has been charged, at trial or on appeal; or (f) he is subsequently convicted of the crime but the Commissioner of Police directs under section 7 that he need not be registered under Part II, the authorised officer in charge of the case shall immediately inform the Registrar of the occurrence of the relevant event and the Registrar shall immediately remove the DNA information of that person from the DNA database.<br />
<br />
<br />
13H Removal of registrable particulars, etc., of person upon death or attainment of 100 years of age<br />
<br />
The Registrar shall remove from the register and from the DNA database the registrable particulars and DNA information of any person (a) whose death has been registered under the Registration of Births and Deaths Act (Cap.267); or (b) who, the Registrar is satisfied, has attained 100 years of age.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<references/></div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/SingaporeSingapore2022-08-10T09:04:02Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>Singapore set up its DNA database in 2004. According to Interpol, it contained 166,821 reference DNA profiles from individuals, 3,026 crime scene DNA profiles, plus 1,369 other DNA profiles in 2011. A DNA database legislation had been adopted at that time. A new Bill was introduced in 2022 to expand the collection of DNA.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Resources==<br />
<br />
*External links<br />
*[https://www.parliament.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/registration-of-criminals-(amendment)-bill-19-2022.pdf?sfvrsn=9aa920d9_0 Registration of Criminals (Amendment) Bill 2022]<br />
*[http://www.academia.edu/4245661/Trumping_Communitarianism_Crime_Control_and_Forensic_DNA_Typing_and_Databanking_in_Singapore_in_press_2014_ Toom (2013): TRUMPING COMMUNITARIANISM: CRIME CONTROL AND FORENSIC DNATYPING AND DATABASING IN SINGAPORE]<br />
*[http://www.hsa.gov.sg/publish/hsaportal/en/applied_sciences/forensic_science/dna_database_laboratory.html Singapore Government: Health Sciences Authority: DNA database Laboratory]<br />
*[http://www.mha.gov.sg/basic_content.aspx?pageid=51 Singapore: The Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions)(Amendment) Bill (16th June 2007)]<br />
*[http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId%3A%22c0059ba2-6041-4ccb-bcd2-89dcbc282ccb%22%20Status%3Ainforce%20Depth%3A0;rec=0 Singapore: Registration of Criminals Act (as amended 2003)]<br />
<br />
*Press articles<br />
*[http://www.academia.edu/1031498/No_innocents_in_forensic_DNA_2011_ The Straits Times: No innocents in forensic DNA (20th October 2011)]<br />
*[http://www.singaporeupdate.com/previous2004/220704_dnadatabaselaunchedinsingapore.htm Singapore Update: DNA Database launched in Singapore (14th July 2004)]<br />
<br />
==Detailed analysis==<br />
<br />
Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act<ref name="ftn1"> Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act, (2000) Cap. 67, §§ 27 to 27C (Sing.)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Registration of Criminals Act<ref name="ftn2"> Registration of Criminals Act, (1985) Cap. 268, §§ 13A to 13H (Sing.) <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
The provisions of the two statutes work in tandem to establish and regulate Singapore’s National DNA database.<br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act (Chapter 67) §§ 27 to 27C [added by Act No. 32 of 2004, see Digest of Acts Passed Between 1 September 2004 and 28 February 2005, 17 S. Ac. L.J. 485, 487-88 (2005) (Sing.).]</nowiki><br />
<br />
<br />
27. Interpretation of sections 27A, 27B and 27C<br />
<br />
(1) In sections 27A, 27B and 27C —<br />
<br />
"appropriate consent" means (a) for a person aged 16 years and above, the written consent of that person; (b) for a person aged 14 years and above but below the age of 16 years, the written consent of both that person and of his parent or guardian; and (c) for a person below the age of 14 years, the written consent of his parent or guardian, given to a police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau in charge of the case after that officer has informed the person concerned, his parent or guardian or both, as the case may be, of the purpose for which a body sample is required from such person and the manner by which such body sample is to be taken from him;<br />
<br />
"DNA information" means genetic information derived from the forensic DNA analysis of a body sample;<br />
<br />
(2) Subject to subsection (3), the Minister may prescribe additional types of body samples that may be taken under section 27A. <br />
<br />
(3) The additional types of body samples that may be prescribed under subsection (2) shall not include samples to be obtained from (a) the genital or anal area of a person’s body; (b) a person’s body orifice other than the mouth; or (c) the breasts of a woman. <br />
<br />
<br />
27A Taking of photographs, finger impressions, body samples, etc., from person arrested, detained or subject to police supervision<br />
<br />
<br />
(1) A police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau may exercise all or any of the following powers in respect of any person referred to in subsection (2): . . . (c) cause body samples of such person to be taken by a person authorised under section 27B (1); or (d) send any photograph, finger impression, record of particulars or body sample so taken or made to the Commissioner of Police for identification and report. <br />
<br />
(2) The powers referred to in subsection (1) may be exercised in respect of any of the following persons: (a) a person who, on 21st October 2004, is under arrest and detained under section 44 or 45; (b) a person who, on 21st October 2004, is under detention or subject to supervision under section 30, 32 or 38; (c) a person who, on or after 21st October 2004, is arrested, detained or placed under police supervision under any of the provisions of this Act. <br />
<br />
(3) Every person mentioned in subsection (2) shall . . . (c) subject to subsection (5), submit to the taking of his body samples by a person authorised under section 27B (1). <br />
<br />
(4) Where any person mentioned in subsection (2) fails, without reasonable excuse, to comply with subsection (3) (a) that person shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $1,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one month or to both; and (b) a police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau may use such force as is reasonably necessary to take or cause to be taken the photographs, finger impressions and body samples of that person. <br />
<br />
<br />
27B Further provisions for taking of body samples<br />
<br />
(1) For the purposes of section 27A(1)(c), a body sample may only be taken by (a) a registered medical practitioner; (b) a police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau who has received training for the purpose; or (c) any other suitably qualified or trained person who is duly appointed in writing by the Commissioner of Police as an authorised person for the purpose. <br />
<br />
<br />
27C Retention of photographs, finger impressions, particulars and body samples taken<br />
<br />
(1) The Commissioner of Police shall cause to be maintained . . . (b) a DNA database (whether in a computerised form or otherwise) in which shall be stored all DNA information derived from a body sample taken from a person under section 27A. <br />
<br />
(2) Any information stored in the register and the DNA database under subsection (1) may be used for all or any of the following purposes: (a) for comparison with any other information or any other DNA information, as the case may be, obtained in the course of an investigation of an offence conducted by a police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau; (b) for comparison with information in the register established under section 4 of the Registration of Criminals Act (Cap. 268) or with DNA information in the DNA Database established under section 13F of that Act, as the case may be; (ba) for comparison with information or DNA information, as the case may be, in the register or DNA database, respectively, established under (i) section 26D of the Intoxicating Substances Act (Cap. 146A); or (ii) section 40D of the Misuse of Drugs Act (Cap. 185); (c) for any proceedings for any offence; (d) for administering the register and DNA database for the purposes of this Act; (e) for such other purposes as may be prescribed. <br />
<br />
(3) Where any photograph, finger impression, record of particulars or body sample has been taken under section 27A from an arrested person and that person is subsequently released, without being (a) convicted of any offence under this Act; or (b) placed on detention or supervision under this Act, the Commissioner of Police shall cause all such photographs, finger impressions, records of particulars and body samples taken from that person to be removed from the register and DNA database maintained under subsection (1). <br />
<br />
(4) For the purposes of subsection (2)(c), . . . (b) any DNA information stored in the DNA database under subsection (1)(b); and (c) any certificate or report purporting to have been compiled or made from information stored in the register or DNA database maintained under subsection (1), shall, if produced from proper custody and authenticated by the signature of the Commissioner of Police or a police officer authorised by the Commissioner of Police, be admissible in evidence in any proceedings, without proof of signature; <nowiki>and, until the contrary is proved, shall be proof of all matters contained therein or appearing thereon. [i.e. creates a rebuttable presumption of whatever the DNA evidence is offered to prove?]</nowiki><br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>Registration of Criminals Act (Chapter 268) §§ 13A to 13H [added by Act No. 45 of 2002, see Digest of Acts Passed Between 1 September 2002 and 28t February 2003, 15 </nowiki>S. Ac. L.J. 167, 179-80 (2003) (Sing.).]<br />
<br />
<br />
13A Interpretation of this Part<br />
<br />
(1) In this Part — see Singapore Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act § 27.<br />
<br />
Body samples may be taken from arrested persons, convicted persons <nowiki>and prisoners. [if normal cannons of statutory construction apply, inclusion of “and prisoners” implies that there are “prisoners” who are not “convicted persons” (accord. </nowiki>''Russello v. United States'', 464 U.S. 16, 23 (1983) (courts should not construe different terms within the same statute to embody the same meaning.)).<br />
<br />
<br />
13B. <br />
<br />
(1) Subject to the provisions of this Part, a body sample may be taken for forensic DNA analysis from any person who, on or after the date of commencement of the Registration of Criminals (Amendment) Act 2002, (a) is arrested and accused of a crime; (b) is convicted of a crime; or (c) is serving his term of imprisonment in connection with a crime of which he has been convicted. <br />
<br />
<br />
13C Consent for taking of blood sample<br />
<br />
(1) No sample of blood shall be taken from a person who is arrested and accused of a crime unless the appropriate consent is given for the taking of the sample. <br />
<br />
(2) If the appropriate consent required under subsection (1) for the taking of a sample of blood from a person is refused without good cause or cannot be obtained despite all reasonable efforts, that person may be taken before a Magistrate and the Magistrate may, if satisfied that there is reasonable cause to believe that the sample may confirm or disprove whether that person was involved in committing the crime, order that the person provide the sample required. <br />
<br />
(3) Where it is shown that the appropriate consent required under subsection (1) for the taking of a sample of blood from a person was refused without good cause, the court, in determining (a) whether to commit that person for trial in connection with the crime of which he is accused of committing; (b) whether there is a case to answer against that person; or (c) whether that person is guilty of the crime with which he has been charged, <nowiki>may draw such inference from the refusal as it thinks proper and, based on such inference, may treat the refusal as corroboration or amounting to corroboration of any relevant evidence against that person.[i.e. refusal to submit to DNA sample creates rebuttable corroboration of whatever underlying act warranted the DNA sample?]</nowiki> <br />
<br />
<br />
13F DNA database<br />
<br />
(1) The Registrar shall maintain (whether in computerised form or otherwise) a DNA database in which shall be stored all DNA information derived from a body sample taken from a person under this Part.<nowiki> [i.e. profiles not samples]</nowiki><br />
<br />
(2) Any information stored in the DNA database may be used for any of the following purposes: (a) for forensic comparison with any other DNA information in the course of an investigation of an offence conducted by a police officer; (aa) for comparison with DNA information in the DNA database established under (i) section 27C of the Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act (Cap. 67); (ii) section 26D of the Intoxicating Substances Act (Cap. 146A); or (iii) section 40D of the Misuse of Drugs Act (Cap. 185); (b) for any proceedings for any offence; (c) for administering the DNA database for the purposes of this Part; and (d) for such other purposes as may be prescribed. <br />
<br />
<br />
13G Removal of DNA information from register upon acquittal or discharge, etc. <br />
<br />
Where any body sample has been taken under section 13B(1)(a) from a person who is under arrest and accused of a crime . . . and (a) investigations reveal that he was not involved in the commission of any crime . . . (b) it is decided that he shall not be charged with any crime and he has neither admitted to, nor been dealt with by way of being cautioned by any police officer in respect of any crime; (c) the charge or all the charges against him in respect of any crime or crimes (as the case may be) is or are withdrawn; (d) he is discharged by a court before conviction of the crime or of all the crimes (as the case may be) with which he has been charged; (e) he is acquitted of the crime or of all the crimes (as the case may be) with which he has been charged, at trial or on appeal; or (f) he is subsequently convicted of the crime but the Commissioner of Police directs under section 7 that he need not be registered under Part II, the authorised officer in charge of the case shall immediately inform the Registrar of the occurrence of the relevant event and the Registrar shall immediately remove the DNA information of that person from the DNA database.<br />
<br />
<br />
13H Removal of registrable particulars, etc., of person upon death or attainment of 100 years of age<br />
<br />
The Registrar shall remove from the register and from the DNA database the registrable particulars and DNA information of any person (a) whose death has been registered under the Registration of Births and Deaths Act (Cap.267); or (b) who, the Registrar is satisfied, has attained 100 years of age.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<references/></div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/IndiaIndia2022-04-05T14:46:34Z<p>Admin: /* Resources */</p>
<hr />
<div>__TOC__<br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
<br />
India does not have a national DNA database. However, according to Interpol's 2008 survey it has used HID (Human Identification) software of a national design for the operation of regional (State) databases.<br />
<br />
In 2007 a bill known as the Draft DNA Profiling Bill was piloted by the Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, an autonomous organization funded by the Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India. The DNA Profiling Bill looks to legalize the collection and analysis of DNA samples for forensic purposes and the creation of a national database. The Bill was developed further by an expert committee due to concerns about privacy and lack of safeguards. However, a new draft Bill was scheduled to be submitted to Parliament in summer 2015 despite dissent from some members of the committee, who stated that their concerns had not been fully addressed. A public consultation was then announced (deadline 20th August 2015). A new version of the Bill was submitted to the Indian Parliament in August 2018, but was not adopted before the end of the parliamentary session. The Bill was therefore introduced again following the 2019 General Election. See below for further details.<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
* External links<br />
**[https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-criminal-procedure-identification-bill-2022 PRS India: The Criminal Procedure (Identification) Bill, 2022]<br />
**[https://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/dna-technology-use-and-application-regulation-bill-2019 PRS India: The DNA Technology (Use and Application) Regulation Bill, 2019]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/comments-on-india-dna-bill-2019.pdf GeneWatch UK comments on: THE DNA TECHNOLOGY (USE AND APPLICATION) REGULATION BILL, 2019 (October (2019)]<br />
**[http://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/the-dna-technology-use-and-application-regulation-bill-2018-5330/ The DNA Technology (Use and Application) Regulation Bill 2018]<br />
**[https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/09/23/india-us-tech-firms-should-press-modi-privacy Human Rights Watch: India: US Tech Firms Should Press Modi on Privacy (23rd September 2015)]<br />
**[http://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/human-dna-profiling-bill-2012-vs-2015 CIS: Human DNA Profiling Bill 2012 v/s 2015 Bill (6th September 2015)]<br />
**[http://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/cis-comments-and-recommendations-to-human-dna-profiling-bill-2015 CIS Comments and Recommendations to the Human DNA Profiling Bill, June 2015 (27th August 2015)] also available as [http://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/cis-human-dna-profiling-bill-2015/view pdf]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/IndiaDNABill_FGPI_15.pdf GeneWatch UK response to the consultation on India's Human DNA Profiling Bill (18th August 2015)] <br />
**[http://www.countercurrents.org/cc100815.htm Public Statement By Concerned Citizens: Biometric Data Collection, Aadhaar Number And Related Programs Is A Black Act (10th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/Human-DNA-Profiling-Bill.pdf Draft Human DNA Profiling Bill: Version for Public Comment (9th June 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/Letter.pdf Human DNA Profiling Bill-2015(Comments from Public are invited)] Deadline 20th August 2015.<br />
**[http://righttoprivacydna.blogspot.com.au/ Blog: Ram Krishnaswamy: RIGHTS TO PRIVACY & DNA PROFILING]<br />
**[http://sacw.net/article11388.html India: Usha Ramanathan’s Note of Dissent on Human DNA Profiling Bill that is coming soon in the Parliament (20th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://thewire.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Draft-DNA-Bill-Jan-2015.pdf Working Draft Human DNA Profiling Bill (16th January 2015)]<br />
** [http://cis-india.org/about/internet-governance/blog/public-meeting-on-dna-profiling-bill CIS: A Public Meeting on DNA Profiling Bill in Delhi (29th September 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/INDIA_DNA_BILL_collection.pdf GeneWatch UK: INDIA DNA BILL: Collection of DNA (12th September 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/INDIA_DNA_BILL_retention.PDF GeneWatch UK: INDIA DNA BILL: Retention of DNA (12th September 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/INDIA_DNA_BILL_usesandrestrictions.PDF GeneWatch UK: INDIA DNA BILL: Uses of DNA (12th September 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/INDIA_DNA_BILL_solvingcrime.PDF GeneWatch UK: INDIA DNA BILL: Solving crimes (12th September 2012)]<br />
** [http://cis-india.org/internet-governance/indian-draft-dna-profiling-act.pdf/view CIS: Overview and Concerns Regarding the Indian Draft DNA Profiling Act (6th September 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/India_DNA_Bill_Memo_2.0.pdf CRG: Overview and Concerns Regarding the Indian Draft DNA Profiling Act (April 2012)]<br />
** [http://bargad.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/1draft-human-dna-profiling-bill-2012.pdf Draft Human DNA Profiling Bill 2012 (February 2012)]<br />
** [http://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/privacy/dna-overview Centre for Internet and Society: An Overview of DNA Labs in India]<br />
** [http://cis-india.org/advocacy/igov/privacy-india/privacy_dnaprofilingbill Centre for Internet and Society: The DNA Profiling Bill 2007 and Privacy (25th April 2011)]<br />
<br />
* Press articles<br />
**[https://www.epw.in/journal/2021/32/editorials/dna-database-legislative-overreach.html Economic and Political Weekly: DNA Database: A Legislative Overreach (7th August 2021)]<br />
**[http://www.businessworld.in/article/Retention-and-storage-of-forensic-DNA-profiles-critical-to-combat-sexual-crime-in-India/16-12-2020-354466/ Business Wire: Retention And Storage Of Forensic DNA Profiles Critical To Combat Sexual Crime In India (16th December 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.aninews.in/news/business/application-of-forensic-dna-technology-critical-to-deter-sexual-predators-as-rape-complaints-reach-pre-pandemic-levels20200929170914/ ANI News: Application of forensic DNA technology critical to deter sexual predators as rape complaints reach pre-pandemic levels (29th September 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/dna-regulation-bill-2019-1598451591-1 Jagran Josh: The DNA Technology (Use and Application) Regulation Bill of 2019: What does the draft report of the parliamentary standing committee say? (26th August 2020)]<br />
**[https://bestmediainfo.com/2020/07/call-for-use-of-dna-evidence-to-nail-culprits-and-make-india-rape-free/ Best Media Info: Call for use of DNA evidence to nail culprits and make India rape-free (20th July 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/privacy-and-hunt-for-the-code/cid/1742651 The Telegraph (India): Privacy and hunt for the code (6th February 2020)]<br />
**[https://thewire.in/government/dna-technology-bill-2018-databank-parliamentary-standing-committee-privacy-consent The Wire: DNA Technology Bill: Why the Standing Committee Has Its Work Cut Out (1st November 2019)]<br />
**[https://caravanmagazine.in/policy/right-to-privacy-data-protection-bill-policies The Caravan: With the data-protection bill in limbo, these policies contravene the right to privacy (30th September 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.businesstoday.in/current/policy/is-dna-technology-use-and-application-regulation-bill-2019-another-aadhaar-in-making/story/372579.html Business Today: DNA Technology (Use and Application) Regulation Bill 2019: Another Aadhaar in the making (14th August 2009)]<br />
**[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kashmir-to-triple-talaq-lok-sabha-passes-most-bills-since-1952-in-its-most-productive-session-1578238-2019-08-07 India Today: Kashmir to triple talaq: Lok Sabha passes most bills since 1952 in its most productive session] Reports that the DNA Bill has not passed in this parliamentary session.<br />
**[https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/dna-test-only-after-appropriate-satisfaction-for-its-requirement-146946 LiveLaw:DNA Test Cannot Be Ordered Without There Being Appropriate Satisfaction For Its Requirement: SC (5th August 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/aiims-to-dna-profile-unidentified-bodies-create-a-database-accessible-to-public/article28594242.ece# Business Line: AIIMS to DNA profile unidentified bodies, create a database accessible to public (19th July 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.livemint.com/opinion/online-views/the-country-s-new-dna-law-raises-privacy-concerns-1563905765685.html LiveMint: Opinion: The country’s new DNA law raises privacy concerns (24th July 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.newsclick.in/DNA-bill-unclear-consent-privacy News Click: DNA Bill unclear on consent and privacy (12th July 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/dna-technology-bill-introduced-lok-sabha/1636627/ Financial Express: DNA technology bill introduced in Lok Sabha (8th July 2019)]<br />
**[https://thewire.in/government/dna-technology-regulation-bill-lok-sabha The Wire: Amid Opposition Criticism, Government Tables DNA Technology Bill in Lok Sabha (8th July 2019)]<br />
**[https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/dna-regulation-bill-technology-lok-sabha-5799785/ The Indian Express: Explained: Why govt wants to bank DNA (2nd July 2019)]<br />
**[https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/dna-regulation-bill-technology-lok-sabha-5799785/ Indian Express: Explained: Why govt wants to bank DNA (26th June 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cabinet-approves-dna-profiling-bill-1555317-2019-06-24 India Today: Cabinet approves bill that can track your DNA (24th June 2019)]<br />
**[http://www.mondaq.com/india/x/782032/new+technology/DNA+Profiling+In+The+India+Towards+The+New+Age+DNA+Technology+Use+And+Application+Bill Mondaq: India: DNA Profiling In The India (Towards The New Age DNA Technology Use And Application Bill) (18th February 2019)]<br />
**[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajya-sabha-pendency-dips-as-22-bills-lapse-after-lok-sabha-nod-5584757/ Indian Express: Rajya Sabha pendency dips as 22 Bills lapse after Lok Sabha nod (15th February 2019)] Reports that the DNA Bill has lapsed.<br />
**[https://www.firstpost.com/india/dna-bill-is-designed-to-fail-6038751.html First Post: DNA bill is designed to fail (6th February 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.firstpost.com/india/dna-bill-to-ensure-justice-is-gene-uine-govt-must-ensure-privacy-of-individuals-is-respected-as-well-5872381.html First Post: DNA Bill: To ensure justice is 'gene'-uine, govt must ensure privacy of individuals is respected as well (10th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/towards-a-genetic-panopticon/article25791126.ece The Hindu: Towards a genetic panopticon (21st December 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.newslaundry.com/2019/01/14/the-dna-bill-has-a-sequence-of-problems-that-need-to-be-resolved NewsLaundry: The DNA Bill has a sequence of problems that need to be resolved (14th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/01/09/dna-technology-bill-raises-serious-concerns-over-right-to-privacy.html The Week: DNA technology bill raises serious concerns over right to privacy (9th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/67444686.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst The Times of India: CDFD scientists’ wait ends as DNA Bill gets Lok Sabha nod (9th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.firstpost.com/india/dna-technology-bill-passed-in-lok-sabha-lacks-clarity-on-consent-privacy-and-proper-cost-benefit-analysis-5862941.html FirstPost: DNA Technology Bill passed in Lok Sabha lacks clarity on consent, privacy and proper cost-benefit analysis (9th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.news18.com/news/india/lok-sabha-gives-consent-to-dna-bill-to-identity-persons-with-respect-to-criminal-cases-1995807.html News18: Lok Sabha Gives Consent to DNA Bill to Identify Persons With Criminal Cases (8th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/lok-sabha-passes-dna-bill-after-brief-discussion/710502.html Tribune: Lok Sabha passes DNA Bill after brief discussion (8th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.india.com/news/agencies/bill-to-allow-use-of-dna-technology-to-identity-persons-in-ls-3516348/ India.com: Bill to allow use of DNA technology to identity persons in LS (8th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/66790072.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst Times of India: High Court: Create app, save DNA samples to trace missing kids (25th November 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/perspective/caution-dna-bill-raise-700080.html Deccan Herald: Caution on DNA Bill: raise awareness first (26th October 2018)]<br />
**[https://thewire.in/law/dna-bill-data-protection-bill-consent The Wire: Why India’s Draft Data Protection Bill Cannot Solve the Problems of the DNA Bill (29th August 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up-front/story/20180910-dna-profiling-bill-pinning-you-down-with-data-1327615-2018-08-31 India Today: DNA profiling bill: Pinning you down with data (31st August 2018)]<br />
**[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/congress-opposes-dna-profiling-calls-it-violative-of-privacy/articleshow/65555699.cms Times of India: Congress opposes DNA profiling, calls it violative of privacy (27th August 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.news18.com/amp/news/opinion/opinion-dna-databases-designed-to-fight-crime-without-compromising-privacy-1843721.html News 18: DNA Databases, Designed to Fight Crime Without Compromising Privacy (14th August 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2018/08/13/government-will-answer-every-concern-on-DNA-Technology-Bill.html The Week: 'Modi govt will answer every concern on DNA Technology Bill' (13th August 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/storing-of-dna-profiles-of-crime-accused-not-permanent/article24672723.ece The Hindu: ‘Storing of DNA profiles of crime-accused not permanent’(13th August 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/130818/hyderabaddna-bill-raises-many-questions-on-privacy.html Deccan Chronicle: Hyderabad: DNA Bill raises many questions on privacy (13th August 2018)]<br />
**[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/65380304.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst Times of India: 'Aadhaar link to DNA profiles to be decided later' (13th August 2018)]<br />
**[http://www.uniindia.com/cdfd-helped-centre-in-big-way-on-drafting-dna-technology-bill-2018-harsha-vardhan/business-economy/news/1317742.html United News of India: CFD helped Centre in a big way on drafting DNA Technology Bill 2018: Harsha Vardhan (12th August 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/bill-in-ls-to-collect-dna-samples-for-crime-probe/635132.html The Tribune: Bill in LS to collect DNA samples for crime probe (10th August 2018)]<br />
**[https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/bill-in-lok-sabha-for-use-of-dna-technology-to-crack-tough-criminal-cases-5299381/ The Indian Express: Bill in Lok Sabha for use of DNA technology to crack tough criminal cases (9th August 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/decoding-the-dna-bill/article24636395.ece The Hindu: Decoding the DNA Bill (9th August 2018)]<br />
**[https://indianexpress.com/article/delhi/man-conicted-of-rape-delhi-hc-flags-irregularities-in-forensic-reports-5296825/ The Indian Express: Man convicted of rape: Delhi HC flags irregularities in forensic reports (8th August 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.bloombergquint.com/opinion/2018/08/02/the-dna-bill-another-invasive-imperfect-database#gs.XAizV9o Bloomberg Quint:The DNA Bill: Another Invasive, Imperfect Database! (2nd August 2018)]<br />
**[https://thewire.in/government/dna-profiling-bill-parliament The Wire: Four Reasons Why India’s Controversial DNA Bill Should Be Sent to a Standing Committee (25th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/once-bitten-twice-shy-dna-profiling-bill-revives-fear-of-aadhaar-like-data-breach-61193 DownToEarth: Once bitten, twice shy: DNA Profiling Bill revives fear of Aadhaar-like data breach (19th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/proposed-dna-bank-will-not-store-data-permanently-official/article24414326.ece The Hindu: Proposed DNA bank will not store data permanently: official (13th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/home-ministry-guides-states-on-searching-crime-scenes-collecting-evidence/articleshow/64940735.cms Economic Times: Home ministry guides states on searching crime scenes & collecting evidence (11th July 2018)]<br />
**[http://blog.forumias.com/dnatechnology-use-and-application-regulation-bill-2018-an-analysis/ Forum IAS: DNA Technology (Use and Application) Regulation Bill, 2018: An Analysis (10th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/simply-put-how-government-plans-to-use-dna-technology-5252587/ Indian Express: Here’s how the government plans to use DNA profiles, samples and records (10th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://theprint.in/governance/after-aadhaar-a-new-bill-aims-for-greatness-but-may-leave-your-personal-info-unsecured/79483/ The Print: After Aadhaar, a new bill aims for greatness but may leave your personal info unsecured (6th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dna-profiling-bill-to-be-discussed-by-narendra-modi-government-tomorrow/articleshow/64852812.cms Economic Times: DNA Profiling Bill to be discussed by Narendra Modi government tomorrow (5th July 2018)]<br />
**[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-union-cabinet-approves-dna-technology-bill-2633300 DNA: Union Cabinet approves DNA Technology Bill (5th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://thewire.in/law/cabinet-approves-bill-for-setting-up-dna-data-banks-to-store-profiles The Wire: Cabinet Approves Bill for Setting up DNA Data Banks to Store Profiles (5th July 2018)]<br />
**[http://www.livelaw.in/dna-technology-regulation-bill-gets-cabinet-approval/ Live Law: DNA Technology Regulation Bill Gets Cabinet Approval(5th July 2018)]<br />
Read more at: http://www.livelaw.in/dna-technology-regulation-bill-gets-cabinet-approval/<br />
**[https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/cabinet-clears-dna-database-on-crime-242578 Telegraph: Cabinet clears DNA database on crime (5th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2018/07/05/government-gives-nod-to-bill-for-building-dna-databases-in-india-for-criminal-investigation-and-justice-delivery_a_23474995/?guccounter=1 Huffington Post: Government Gives Nod To Bill For Building DNA Databases In India, For 'Criminal Investigation And Justice Delivery' (5th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.thebetterindia.com/148956/centre-cabinet-dna-profiling-bill-news/ The Better India: Centre Passes Bill That Seeks to Set up Human DNA Banks to Strengthen Criminal Justice (5th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-could-have-dna-banks-to-store-profiles-as-cabinet-clears-bill-1878017 NDTV: India Could Have DNA Banks To Store Profiles As Cabinet Clears Bill (4th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dna-profiling-bill-to-be-discussed-by-narendra-modi-government-tomorrow/articleshow/64852812.cms Economic Times: DNA Profiling Bill to be discussed by Narendra Modi government tomorrow (4th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/union-cabinet-clears-dna-profiling-bill/article24333036.ece?homepage=true the Hindu: Union Cabinet clears DNA profiling bill (4th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.firstpost.com/india/monsoon-session-of-parliament-over-50-pending-bills-six-ordinances-to-be-taken-up-in-18-days-4640761.html First Post: Monsoon Session of Parliament: Over 50 pending Bills, six ordinances to be taken up in 18 days (1st July 2018)]<br />
**[https://edition.cnn.com/2018/06/06/health/india-forensics-delays-justice-intl/index.html CNN:Sexual violence victims can wait years for India's overtaxed crime labs (6th June 2018)]<br />
**[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dna-data-banks-to-be-set-up-at-national-state-level-to-store-dna-profiles/articleshow/64147464.cms The Economic Times: DNA data banks to be set up at national, state level to store DNA profiles (13th May 2018)]<br />
**[http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-problems-with-a-dna-registry/article23805145.ece The Hindu: The problems with a DNA registry (8th May 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/modi-government-to-create-dna-archive-to-locate-missing-persons-identify-bodies-1224585-2018-05-02 India Today: Modi government to create DNA archive to locate missing persons, identify bodies (2nd May 2018)]<br />
**[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/centre-promises-law-on-dna-profiling-sc-disposes-of-pil/articleshow/63990546.cms The Times of India: Centre promises law on DNA profiling; SC disposes of PIL (1st May 2018)]<br />
**[https://thewire.in/tech/dna-profiling-bill-aadhaar-biometrics The Wire: India's Blind Faith in DNA and Aadhaar Profiling Will Lead to No Good (27th April 2018)]<br />
**[https://qz.com/1244824/andhra-pradesh-is-using-blockchain-to-collect-dna-data-of-50-million-citizens/ Quartz: An Indian state is using blockchain to collect DNA data of 50 million citizens (9th April 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.mid-day.com/articles/mid-day-impact-government-puts-multi-crore-proposal-for-dna-testing-kit-on-hold/19275155 Mid-Day: Government puts multi-crore proposal for DNA testing kit on hold (3rd April 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/csi-delhi-cops-to-gear-up-for-dna-tests-in-big-crimes-1194827-2018-03-22 India Today: CSI Delhi: Cops to gear up for DNA tests in big crimes (22nd March 2018)]<br />
**[http://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-forensic-training-a-must-for-cops-2583465 DNA: Forensic training a must for cops: (11th February 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.thestatesman.com/india/india-will-soon-forensic-dna-database-curb-crime-rajnath-1502583000.html The Statesman: India will soon have a forensic DNA database to curb crime: Rajnath (10th February 2018)]<br />
**[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-is-delhi-ready-for-the-dna-test-2564122 DNA: Is Delhi ready for the DNA test? (2nd December 2017)]<br />
**[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maharashtra-to-create-dna-database-of-offenders/articleshow/60705938.cms Times of India: Maharashtra to create DNA database of offenders (16th September 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.catchnews.com/national-news/india-needs-to-have-more-aggressive-dna-approach-at-crime-scene-experts-79194.html CatchNews: India needs to have more aggressive DNA approach at crime scene: Experts (29th August 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/indias-supreme-court-says-privacy-is-an-intrinsic-right-in-blow-to-government/2017/08/24/2c0b762c-8828-11e7-96a7-d178cf3524eb_story.html?utm_term=.ed09ca238e31 The Washington POsr: India’s Supreme Court says privacy is a fundamental right in blow to government (24th August 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.worldcrunch.com/opinion-analysis/collection-of-dna-spells-doom-in-india World Crunch: Collection Of DNA Spells Doom In India (10th August 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/6wGBEP2ThTvjzT4175jVOO/Is-profiling-in-Indias-DNA.html Live Mint: Is profiling in India’s DNA? (7th August 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/here-s-why-we-need-a-lot-more-discussion-on-india-s-new-dna-profiling-bill/story-CojTDv2vfMMMBsW0CaLxIP.html Hindustan Times: Here’s why we need a lot more discussion on India’s new DNA Profiling Bill (7th August 2017)]<br />
**[https://swarajyamag.com/politics/is-profiling-in-indias-dna- Swarajyamag: Is Profiling In India’s DNA? (7th August 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.thequint.com/india/2017/08/05/fb-live-dna-profiling-dangers-apar-gupta FB Live: Apar Gupta on Dangers of Proposed DNA Profiling Law (5th August 2017)]<br />
**[https://thewire.in/163958/dna-profiling-fingerprinting-bill-dbt-crime-scene/ The Wire: The DNA Profiling Bill Is Back in a New Avatar - Here’s the Lowdown (2nd August 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.newsbytesapp.com/timeline/India/9432/52719/know-all-about-the-dna-based-technology-bill-2017 NewsBytes: What is the debate surrounding India's new DNA-based technology bill? (2nd August 2017)]<br />
**[http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/simply-put-understanding-the-new-dna-tech-bill-4776304/ The Indian Express: Understanding the new DNA tech Bill: All your questions answered (1st August 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.firstpost.com/india/right-to-privacy-law-commission-submits-draft-bill-on-dna-profiling-moots-creation-of-national-regional-databanks-3875949.html First Post: Right to privacy: Law Commission submits draft bill on DNA profiling; moots creation of national, regional databanks (31st July 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/regulation-of-dna-profiling/article19372786.ece The Hindu: Regulation of DNA profiling (28th July 2017)]<br />
**[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/law-panel-nod-for-dna-bank-to-fight-crime/articleshow/59782271.cms Times of India: Law panel nod for DNA bank to fight crime (27th July 2017)]<br />
**[https://barandbench.com/human-dna-profiling-law-commission/ Bar & Bench: Law Commission Suggests New Human DNA Profiling Bill (27th July 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.catchnews.com/india-news/another-violation-of-right-to-privacy-law-commission-proposes-dna-profiling-74397.html Catch News: Another violation of 'right to privacy'? Law Commission proposes DNA profiling (27th July 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/dna-profiling-should-be-done-only-for-identification-law-panel-117072601303_1.html Business Standard: Now, DNA profiling will be done only for identification, says Law panel (26th July 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.india.com/news/agencies/dna-profiling-should-be-done-only-for-identificationlaw-panel-2353466/ India.com: DNA profiling should be done only for identification: Law panel (26th July 2017)]<br />
**[http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/law-panel-dna-profiling-board-jail-term/1/1011877.html India Today: Law panel moots DNA profiling board, up to 3 years jail term for rule violators (26th July 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.livelaw.in/law-commission-submits-draft-bill-human-dna-profiling-proposes-setting-national-regional-dna-data-banks-read-report/ LiveLaw: Law Commission Submits Draft Bill For Human DNA Profiling; Proposes Setting Up Of National And Regional DNA Data Banks (26th July 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.dailyo.in/politics/human-dna-profiling-test-bill-right-to-privacy-modi-aadhaar/story/1/18558.html Daily O: A DNA profiling law is dystopian nightmare without the fundamental right to privacy (24th July 2017)]<br />
**[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/finalising-fresh-version-of-dna-profiling-bill-govt-tells-sc-4764070/ the Indian Express: Finalising fresh version of DNA Profiling Bill, Govt tells SC (24th July 2017)]<br />
**[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/process-to-bring-in-dna-profiling-bill-has-begun-centre-to-sc-4755149/ The Indian Express: Process to bring in DNA profiling bill has begun: Centre to SC (17th July 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Andhra-Pradesh-working-on-system-to-DNA-tag-convicts/article17149088.ece The Hindu: Andhra Pradesh working on system to DNA-tag convicts (3rd February 2017)]<br />
**[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/first-dna-index-system-to-tackle-crime-introduced-by-andhra-pradesh-police-2989114/ The Indian Express: First DNA index system to tackle crime introduced by Andhra Pradesh Police (21st August 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh-police-to-soon-have-dna-index-system/article9014572.ece The businessline: AP police to soon have DNA index system (21st August 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.firstpost.com/india/crime-in-chennai-is-tamil-nadu-ready-for-police-commission-prediction-of-rise-in-crimes-2913482.html Firstpost: Crime in Chennai: Is Tamil Nadu ready for Police Commission prediction of rise in crimes? (25th July 2016)]<br />
**[http://news.trust.org/item/20160605044124-qc9rd/ India’s biometric blues (5th June 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.frontline.in/cover-story/surveillance-project/article8408866.ece Frontline: Surveillance project (15th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.governancenow.com/gov-next/egov/good-governance-subterfuge-aadhaar-bill Governance Now: ‘Good governance’, but through subterfuge! (21st March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/forget-privacy-aadhaar-bill-gives-too-much-power-to-the-executive/story-ZZjsWwMypqyw7Q5nIFWXcJ.html Hindustan Times: Forget privacy, Aadhaar Bill gives too much power to the executive (17th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.governancenow.com/news/regular-story/cloaking-aadhaar-the-sanctity-a-law-disputable-grounds Governance Now: Cloaking 'Aadhaar' with the sanctity of a law on disputable grounds (4th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-counts-on-big-data-to-grow-biotech/article8046071.ece The Hindu: Centre counts on Big Data to grow biotech (31th December 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/securing-the-right-to-privacy/article7958539.ece The Hindu Business Line: Securing the right to privacy (7th December 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/expert-bats-for-dna-human-profiling-bill/article7863627.ece The Hindu: Expert bats for DNA human profiling Bill (10th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://swarajyamag.com/magazine/every-move-you-make/ Sawarajya: Every Move You Make (23th September 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.newslaundry.com/2015/09/11/blood-tests-and-skin-scraping-of-indian-citizens-for-dna-profiling/ Newslaundry: Blood tests and skin scraping of Indian citizens for DNA profiling (11th September 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/State-to-get-DNA-bank/articleshow/48861394.cms Mumbai Mirror: State to get DNA bank (8th September 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.nyoooz.com/mumbai/194478/state-to-get-dna-bank NYOOZ: State to get DNA bank (8th September 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thequint.com/india/2015/09/01/mandatory-dna-profiling-can-help-solve-puzzle-of-unclaimed-bodies The Quint: Mandatory DNA Profiling Can Help Solve Puzzle of Unclaimed Bodies (2nd September 2015)]<br />
**[http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/in-new-bill-dna-testing-rules-and-some-concerns/ The Indian Express: In new Bill: DNA testing rules, and some concerns (27th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.epw.in/commentary/do-not-analyse-my-dna.html Economic and Political Weekly: D(o) N(ot) A(nalyse) My DNA: Arguments against the Human DNA Profiling Bill 2015 (22nd August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/dna-profiling-a-bill-that-reads-more-like-science-fiction/article1-1382031.aspx Hindustan Times: DNA profiling: A bill that reads more like science fiction (20th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://thewire.in/2015/08/18/government-invites-comments-on-dna-profiling-bill-even-if-belatedly-8698/ The Wire: Government Invites Comments on DNA Profiling Bill, Even if Belatedly (18th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/JBtZ24wlgVhLRvEcaZyvII/DNA-profiling-bill-More-safeguards-needed.html LiveMint: DNA profiling bill: More safeguards needed (17th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/scientific-ambitions-behind-dna-profiling-bill/article7544598.ece The Hindu: ‘Scientific ambitions behind DNA Profiling Bill’(16th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://indiatogether.org/dna-bill-issues-laws India Together: The DNA Bill is a recipe for disaster (12th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/new-bill-proposes-collection-of-samples-from-private-parts-for-dna-profiling-1206680 NDTV: New Bill Proposes Collection of Samples From Private Parts for DNA (12th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/new-bill-proposes-collection-of-samples-from-pvt-parts-for-dna-115081201672_1.html Business Standard: New bill proposes collection of samples from pvt parts for DNA (12th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-human-dna-profiling-bill-new-govt-bill-proposes-collection-of-samples-from-private-parts-2113761 DNA: Human DNA Profiling Bill: New govt bill proposes collection of samples from private parts (12th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/new-bill-proposes-collection-of-samples-from-pvt-parts-for-dna-profiling/articleshow/48457119.cms The Economic Times: New bill proposes collection of samples from pvt parts for DNA profiling (12th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33859720 BBC: Why India's Bihar is taking DNA samples to spite Modi (12th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dailyo.in/politics/human-dna-profiling-bill-2015-biotechnology-right-to-privacy-forensics-dbt-cdfd-hyderabad/story/1/5619.html Daily O: Why the government wants to photograph your private parts (12th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://thewire.in/2015/08/12/government-sidesteps-questions-on-privacy-rights-8349/ The Wire: Government Sidesteps Questions on Privacy Rights (12th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-india-can-learn-from-the-uk-s-mistakes-with-dna-2112143 DNA: India can learn from the UK’s mistakes with DNA (8th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/nation/genetic-profiling-is-it-all-in-the-dna Open: Genetic Profiling: Is it all in the DNA? (7th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://newsclick.in/india/human-dna-profiling-bill-invasion-privacy-grand-scale News Click: Human DNA Profiling Bill: Invasion of Privacy at a Grand Scale (6th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.newindianexpress.com/columns/End-of-Privacy-is-Death-Knell-for-Indian-Democracy/2015/08/05/article2958120.ece New Indian Express: End of Privacy is Death Knell for Indian Democracy (5th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/opinion-pieces/is-dna-profiling-worth-the-effort.html Manorama: Is DNA profiling worth the effort? (5th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/493378/controversy-erupts-over-dna-profiling.html Deccan Herald: Controversy erupts over DNA Profiling Bill ahead of introduction (5th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.com/hindi/india/2015/08/150803_dna_profiling_bill_tk BBC: सरकार के पास डीएनए प्रोफ़ाइल होने से परेशानी क्यों? (4th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-denies-plans-to-build-dna-database-but-experts-fault-bill/article7493062.ece The Hindu: Centre denies plans to build DNA database, but experts fault Bill (3rd August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.hindustantimes.com/comment/dna-profiling-bill-game-changer-but-potential-for-data-misuse/article1-1375782.aspx Hindustan Times: DNA Profiling bill: Game-changer but potential for data misuse (3rd August 2015)]<br />
**[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Four-problems-with-the-DNA-database/articleshow/48311840.cms?from=mdr Times of India: Four problems with the DNA database (2nd August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/why-the-dna-bill-is-open-to-misuse-sunil-abraham-115080101131_1.html Why the DNA Bill is open to misuse: Sunil Abraham (1st August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-basic-right-is-in-danger/article7482874.ece The Hindu; A basic Right is in Danger (31st July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.livemint.com/Politics/L8WX2Kr0WAiOhixEr06mJL/Monsoon-sessions-washout-threatens-to-derail-NDAs-reform-a.html Live Mint: Monsoon session may derail NDA’s reforms agenda (30th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/xrqO4wBzpPbeA4nPruPNXP/A-dangerous-convergence.html Live Mint: A dangerous convergence (29th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.livemint.com/Politics/VF2YLw4sgSxlxgPgIGJG2I/Regulation-misuse-concerns-still-dog-DNA-profiling-bill.html Live Mint: Regulation, misuse concerns still dog DNA profiling bill (29th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/editorial-dnaedit-negative-profiling-2109061 DNA: #dnaEdit: Negative profiling (29th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://bangalore.citizenmatters.in/articles/dna-bill-problems-issues-inputs-from-bangalore Citizen Matters Bangalore: With a powerful board and loose definitions, DNA Bill is a recipe for disaster (28th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/dna-profiling-bill/article7470970.ece The Hindu: DNA profiling Bill triggers debate (28th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/not-ready-for-dna-profiling/article7470651.ece Hindu Business Line: Not ready for DNA profiling (27th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.financialexpress.com/article/fe-columnist/human-dna-profiling-bill-a-tool-that-could-be-misused/108561/ Financial Express: Human DNA Profiling Bill: A tool that could be misused (27th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dailyo.in/politics/human-dna-profiling-2015-monsoon-session-modi-government-kuwait-bjp-nda/story/1/5252.html Daily O: Why Human DNA Profiling Bill can put Indians in danger (27th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dna-profiling-new-headache-for-the-nda-government/article1-1373337.aspx Hindustan Times: DNA profiling the new headache for NDA government (27th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/After-Aadhar-Human-DNA-Profiling-Bill-Raises-Fears-of-Misuse/2015/07/26/article2940327.ece The Sunday Standard: After Aadhar, Human DNA Profiling Bill Raises Fears of Misuse (26th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2015/07/26/indias-dna-profiling-bill-may-become-one-worlds-most-intrusive-laws SBS: India’s DNA profiling bill may become one of the world’s most intrusive laws (26th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://thewire.in/2015/07/25/debating-the-dna-bill-the-government-responds-the-wire-replies-7188/ The Wire: Debating the DNA Bill: The Government Responds, The Wire Replies (25th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://qz.com/463279/indias-dna-profiling-bill-may-become-one-of-the-worlds-most-intrusive-laws/ Quartz: India's DNA profiling bill may become one of the world's most intrusive laws (24th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://thewire.in/2015/07/24/modi-wants-the-dna-profiling-bill-passed-right-away-heres-why-it-shouldnt-be-6922/ The Wire: Modi Wants the DNA Profiling Bill Passed Right Away. Here’s Why It Shouldn’t Be (24th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://scroll.in/article/743049/the-scariest-bill-in-parliament-is-getting-no-attention-heres-what-you-need-to-know-about-it Scroll.in: The scariest bill in Parliament is getting no attention - here’s what you need to know about it (24th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/standpoint-how-dna-tests-can-help-mumbai-s-missing-children-2107443 DNA: How DNA tests can help Mumbai's missing children (23rd July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.nyoooz.com/lucknow/155928/kgmu-proposes-criminal-database-for-up-police NYOOOZ: KGMU proposes criminal database for UP Police (21st July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-dna-test-to-curb-use-of-babies-in-begging-2085620 DNA: DNA test to curb use of babies in begging? (14th May 2015)]<br />
**[http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/begging-rackets-child-trafficking-dna-test-maharashtra-government-beggars-ssa-vidya-thakur/1/416333.html India Today: Maharashtra govt plans to conduct DNA tests on street children to reunite them with their biological parents (1st February 2015)]<br />
**[http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-01-21/news/58306163_1_budget-session-biological-samples-dna-database The Economic Times: Human DNA Profiling Bill likely in Budget session: Centre to SC (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-centre-says-its-needs-legislative-sanction-to-dna-data-bank-2052323 DNA: Centre says its needs legislative sanction to DNA data bank (14th January 2015)]<br />
**[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Cops-mull-DNA-testing-of-Delhis-beggars/articleshow/45722741.cms Times of India: Cops mull DNA testing of Delhi’s beggars (2nd January 2015)]<br />
**[http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/dna-profiling-bill-unidentified-bodies-supreme-court-centre-feasibility/1/384321.html India Today: SC asks Centre on feasibility of DNA profiling of unidentified bodies (22nd September 2014)] Reports that the DNA Bill will be introduced to parliament in March 2015.<br />
**[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/bill-stuck-so-cannot-create-dna-data-bank-centre-to-sc/ The Indian Express: Bill stuck so cannot create DNA data bank (15th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.medianama.com/2014/07/223-government-dna-database-privacy/ MediaNama: Indian Govt plans a DNA profiles database to find missing persons; Privacy? (16th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-supreme-court-asks-centre-to-create-dna-database-for-unidentified-bodies-2002419 DNA India: Supreme Court asks Centre to create DNA database for unidentified bodies (15th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/sc-wants-creation-of-dna-database-for-unidentified-bodies_947636.html Z News: SC wants creation of DNA database for unidentified bodies (15th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/indiahome/indianews/article-2692100/Government-plans-DNA-database-help-missing-people.html Daily Mail: Government plans DNA database to help find missing people (14th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.firstpost.com/india/why-the-aarushi-trial-was-a-double-murder-of-forensics-investigation-1250025.html First Post: Aarushi trial: A double murder of forensics and investigation (26th November 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-army-to-store-soldiers-dna-profile/article4643751.ece The Hindu: Indian Army to store soldiers' DNA profile (22nd April 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1888543/report-dna-special-just-60-forensic-experts-and-25-labs-to-handle-24923-rape-cases DNA special: Just 60 forensic experts and 25 labs to handle 24,923 rape cases (14th September 2013)]<br />
** [http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-01/mumbai/41662217_1_dna-tests-dna-evidence-survivor Times of India: DNA tests can offer clinching proof in all rape cases, say legal experts (1st September 2013)]<br />
** [http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-30/mumbai/41617883_1_dna-profiling-bill-dna-evidence-dna-technology Times of India: Mumbai gang-rape case: 5 names added to DNA database (30th August 2013)]<br />
** [http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/08/16/indias-doubting-fathers-and-sons-embrace-dna-paternity-tests/?src=rechp&_r=0 India Ink: India's Doubting Fathers and Sons Embrace DNA Paternity Tests (16th August 2013)]<br />
** [http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/01/ca-life-technologies-idUSnPNLA56557+1e0+PRN20130801 Reuters: Life Technologies Opens State-of-the-Art DNA Forensics Laboratory in India (1st August 2013)]<br />
** [http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_delhi-gang-rape-case-fsl-pulled-up-for-having-non-competent-officers_1781972 DNA: Delhi gang-rape case: FSL pulled up for having non-competent officers (26th December 2012)]<br />
** [http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-24/chennai/35991440_1_forensic-experts-government-doctors-evidence Times of India: Poor gathering of forensic evidence lets offenders walk free (24th December 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/dna-databases-india-must-learn-from-international-experiences/article4055382.ece The Hindu: DNA databases: 'India must learn from international experiences' (2nd November 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/bihar-to-have-lab-with-dna-test-facility/article4058645.ece The Hindu: Bihar to have lab with DNA test facility (2nd November 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.epw.in/web-exclusives/rethinking-dna-profiling-india.html Economic and Political Weekly: Rethinking DNA Profiling in India (27th October 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bill-to-create-bank-for-dna-profiling-of-accused-coming/article4019621.ece The Hindu: Bill to create bank for DNA profiling of accused coming (21st October 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.deccanherald.com/content/286646/dna-bill-faulted-inadequate-protection.html Deccan Herald: DNA Bill faulted for inadequate protection (19th October 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.firstpost.com/india/dna-experts-could-also-be-guilty-of-giving-false-results-486289.html DNA Experts Could Also be Guilty of Giving False Results(11th October 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.firstpost.com/india/could-better-dna-testing-facilities-in-india-have-saved-the-talwars-486172.html Could Better DNA Testing Facilities in India Have Saved the Talwars?(11th October 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.livemint.com/Politics/hFVRzai11wlgloIlr6zuZP/Proposed-DNA-database-greatly-expands-scope-of-surveillance.html Proposed DNA Database Greatly Expands Scope of Surveillance(1st October 2012)]<br />
** [http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-29/news/34163856_1_dna-samples-dna-database-crime-detection//Government Bill aims to build pool of DNA samples(29th Sept 2012)]<br />
** [http://news.yahoo.com/ap-newsbreak-kashmir-wont-dna-test-mass-graves-112723438.html AP: Kashmir Won't Test Mass DNA Graves (6th Sept 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.indianexpress.com/news/insufficient-chemicals-at-forensic-lab-for-dna-tests/957802//Insufficient Chemicals at Forensic Lab for DNA Tests(8th June 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_lack-of-funds-cripple-forensic-lab_1697399/Lack of Funds Cripples Lab(5th June 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_dna-profiling-very-soon-govt-will-know-you-inside-out_1689317/DNA Profiling in India: Pretty Soon the Government Will Know You Inside and Out (16th May 2012)]<br />
** [http://dnapolicyinitiative.org/dna-samples-lie-untested-in-india-due-to-overburdened-laboratories/DNA Samples Lie Untested in India due to Overburdened Laboratories (23rd April 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/andhra-pradesh/article2869815.ece The Hindu: DNA profiling to tackle crimes yet to catch up (8th February 2012)]<br />
** [http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/hyderabad/dna-profiling-will-solve-several-issues-732 Deccan Chronicle: DNA profiling will solve several issues (12th November 2011)]<br />
** [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Forensic-experts-in-city-to-discuss-DNA-fingerprinting/articleshow/10697212.cms Times of India: Forensic experts in city to discuss DNA fingerprinting (12th November 2011)]<br />
** [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/dna-testing-to-identify-kashmirs-disappeared-2359361.html The Independent: DNA testing to identify Kashmir's 'disappeared' (23rd September 2011)]<br />
** [http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110707/jsp/northeast/story_14204831.jsp# The Telegraph (Calcutta): N-E to get hi-tech forensic institute (6th July 2011)]<br />
** [http://www.genewatch.org/India%20may%20soon%20have%20DNA%20database%20to%20crack%20crime%20%20Read%20more:%20India%20may%20soon%20have%20DNA%20database%20to%20crack%20crime%20-%20The%20Times%20of%20India%20http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-may-soon-have-DNA-database-to-crack-crime/articleshow/6556476.cms#ixzz11wxir2xH Times of India: India may soon have DNA database to crack crime (15th September 2010)]<br />
** [http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2618/stories/20090911261810100.htm Frontline: DNA controversies (29th August 2009)]<br />
** [http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-23/mumbai/31387482_1_dna-samples-blood-samples-forensic-experts 3 months on, 13/7 DNA samples lie untested]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references/></div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/Main_PageMain Page2021-12-08T16:47:21Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>The [http://dnapolicyinitiative.org/ Forensic Genetics Policy Initiative], a collaboration of GeneWatch UK, Privacy International, and the Council for Responsible Genetics, seeks to achieve a direct impact on the human rights standards adopted for DNA databases across the world.<br />
<br />
On this wiki, you are encouraged to engage and contribute to our knowledge of national DNA databases. These entries are based on our current knowledge of affairs in each country and we welcome your assistance in keeping them up to date and relevant. Below are links to entries for each country presently engaging in DNA databanking, or considering developing capacity or legislation. <br />
<br />
See also the [[global summary]] of DNA databases worldwide and the 2014 journal article [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2090536X14000239 Forensic DNA databases: Ethical and legal standards: A global review].<br />
<br />
You can also find pages on [[Europe]] and [[Interpol]] and [[International resources]]. These pages include information about the growing number of treaties and agreements to share DNA profile matches across international borders.<br />
<br />
In addition to country-specific information, we welcome any related discussion. Each page has a discussion link and a dedicated discussion page.<br />
<br />
Please do not hesitate to [http://dnapolicyinitiative.org/contact-2/ contact us] if you have questions, concerns, or would like to share further information.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Map.png]]<br />
<br />
'''DNA Policy Info by Country'''<br />
<br />
* [[Afghanistan]]<br />
* [[Albania]]<br />
* [[Algeria]]<br />
* [[Antigua and Barbuda]]<br />
* [[Argentina]]<br />
* [[Armenia]]<br />
* [[Australia]]<br />
* [[Austria]]<br />
* [[Azerbaijan]]<br />
* [[Bahamas]]<br />
* [[Bahrain]]<br />
* [[Bangladesh]]<br />
* [[Barbados]]<br />
* [[Belarus]]<br />
* [[Belgium]]<br />
* [[Bermuda]]<br />
* [[Bolivia]]<br />
* [[Bosnia and Herzegovenia]]<br />
* [[Botswana]]<br />
* [[Brazil]]<br />
* [[Brunei]]<br />
* [[Bulgaria]]<br />
* [[Burundi]]<br />
* [[Canada]]<br />
* [[Cayman Islands]]<br />
* [[Chile]]<br />
* [[China]]<br />
* [[China (Hong Kong)]]<br />
* [[Colombia]]<br />
* [[Costa Rica]]<br />
* [[Croatia]]<br />
* [[Cuba]]<br />
* [[Cyprus]]<br />
* [[Czech Republic]]<br />
* [[Denmark]]<br />
* [[Ecuador]]<br />
* [[Egypt]]<br />
* [[Estonia]]<br />
* [[Fiji]]<br />
* [[Finland]]<br />
* [[France]]<br />
* [[Georgia]]<br />
* [[Germany]]<br />
* [[Ghana]]<br />
* [[Gibraltar]]<br />
* [[Greece]]<br />
* [[Guatemala]]<br />
* [[Guyana]]<br />
* [[Hong Kong]]<br />
* [[Hungary]]<br />
* [[Iceland]]<br />
* [[India]]<br />
* [[Indonesia]]<br />
* [[Iraq]]<br />
* [[Iran]]<br />
* [[Ireland]]<br />
* [[Israel]]<br />
* [[Italy]]<br />
* [[Jamaica]]<br />
* [[Japan]]<br />
* [[Jordan]]<br />
* [[Kazakhstan]]<br />
* [[Kenya]]<br />
* [[Korea (South)]]<br />
* [[Kosovo]]<br />
* [[Kuwait]]<br />
* [[Latvia]]<br />
* [[Lebanon]]<br />
* [[Lesotho]]<br />
* [[Libya]]<br />
* [[Liechtenstein]]<br />
* [[Lithuania]]<br />
* [[Luxembourg]]<br />
* [[Macedonia (FYR)]]<br />
* [[Malaysia]]<br />
* [[Malta]]<br />
* [[Mauritius]]<br />
* [[Mexico]]<br />
* [[Montenegro]]<br />
* [[Morocco]]<br />
* [[Namibia]]<br />
* [[Nepal]]<br />
* [[Netherlands]]<br />
* [[New Zealand]]<br />
* [[Nigeria]]<br />
* [[Norway]]<br />
* [[Oman]]<br />
* [[Pakistan]]<br />
* [[Panama]]<br />
* [[Paraguay]]<br />
* [[Peru]]<br />
* [[Philippines]]<br />
* [[Poland]]<br />
* [[Portugal]]<br />
* [[Qatar]]<br />
* [[Romania]]<br />
* [[Russia]]<br />
* [[Rwanda]]<br />
* [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]]<br />
* [[Saudi Arabia]]<br />
* [[Senegal]]<br />
* [[Serbia]]<br />
* [[Seychelles]]<br />
* [[Singapore]]<br />
* [[Slovakia]]<br />
* [[Slovenia]]<br />
* [[Somalia]]<br />
* [[South Africa]]<br />
* [[South Korea]]<br />
* [[Spain]]<br />
* [[Sri Lanka]]<br />
* [[St Lucia]]<br />
* [[Sudan]]<br />
* [[Sweden]]<br />
* [[Switzerland]]<br />
* [[Syria]]<br />
* [[Taiwan]]<br />
* [[Tanzania]]<br />
* [[Thailand]]<br />
* [[Trinidad and Tobago]]<br />
* [[Tunisia]]<br />
*[[Turkey]]<br />
* [[Uganda]]<br />
* [[Ukraine]]<br />
* [[United Arab Emirates]]<br />
* [[United Kingdom]]<br />
* [[United States]]<br />
* [[Uruguay]]<br />
* [[Uzbekistan]]<br />
* [[Venezuela]]<br />
* [[Vietnam]]<br />
<br />
* [[Yemen]]<br />
* [[Zimbabwe]]</div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/GuyanaGuyana2021-06-29T08:42:32Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>Guyana proposed new legislation to allow the police to build a DNA database in 2021.<br />
<br />
==Resources==<br />
*External links<br />
<br />
**[http://guyanabarassociation.org/release/statement-by-the-bar-council-of-the-bar-association-of-guyana-on-the-police-amendment-bill-no-8-of-2021/ STATEMENT BY THE BAR COUNCIL OF THE BAR ASSOCIATION OF GUYANA ON THE POLICE (AMENDMENT) BILL NO. 8 OF 2021 (14th June 2021)]<br />
**[https://officialgazette.gov.gy/index.php/publications/1520-extraordinary-gazettes-7th-june-2021-bill-no-8-of-2021-the-police-amendment-bill-2021 Extraordinary Gazettes - 7th June, 2021 - Bill No. 8 of 2021 – The Police (Amendment) Bill 2021]. This Bill amends Section 25 of the [https://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/programs/aj/police/legislation/guyana/cap1601policeact.pdf Police Act] to include DNA.<br />
**[https://assets.thermofisher.com/TFS-Assets/GSD/Reference-Materials/rapid-lea-guyana-customer-profile.pdf ThermoFisher/Applied Biosystems: Developing forensic DNA capabilities around the globe with rapid DNA technologies]<br />
<br />
*Press articles<br />
<br />
**[https://www.stabroeknews.com/2021/06/16/opinion/letters/consultation-is-needed-on-this-dna-bill/ Stabroek News: Consultation is needed on this DNA bill (16th June 2021)]<br />
**[https://www.stabroeknews.com/2021/06/15/news/guyana/bar-association-calls-on-govt-to-withdraw-dna-bill/ Stabroek News: Bar Association calls on gov’t to withdraw DNA bill (15th June 2021)]<br />
**[https://www.stabroeknews.com/2021/06/13/news/guyana/bill-tabled-for-dna-collection-from-persons-in-custody/ Stabroek News: Bill tabled for DNA collection from persons in custody (13th June 2021)]</div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/GuyanaGuyana2021-06-29T08:36:55Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>Guyana proposed new legislation to allow the police to build a DNA database in 2021.<br />
<br />
==Resources==<br />
*External links<br />
<br />
**[http://guyanabarassociation.org/release/statement-by-the-bar-council-of-the-bar-association-of-guyana-on-the-police-amendment-bill-no-8-of-2021/ STATEMENT BY THE BAR COUNCIL OF THE BAR ASSOCIATION OF GUYANA ON THE POLICE (AMENDMENT) BILL NO. 8 OF 2021 (14th June 2021)]<br />
**[https://officialgazette.gov.gy/index.php/publications/1520-extraordinary-gazettes-7th-june-2021-bill-no-8-of-2021-the-police-amendment-bill-2021 Extraordinary Gazettes - 7th June, 2021 - Bill No. 8 of 2021 – The Police (Amendment) Bill 2021]. This Bill amends Section 25 of the [https://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/programs/aj/police/legislation/guyana/cap1601policeact.pdf Police Act] to include DNA.<br />
<br />
*Press articles<br />
<br />
**[https://www.stabroeknews.com/2021/06/16/opinion/letters/consultation-is-needed-on-this-dna-bill/ Stabroek News: Consultation is needed on this DNA bill (16th June 2021)]<br />
**[https://www.stabroeknews.com/2021/06/15/news/guyana/bar-association-calls-on-govt-to-withdraw-dna-bill/ Stabroek News: Bar Association calls on gov’t to withdraw DNA bill (15th June 2021)]<br />
**[https://www.stabroeknews.com/2021/06/13/news/guyana/bill-tabled-for-dna-collection-from-persons-in-custody/ Stabroek News: Bill tabled for DNA collection from persons in custody (13th June 2021)]</div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/GuyanaGuyana2021-06-29T08:35:11Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>Guyana proposed new legislation to allow the police to build a DNA database in 2021.<br />
<br />
==Resources==<br />
*External links<br />
<br />
**[http://guyanabarassociation.org/release/statement-by-the-bar-council-of-the-bar-association-of-guyana-on-the-police-amendment-bill-no-8-of-2021/ STATEMENT BY THE BAR COUNCIL OF THE BAR ASSOCIATION OF GUYANA ON THE POLICE (AMENDMENT) BILL NO. 8 OF 2021 (14th June 2021)]<br />
**[https://officialgazette.gov.gy/index.php/publications/1520-extraordinary-gazettes-7th-june-2021-bill-no-8-of-2021-the-police-amendment-bill-2021 Extraordinary Gazettes - 7th June, 2021 - Bill No. 8 of 2021 – The Police (Amendment) Bill 2021]<br />
<br />
*Press articles<br />
<br />
**[https://www.stabroeknews.com/2021/06/16/opinion/letters/consultation-is-needed-on-this-dna-bill/ Stabroek News: Consultation is needed on this DNA bill (16th June 2021)]<br />
**[https://www.stabroeknews.com/2021/06/15/news/guyana/bar-association-calls-on-govt-to-withdraw-dna-bill/ Stabroek News: Bar Association calls on gov’t to withdraw DNA bill (15th June 2021)]<br />
**[https://www.stabroeknews.com/2021/06/13/news/guyana/bill-tabled-for-dna-collection-from-persons-in-custody/ Stabroek News: Bill tabled for DNA collection from persons in custody (13th June 2021)]</div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/GuyanaGuyana2021-06-29T08:32:59Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>Guyana proposed new legislation to allow the police to build a DNA database in 2021.<br />
<br />
==Resources==<br />
*External links<br />
<br />
*[http://guyanabarassociation.org/release/statement-by-the-bar-council-of-the-bar-association-of-guyana-on-the-police-amendment-bill-no-8-of-2021/ STATEMENT BY THE BAR COUNCIL OF THE BAR ASSOCIATION OF GUYANA ON THE POLICE (AMENDMENT) BILL NO. 8 OF 2021 (14th June 2021)]<br />
<br />
*Press articles<br />
<br />
*[https://www.stabroeknews.com/2021/06/16/opinion/letters/consultation-is-needed-on-this-dna-bill/ Stabroek News: Consultation is needed on this DNA bill (16th June 2021)]<br />
*[https://www.stabroeknews.com/2021/06/15/news/guyana/bar-association-calls-on-govt-to-withdraw-dna-bill/ Stabroek News: Bar Association calls on gov’t to withdraw DNA bill (15th June 2021)]<br />
*[https://www.stabroeknews.com/2021/06/13/news/guyana/bill-tabled-for-dna-collection-from-persons-in-custody/ Stabroek News: Bill tabled for DNA collection from persons in custody (13th June 2021)]</div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/GuyanaGuyana2021-06-29T08:32:18Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>Guyana proposed new legislation to allow the police to build a DNA database in 2021.<br />
<br />
==Resources==<br />
*External links<br />
<br />
[http://guyanabarassociation.org/release/statement-by-the-bar-council-of-the-bar-association-of-guyana-on-the-police-amendment-bill-no-8-of-2021/ STATEMENT BY THE BAR COUNCIL OF THE BAR ASSOCIATION OF GUYANA ON THE POLICE (AMENDMENT) BILL NO. 8 OF 2021 (14th June 2021)]<br />
<br />
*Press articles<br />
<br />
[https://www.stabroeknews.com/2021/06/16/opinion/letters/consultation-is-needed-on-this-dna-bill/ Stabroek News: Consultation is needed on this DNA bill (16th June 2021)]<br />
[https://www.stabroeknews.com/2021/06/15/news/guyana/bar-association-calls-on-govt-to-withdraw-dna-bill/ Stabroek News: Bar Association calls on gov’t to withdraw DNA bill (15th June 2021)]<br />
[https://www.stabroeknews.com/2021/06/13/news/guyana/bill-tabled-for-dna-collection-from-persons-in-custody/ Stabroek News: Bill tabled for DNA collection from persons in custody (13th June 2021)]</div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/GuyanaGuyana2021-06-29T08:26:35Z<p>Admin: Created page with "Guyana proposed new legislation to allow the police to build a DNA database in 2021. ==Resources== *External links [http://guyanabarassociation.org/release/statement-by-the-..."</p>
<hr />
<div>Guyana proposed new legislation to allow the police to build a DNA database in 2021.<br />
<br />
==Resources==<br />
*External links<br />
<br />
[http://guyanabarassociation.org/release/statement-by-the-bar-council-of-the-bar-association-of-guyana-on-the-police-amendment-bill-no-8-of-2021/ STATEMENT BY THE BAR COUNCIL OF THE BAR ASSOCIATION OF GUYANA ON THE POLICE (AMENDMENT) BILL NO. 8 OF 2021 (14th June 2021)]<br />
<br />
*Press articles</div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/Main_PageMain Page2021-06-29T08:11:29Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>The [http://dnapolicyinitiative.org/ Forensic Genetics Policy Initiative], a collaboration of GeneWatch UK, Privacy International, and the Council for Responsible Genetics, seeks to achieve a direct impact on the human rights standards adopted for DNA databases across the world.<br />
<br />
On this wiki, you are encouraged to engage and contribute to our knowledge of national DNA databases. These entries are based on our current knowledge of affairs in each country and we welcome your assistance in keeping them up to date and relevant. Below are links to entries for each country presently engaging in DNA databanking, or considering developing capacity or legislation. <br />
<br />
See also the [[global summary]] of DNA databases worldwide and the 2014 journal article [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2090536X14000239 Forensic DNA databases: Ethical and legal standards: A global review].<br />
<br />
You can also find pages on [[Europe]] and [[Interpol]] and [[International resources]]. These pages include information about the growing number of treaties and agreements to share DNA profile matches across international borders.<br />
<br />
In addition to country-specific information, we welcome any related discussion. Each page has a discussion link and a dedicated discussion page.<br />
<br />
Please do not hesitate to [http://dnapolicyinitiative.org/contact-2/ contact us] if you have questions, concerns, or would like to share further information.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Map.png]]<br />
<br />
'''DNA Policy Info by Country'''<br />
<br />
* [[Afghanistan]]<br />
* [[Albania]]<br />
* [[Algeria]]<br />
* [[Antigua and Barbuda]]<br />
* [[Argentina]]<br />
* [[Armenia]]<br />
* [[Australia]]<br />
* [[Austria]]<br />
* [[Azerbaijan]]<br />
* [[Bahamas]]<br />
* [[Bahrain]]<br />
* [[Bangladesh]]<br />
* [[Barbados]]<br />
* [[Belarus]]<br />
* [[Belgium]]<br />
* [[Bermuda]]<br />
* [[Bolivia]]<br />
* [[Bosnia and Herzegovenia]]<br />
* [[Botswana]]<br />
* [[Brazil]]<br />
* [[Brunei]]<br />
* [[Bulgaria]]<br />
* [[Burundi]]<br />
* [[Canada]]<br />
* [[Cayman Islands]]<br />
* [[Chile]]<br />
* [[China]]<br />
* [[China (Hong Kong)]]<br />
* [[Colombia]]<br />
* [[Costa Rica]]<br />
* [[Croatia]]<br />
* [[Cuba]]<br />
* [[Cyprus]]<br />
* [[Czech Republic]]<br />
* [[Denmark]]<br />
* [[Ecuador]]<br />
* [[Egypt]]<br />
* [[Estonia]]<br />
* [[Fiji]]<br />
* [[Finland]]<br />
* [[France]]<br />
* [[Georgia]]<br />
* [[Germany]]<br />
* [[Ghana]]<br />
* [[Gibraltar]]<br />
* [[Greece]]<br />
* [[Guatemala]]<br />
* [[Guyana]]<br />
* [[Hong Kong]]<br />
* [[Hungary]]<br />
* [[Iceland]]<br />
* [[India]]<br />
* [[Indonesia]]<br />
* [[Iraq]]<br />
* [[Iran]]<br />
* [[Ireland]]<br />
* [[Israel]]<br />
* [[Italy]]<br />
* [[Jamaica]]<br />
* [[Japan]]<br />
* [[Jordan]]<br />
* [[Kazakhstan]]<br />
* [[Kenya]]<br />
* [[Korea (South)]]<br />
* [[Kosovo]]<br />
* [[Kuwait]]<br />
* [[Latvia]]<br />
* [[Lebanon]]<br />
* [[Lesotho]]<br />
* [[Liberia]]<br />
* [[Libya]]<br />
* [[Liechtenstein]]<br />
* [[Lithuania]]<br />
* [[Luxembourg]]<br />
* [[Macedonia (FYR)]]<br />
* [[Malaysia]]<br />
* [[Malta]]<br />
* [[Mauritius]]<br />
* [[Mexico]]<br />
* [[Montenegro]]<br />
* [[Morocco]]<br />
* [[Namibia]]<br />
* [[Nepal]]<br />
* [[Netherlands]]<br />
* [[New Zealand]]<br />
* [[Nigeria]]<br />
* [[Norway]]<br />
* [[Oman]]<br />
* [[Pakistan]]<br />
* [[Panama]]<br />
* [[Paraguay]]<br />
* [[Peru]]<br />
* [[Philippines]]<br />
* [[Poland]]<br />
* [[Portugal]]<br />
* [[Qatar]]<br />
* [[Romania]]<br />
* [[Russia]]<br />
* [[Rwanda]]<br />
* [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]]<br />
* [[Saudi Arabia]]<br />
* [[Senegal]]<br />
* [[Serbia]]<br />
* [[Seychelles]]<br />
* [[Singapore]]<br />
* [[Slovakia]]<br />
* [[Slovenia]]<br />
* [[Somalia]]<br />
* [[South Africa]]<br />
* [[South Korea]]<br />
* [[Spain]]<br />
* [[Sri Lanka]]<br />
* [[St Lucia]]<br />
* [[Sudan]]<br />
* [[Sweden]]<br />
* [[Switzerland]]<br />
* [[Syria]]<br />
* [[Taiwan]]<br />
* [[Tanzania]]<br />
* [[Thailand]]<br />
* [[Trinidad and Tobago]]<br />
* [[Tunisia]]<br />
*[[Turkey]]<br />
* [[Uganda]]<br />
* [[Ukraine]]<br />
* [[United Arab Emirates]]<br />
* [[United Kingdom]]<br />
* [[United States]]<br />
* [[Uruguay]]<br />
* [[Uzbekistan]]<br />
* [[Venezuela]]<br />
* [[Vietnam]]<br />
<br />
* [[Yemen]]<br />
* [[Zimbabwe]]</div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/UkraineUkraine2021-06-29T08:10:31Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>The 2008 Interpol survey reports that 176 crime scene DNA profiles and 1,723 individuals' profiles were held in Ukraine at the time of the survey. According to Interpol, Ukraine's DNA database grew to 2,609 crime scene DNA profiles, plus 5,162 reference DNA profiles from individuals in 2011. A DNA database legislation had been adopted at that time.<br />
In October 2020, a draft law on State Registration of Human Genomic Information began to be considered by the Ukrainian parliament.<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
* External links<br />
**[http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=70249 Draft Law on State Registration of Human Genomic Information (26th October 2020)] Plus subsequent revisions.<br />
**[http://www.justice.gov/criminal/icitap/programs/forensics.html The International Criminal Investigative Training Assistance Program (ICITAP)] Lists training from the US to Ukraine in DNA forensics.<br />
** [http://www.councilforresponsiblegenetics.org/dnadata/Countries/UA.html Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine: On the approved instructions for the operation of forensic records of the Service Ministry (15th October 2009)]<br />
* Press articles<br />
**[https://112.international/society/dna-profiles-of-ukrainians-to-be-combined-into-one-databasewhat-is-the-purpose-56349.html: 112 Ukraine: DNA profiles of Ukrainians in one database: What's the purpose? (9th November 2020)]<br />
**[http://uatoday.tv/politics/ukraine-s-parliament-adopts-law-protecting-rights-of-volunteer-soldiers-simplifies-dna-procedure-695016.html Ukraine Today: Ukraine adopts law protecting rights of volunteer soldiers, simplifies DNA procedure (13th July 2016)]<br />
** [http://archive.mignews.com.ua/en/articles/360713.html MIGnews: Passports to contain DNA data? (10th July 2009)]</div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/UkraineUkraine2021-06-29T08:09:24Z<p>Admin: /* Resources */</p>
<hr />
<div>The 2008 Interpol survey reports that 176 crime scene DNA profiles and 1,723 individuals' profiles were held in Ukraine at the time of the survey. According to Interpol, Ukraine's DNA database grew to 2,609 crime scene DNA profiles, plus 5,162 reference DNA profiles from individuals in 2011. A DNA database legislation had been adopted at that time.<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
* External links<br />
**[http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=70249 Draft Law on State Registration of Human Genomic Information (26th October 2020)] Plus subsequent revisions.<br />
**[http://www.justice.gov/criminal/icitap/programs/forensics.html The International Criminal Investigative Training Assistance Program (ICITAP)] Lists training from the US to Ukraine in DNA forensics.<br />
** [http://www.councilforresponsiblegenetics.org/dnadata/Countries/UA.html Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine: On the approved instructions for the operation of forensic records of the Service Ministry (15th October 2009)]<br />
* Press articles<br />
**[https://112.international/society/dna-profiles-of-ukrainians-to-be-combined-into-one-databasewhat-is-the-purpose-56349.html: 112 Ukraine: DNA profiles of Ukrainians in one database: What's the purpose? (9th November 2020)]<br />
**[http://uatoday.tv/politics/ukraine-s-parliament-adopts-law-protecting-rights-of-volunteer-soldiers-simplifies-dna-procedure-695016.html Ukraine Today: Ukraine adopts law protecting rights of volunteer soldiers, simplifies DNA procedure (13th July 2016)]<br />
** [http://archive.mignews.com.ua/en/articles/360713.html MIGnews: Passports to contain DNA data? (10th July 2009)]</div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/United_KingdomUnited Kingdom2021-04-28T10:28:55Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Overview ==<br />
The UK’s National DNA Database (NDNAD) was the first to be established, in 1995. Two changes in the law, made by the Blair Government in 2001 and 2003, led to a massive expansion of the database. DNA samples and records were collected routinely from everyone arrested for any recordable offence, from the age of ten, and retained indefinitely whether or not they were charged or convicted. However, the law on retention was reversed following public controversy and a successful challenge in the European Court of Human Rights.<br />
<br />
The 2008 Interpol survey reports that 329,660 crime scene DNA profiles and 5,093,145 individuals' profiles, plus 163 unknown/deceased DNA profiles were held in the UK at the time of the survey. According to Interpol, the UK's DNA database grew to 400,337 crime scene DNA profiles, 6,547,187 reference DNA profiles from individuals, 97 missing persons' DNA profiles, 35 unidentified human remains DNA profiles and 43,888 other DNA profiles in 2011. As at 31 March 2015, the NDNAD held 5,766,369 DNA profiles from individuals and 486,691 from crime scenes, following removal of DNA profiles from innocent people and some children convicted of minor offences. Removing these people from the database has not reduced crime detection rates. <br />
<br />
At 31st March 2020, the DNA database held 6,568,035 individuals' DNA profiles (taken from 5,604,185 individuals, when duplicates are taken into account) and 647,378 from crime scenes (of which 213,003 had not been matched to an individual's DNA profile).<br />
<br />
Legislation covering police use of DNA is different in Scotland and Northern Ireland from the law in England and Wales. Scotland and Northern Ireland maintain separate DNA databases, but DNA profile records loaded to these databases are also loaded to the UK's NDNAD. Thus, the UK's NDNAD holds DNA profiles from all UK police forces (as well as the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man), but the laws covering the retention of DNA profiles taken in each country differ. At 31st March 2020, individuals' DNA profiles stored on the NDNAD (including duplicates) consisted of 5,615,953 from England, 371,848 from Scotland, 365,965 from Wales, 171, 037 from Northern Ireland, and 43,230 other (this includes those from the Channel Islands, Isle of Man, Ministry of Defence police forces, HM Revenue and Customs, prisoners and others).<br />
<br />
Scotland rejected plans to retain DNA records from innocent people indefinitely in 2006. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, public opposition to keeping innocent people on the DNA database grew as more cases emerged of people falsely accused of minor offences who had their DNA stored.<br />
<br />
The European Court of Human Rights ruled that the law in England and Wales breached the European Convention on Human Rights in December 2008 (in the case of [http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-90051 S. and Marper v. the United Kingdom]).<br />
<br />
The UK’s Coalition Government adopted the Protection of Freedoms Act on 1st of May 2012, which came in to force at the end of October 2013. The DNA profiles and fingerprints of more than 1.7 million innocent people and children have been removed from police databases and more than 7.7 million DNA samples have also been destroyed.<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
*External links<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/forensic-information-databases-for-research-purposes-guidance Forensic information databases for research purposes: guidance (25th January 2021)] <br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-dna-and-fingerprint-exchange-policy-for-the-uk International DNA and fingerprint exchange policy for the UK (6th January 2021)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/biometrics-commissioner-interim-report-december-2020 Biometrics Commissioner: interim report December 2020]<br />
**[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/wfs2.1414 WIREs Forensic Science: The effectiveness of the current use of forensic DNA in criminal investigations in England and Wales (February 2021)] <br />
**[https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/1/2020/EN/COM-2020-857-F1-EN-ANNEX-1-PART-1.PDF European Commission: TRADE AND COOPERATION AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE EUROPEAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMUNITY, OF THE ONE PART, AND THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND, OF THE OTHER PART (25th December 2020)]<br />
**[https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_20_2532 European Commission: Questions & Answers: EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (24th December 2020)]<br />
** [https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/913011/NDNAD_Strategy_Board_AR_2018-2020_Web_Accessible.pdf Home Office: National DNA Database biennial report, 2018 to 2020 (2nd September 2020)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/niconsul2020-gw-fin.pdf GeneWatchUK response to the Department of Justice’s consultation on proposals to amend the legislation governing the retention of DNA and fingerprints in Northern Ireland (July 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.theyworkforyou.com/wms/?id=2020-06-15.HCWS290.h&s=DNA#gHCWS290.0 TheyWorkforYou: Prüm – Data Sharing Update (15th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/873640/dna-v4.0ext1.pdf Home Office: DNA policy guidance: Version 4.0 (16th March 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.scot/news/biometrics-commissioner/ Scottish Government: Biometrics Commissioner (10th March 2020)]<br />
**[http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-200817 European Court of Human Rights: CASE OF GAUGHRAN v. THE UNITED KINGDOM. Judgment, Strasbourg (13th February 2020)] Case regarding the disproportionate character of the indefinite retention of the DNA profile of a person convicted of minor offence.<br />
**[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmsctech/1970/1970.pdf House of Commons Science and Technology Committee: The work of the Biometrics Commissioner and the Forensic Science Regulator. Nineteenth Report of Session 2017–19 (17th July 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-dna-and-fingerprint-exchange-policy-for-the-uk Home Office: International DNA and fingerprint exchange policy for the UK (8th July 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-and-eu-law-enforcement-boost-co-operation-on-dna-databases Home Office: UK and EU law enforcement boost co-operation on DNA databases (14th June 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.scot/news/biometrics-commissioner-bill-published/ Scottish Government: Biometrics Commissioner (31st May 2019)]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/778065/National_DNA_Database_anuual_report_2017-18_print.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board Annual Report 2017/18]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dna-policy UK Government: DNA policy (immigration)]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/715318/FINDS-SB-P-002_-_Issue_1_-_FINDS_Strategy_Board_Policy_Access_and_Use_Po....pdf Forensic Information Databases Service (FINDS):The Forensic Information Databases Strategy Board Policy for Access and Use of DNA Samples, DNA Profiles, Fingerprint Images, and Associated Data (7th June 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.london.gov.uk/what-we-do/mayors-office-policing-and-crime-mopac/governance-and-decision-making/mopac-decisions-0/forensic-services-prum-dna-service-delivery-plan London: Forensic Services Prüm DNA Service Delivery Plan (10th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/biometrics-commissioner-annual-report-2017 Biometrics Commissioner: annual report 2017]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/713593/government_response_-_annual_report_2017.pdf Response to the Biometrics Commissioner's annual report 2017]<br />
**[http://assets.smartcdn.co.uk.s3-website-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/docs/3911_19012018095152.pdf Forensic Science Regulator: Annual Report: November 2016 - November 2017 (19th January 2018)]<br />
**[https://royalsociety.org/~/media/about-us/programmes/science-and-law/royal-society-forensic-dna-analysis-primer-for-courts.pdf Royal Society: Forensic DNA analysis: A Primer for Courts (November 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/594185/58714_Un-Num_Nat_DNA_DB_Accessible.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board Annual Report 2015/16]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/568554/Annual_Report_of_the_Ethics_Group_2015.pdf Annual Report of The Ethics Group: National DNA Database 2015 (16th November 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/526232/55843_BC_Report_ACCESSIBLE_01.pdf Further Report by the Biometrics Commissioner on Issues Raised in his 2015 Annual Report (April 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/507104/54496_Biometrics_Commissioners_Report_Print_Ready__3_.pdf Commissioner for the retention and use of biometric material: Annual Report December 2015]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/access-and-use-of-dna-samples-profiles-and-associated-data NDNAD Strategy Board policy for access and use of DNA samples, profiles and associated data: December 2015]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201516/cmselect/cmeuleg/342-xii/342xii.pdf House of Commons European Scunity Committee: Cross boarder law enforcement cooperation - UK participation in Prüm (4th December 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/484938/52921_NPCC_National_DNA_Database_print_ready.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board Annual Report 2014/15]. Confirms that removing innocent people's DNA profiles has had no adverse impact on solving crimes.<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-dna-exchange-policy-for-the-united-kingdom Policy Paper: International DNA exchange policy for the United Kingdom (23rd October 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/464648/2015_Prum_Business_Case.pdf Prum Business and Implementation Case (30th September 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/463466/ANNEX_H_Prum_Feasibility_Statistical_Analysis.pdf Principle Forensic Services: Prum Feasibility Project. Statistical Study: Report (September 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.pharmiweb.com/pressreleases/pressrel.asp?ROW_ID=124939#.VctwhPmYQxJ IntegenX: Rapid DNA Results Uploaded For First Time To United Kingdom’s National DNA Database (11th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.met.police.uk/foi/pdfs/other_information/corporate/early_deletion_process_2015.pdf Metropolitan Police: Early Deletion Requests - Consideration for the deletion of DNA profiles, Fingerprint, PNC Records and Photographic images. (22nd June 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dna-early-deletion-guidance-and-application-form Home Office: Record deletion guidance (27th May 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/publication-of-the-governments-response-to-the-biometrics-commissioners-first-annual-report UK Government response to the Biometrics Commissioner’s first annual report (13th May 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/circular-0092015-provisions-relating-to-dna-samples-in-the-police-amendment-regulations-2015-and-the-special-constabulary-amendment-regulations Circular 009/2015: provisions relating to DNA samples in the Police (Amendment) Regulations 2015 and the Special Constabulary (Amendment) Regulations 2015]<br />
**[http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/globalassets/documents/raise/deposited-papers/2015/dp1372.pdf: NORTHERN IRELAND DNA DATABASE GOVERNANCE BOARD REPORT 2012-14 (2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-dna-database-annual-report-2013-to-2014 National DNA Database: annual report, 2013 to 2014 (16th December 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/biometrics-commissioner-annual-report-2013-2014 Biometrics Commissioner: annual report 2013-2014 (16th December 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/applications-to-the-biometrics-commissioner-under-pace Home Office: Applications to the Biometrics Commissioner under PACE (26th September 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/358653/GuidanceApplicationstotheBC.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board: Applications to the Biometrics Commissioner under PACE (17th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.familylaw.co.uk/news_and_comment/re-z-application-for-release-of-dna-profiles-2014-ewhc-1999-fam#.U7wiU7Fhvqw Re Z(Application for Release of DNA Profiles) (2014) EWHC 1999 (Fam) (23rd June 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-dna-database-strategy-board-governance-rules National DNA Database strategy board: governance rules (13th June 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dna-early-deletion-guidance-and-application-form Home Office: DNA early deletion guidance and application form (20th January 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/helping-the-police-fight-crime-more-effectively/supporting-pages/national-dna-database National DNA Database]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/home-office/groups/national-dna-database-strategy-board National DNA Database Strategy Board]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/national-dna-database-ethics-group National DNA Database Ethics Group]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/forensic-science-regulator Forensic Science Regulator]<br />
**[https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/memberpage/united-kingdom-817 Europol: United Kingdom]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/254883/Access_And_Use_Of_DNA_Samples_Profiles.pdf Home Office: The NDNAD Strategy Board Policy for Access and Use of DNA Samples, Profiles and Associated Data (4th November 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-ethics-group-6th-annual-report-2013 NDNAD Ethics Group: 6th annual report (October 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/252678/NDNAD_Annual_Report_2012-13.pdf NATIONAL DNA DATABASE STRATEGY BOARD ANNUAL REPORT 2012-2013]<br />
**[http://www.forensicarchive.com/ Forensic Archive Ltd]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmselect/cmsctech/610/610.pdf House of Commons Science and Technology Committee; Forensic Science I (July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmselect/cmsctech/610/610vw.pdf House of Commons Science and Technology Committee: Forensic Science II (July 2013)]<br />
**[http://gizmonaut.net/blog/uk/2013/07/commencement_pofa_dna_provisions.html Gizmonaut: Commencement day of DNA provisions of the Protection of Freedom Act in October (22nd July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/1814/made The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2013] Commencement order for the provisions in the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 which relate to the destruction, retention and use of material including fingerprints, DNA samples and DNA profiles. Most provisions will come into force by 31st October 2013, with the destruction of copies coming into force by 31st January 2014.<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/1813/made The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (Destruction, Retention and Use of Biometric Data) (Transitional, Transitory and Saving Provisions) Order 2013]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/1814/made The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2013]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-annual-report-2011-to-2012 National DNA Database Annual Report: 2011-12]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-biennial-report-2009-to-2011 National DNA Database biennial report: 2009 to 2011]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/update-on-protection-of-freedoms-act-implementation-and-national-dna-database-annual-reports-2009-to-2012 Lord Taylor of Holbeach: Update on Protection of Freedoms Act implementation and National DNA Database annual reports 2009 to 2012 (20th May 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2012/9/pdfs/ukpga_20120009_en.pdf Protection of Freedoms Act 2012]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-dna-database-statistics National DNA Database statistics (23rd April 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/protection-of-freedoms-act-2012-dna-and-fingerprint-provisions/protection-of-freedoms-act-2012-how-dna-and-fingerprint-evidence-is-protected-in-law Home Office: Protection of Freedoms Act 2012: how DNA and fingerprint evidence is protected in law (4th April 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-strategy-board-minutes NDNAD Strategy Board minutes]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/equality-impact-assessment-of-the-national-dna-database Equality impact assessment of the National DNA Database (28th November 2012)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-annual-reports National DNA Database Annual Report 2006-07]<br />
**[http://www.statewatch.org/news/2009/nov/uk-dna-human-genetics-commission.pdf Human Genetics Commission: Nothing to hide, nothing to fear? Balancing individual rights and the public interest in the governance and use of the National DNA Database (24th November 2009)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/117784/ndnad-ann-report-2007-09.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2007-08]<br />
**[http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/Papers/database-state.pdf Rowntree Database State report (23rd March 2009)]<br />
**[https://rm.coe.int/168067d216 European Court of Human Rights: CASE OF S. AND MARPER v. THE UNITED KINGDOM (4th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmhaff/58/58ii.pdf Home Affairs Committee report: A Surveillance Society? (Vol II: Evidence)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmhaff/58/58i.pdf Home Affairs Committee Report: A Surveillance Society? (Vol I)]<br />
**[https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/l_to_o/low_copy_number_dna_testing/ Crown Prosecution Service: DNA: Low Copy Number DNA Testing in the Criminal Justice System (23rd January 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/sites/default/files/The%20forensic%20use%20of%20bioinformation%20-%20ethical%20issues.pdf Nuffield Council on Bioethics: The forensic use of bioinformation: ethical issues (September 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/DNA_report2005_06.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2005/06]<br />
**[http://www.acpo.police.uk/asp/policies/Data/NDNAD_AR_04_051.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2004/05]<br />
**[https://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/sass/WilliamsandJohnsonInterimReport2005-1.pdf Forensic DNA Databasing: A European Perspective – A report from Durham University (June 2005)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/NDNAD_AR_04_05.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2004/05]<br />
**[http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/about-us/corporate-publications-strategy/home-office-circulars/circulars-2004/058-2004/ Home Office Circular: Charges on Basis of Speculative Search Match on the National DNA Database (September 2004)]<br />
**[http://www.statewatch.org/news/2006/jan/uk-DNA-database.pdf DNA Expansion Programme 2000-2005: Reporting achievement]<br />
**[http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/10/PROPS Scottish Executive: Police Retention Of Prints and Samples]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmsctech/96/96i.pdf The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee’s report on forensics, 2005 (main report)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmsctech/96/96ii.pdf The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee’s report on forensics, 2005 (evidence)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/NDNAD_AR_3_4.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2003/04]<br />
**[http://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/sass/Williams_Johnson_Martin_NDNAD_report_2004.pdf Williams et al (2004) Genetic Information and Crime Investigation]<br />
**[https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/assets/uploads/files/lawyers%27%20DNA%20guide%20KSWilliams%20190208%20%28i%29.pdf Forensic Science Service: Guide to DNA for lawyers and investigating officers(2004)]<br />
**[https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/assets/uploads/files/pdf_000328%20-%20%20DNA%20Charging%20Guidance.pdf Crown Prosecution Service: Guidance on DNA Charging (16th July 2004)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/NDNAD_Annual_Report_02_03.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2002/03]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/sub-539478 GeneWatch UK: The UK Police National DNA Database]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1984/60/contents Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (as amended)] This law was amended by the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 in order to set up the UK National DNA Database in 1995 by allowing police to collect DNA samples and conduct searches of stored DNA profiles: it has been amended many times since 1994.<br />
<br />
*Press articles<br />
**[https://news.sky.com/story/home-secretary-must-take-responsibility-for-accidental-wiping-of-150-000-arrest-records-12188163 Sky News: 'Human error' blamed for wiping of thousands of police records (16th January 2021)]<br />
**[https://bylinetimes.com/2020/07/14/uk-deal-to-share-dna-and-fingerprints-evades-parliamentary-scrutiny/ UK Deal to Share DNA and Fingerprints Evades Parliamentary Scrutiny (14th July 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/proficiency-testing-guidance-dna-mixture-analysis-and-interpretation Forensic Science Regulator: Proficiency testing guidance: DNA mixture analysis and interpretation (29th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8424405/Privacy-row-erupts-plan-log-thousands-innocent-Britons-DNA-controversial-EU-database.html Daily Mail: Privacy row erupts over plan to log thousands of innocent Britons' DNA on controversial EU database (16th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.biometricupdate.com/202006/northern-ireland-police-agree-to-delete-biometric-records-after-human-rights-ruling Biometric Update: Northern Ireland police agree to delete biometric records after human rights ruling (4th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.ukauthority.com/articles/scotland-to-get-biometrics-commissioner/ UK Authority: Scotland to get biometrics commissioner (13th March 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8000053/European-Court-rule-Northern-Ireland-drink-driver-human-rights-breached-police-kept-fingerprints.html Daily Mail: Drink-driver's privacy rights were breached when police kept his DNA profile, fingerprints and photo indefinitely, European human rights judges rule (13th February 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/feb/13/police-keeping-drink-drivers-dna-breached-his-rights-judges-rule The Guardian: Police keeping drink-driver's DNA breached his rights, judges rule (13th February 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-49361260 BBC: Eurofins Scientific: Cyber-attack leads to backlog of 20,000 forensic samples (16th August 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.governmentcomputing.com/central-government/news/uk-eu-prum-framework Government Computing: UK, EU boost co-operation on DNA databases under Prüm framework (14th June 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-48459890 BBC: New plans to safeguard storage of DNA and fingerprint data (31st May 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.biometricupdate.com/201901/northern-ireland-police-agree-to-publish-biometric-data-retention-policy Biometric Update: Northern Ireland police agree to publish biometric data retention policy (11th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-46803999 BBC: PSNI to publish DNA retention policy after human rights case (9th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://amp.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/oct/25/sajid-javid-apologises-to-migrants-forced-to-give-dna-samples The Guardian: Sajid Javid apologises to immigration applicants forced to give DNA samples (25th October 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/home-office-dna-tests-policy-immigrants-letters-immigration-a8430271.html The Independent: Home Office forcing immigrants to take DNA tests in breach of government's own policy (4th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.governmentcomputing.com/applications/news/home-office-issues-tender-biometrics-development Government Computing: Home Office issues tender for biometrics development (14th May 2018)]<br />
**[https://police.community/topic/134543-police-pay-out-millions-after-collapse-of-forensics-firm/ Police Community: Police pay out millions after collapse of forensics firm (5th February 2018)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-42057009 BBC: UK judges to get scientific guides (22nd November 2017)]<br />
**[http://theconversation.com/dna-databases-its-still-far-from-clear-how-effective-they-are-in-fighting-crime-85137 The Conversation: DNA databases: it’s still far from clear how effective they are in fighting crime (10th October 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.belfastlive.co.uk/news/new-officers-register-dna-database-13733517 Belfast Live: New officers will have to register on a DNA database, PSNI reveals (8th October 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.piratefm.co.uk/news/latest-news/2289933/brothers-to-appeal-over-wadebridge-murders/ Pirate FM: Brothers to appeal over Wadebridge murders? (16th May 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/15213148.CSI_Strathclyde__how_university_forensic_experts_helped_solve_some_of_the_most_high_profile_crimes_of_the_past_fifty_years/ The Herald: CSI Strathclyde: how university forensic experts helped solve some of the most high-profile crimes of the past fifty years (9th April 017)]<br />
**[http://www.scunthorpetelegraph.co.uk/what-are-your-rights-if-police-arrest-you-the-key-questions-answered-from-handcuffs-to-charges/story-30253882-detail/story.html Scunthorpe Telegraph: What are your rights if police arrest you? The key questions answered, from handcuffs to charges (8th April 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/legal-updates/dna--an-unstoppable-march/5060258.article Law Gazette: DNA – an unstoppable march? (20th March 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.burtonmail.co.uk/forensics-expert-john-beckwith-lifts-the-lid-on-how-dna-has-solved-serious-historic-burton-crimes/story-30091644-detail/story.html Burton Mail: Forensics expert John Beckwith lifts the lid on how DNA has solved serious historic Burton crimes (1st March 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.policeoracle.com/news/police_it_and_technology/2017/Feb/23/dna-database-most-effective--since-records-began-_94218.html Police Oracle: DNA database most effective since records began (24th February 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.policeoracle.com/news/investigation/2017/Jan/13/Government-department-to-access-DNA-database-in-bid-to-close-fake-dads-paternity-loophole_93864.html Police Oracle: Government Department to access DNA database in bid to close 'fake dads' paternety loophole. (13th January 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-38527830 BBC: Forensic science standards 'at significant risk' (6th January 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/5180/desc/despite-brexit-uk-committed-to-eu-biometric-database/ Despite Brexit, UK committed to EU biometric database (2nd November 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jun/07/killer-dna-evidence-genetic-profiling-criminal-investigation The Guardian: Killer breakthrough – the day DNA evidence first nailed a murderer (7th June 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/27/dna-and-fingerprints-of-50000-repeat-teenage-offenders-deleted-a/ The Telegraph: DNA and fingerprints of 50,000 repeat teenage offenders deleted after software error by police (27th May 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.thequint.com/hot-wire/2016/05/27/dna-profiles-of-hundreds-of-terror-suspects-destroyed-in-uk The Quint: DNA Profiles of Hundreds of Terror Suspects Destroyed in UK (27th May 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/4530/desc/fears-in-uk-over-deletion-of-terror-suspects-biometric-profiles/ Planet Biometrics: Fears in UK over deletion of terror suspects’ biometric profiles (27th May 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/latest-news/507017/police-mix-DNA-evidence-errors-98-cases-Adam-Scott-case Daily Star: DNA divvies: Police errors result in evidence mix-ups in 98 cases last year (10th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201604/documents-reveal-uk-governments-out-of-court-settlements-over-unlawful-biometrics-storage Biometric Update: Documents reveal UK government’s out-of-court settlements over unlawful biometrics storage (9th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/04/05/home_office_settlements/ The Register: Home Office seeks secret settlements over unlawful DNA retention (5th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-35783475 BBC: Wiping of DNA and fingerprint records 'puts public safety at risk' (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/dna-profiles-and-fingerprints-of-7800-on-police-counterterrorism-database-34532285.html Belfast Telegraph: DNA profiles and fingerprints of 7,800 on police counter-terrorism database (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/mar/11/uk-police-hold-dna-profiles-of-7800-terrorism-suspects The Guardian: UK police hold DNA profiles of 7,800 terrorism suspects (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.rt.com/uk/335286-dna-profiles-terror-suspects/ RT: DNA profiles of 7,800 terror suspects held in police database (11th March, 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/03/11/potential_terrorists_roam_uk_while_police_lose_their_biometrics_details/ The Register: 7,800 people's biometric data held on police anti-terrorism database (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.ukauthority.com/news/6047/police-national-database-still-holds-illegal-photos UK Authority: Police National Database still holds 'illegal' photos (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=25632 Police Professionals: Failure to retain DNA records ‘risking public safety’, says Biometrics Commissioner (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/4270/desc/britains-biometrics-commissioner-in-dna-warning/ Planet Biometrics (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://home.bt.com/news/uk-news/dna-profiles-of-7800-people-on-police-counter-terrorism-database-11364045522485 BT: DNA profiles and prints of 7,800 people on police counter-terrorism database (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://thejusticegap.com/2016/03/12812/ The Justice Gap: Ministers need to reinstate a national forensic science service – and quickly (21st March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-35254521 BBC News: Paternity test dad Vernon Poppleton used brother's DNA (7th January, 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/conservative-berwick-mp-rebels-over-10575572 Chronicle Live: Conservative Berwick MP rebels over plans for UK to join EU crime database (10th December 2015)]<br />
**[https://uk.news.yahoo.com/eurosceptic-theresa-may-calls-mps-160727893.html#dABsF8p Yahoo News: Eurosceptic Theresa May calls for MPs to back EU DNA database in House of Commons debate (8th December 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.itv.com/news/2015-12-08/uk-to-decide-whether-to-join-bond-esque-eu-dna-database/ ITV: UK to decide whether to join Bond-esque EU DNA database (8th December 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/3818/desc/uk-mps-to-vote-on-joining-european-biometric-database/ Planet Biometrics: UK MPs to vote on joining European biometric, DNA database (30th November)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=24904 Police Professional: Home Office urges Prüm opt in (27th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/12019174/Britain-should-join-controversial-EU-crime-database-says-Government.html The Telegraph: Britain should join controversial EU crime database, says Government (26th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-34937158 BBC News: UK ministers outline case for joining EU DNA database scheme (26th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/nov/23/mps-vote-joining-european-police-dna-fingerprint-database The Guardian: MPs to vote on joining European police DNA database (23th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-attacks-france-calls-for-britain-to-give-european-police-access-to-dna-database-a6738471.html Independent: Paris attacks: France calls for Britain to give European police access to DNA database (17th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.information-age.com/technology/security/123460503/whos-more-likely-rob-britains-freedom-isis-or-conservative-party Information Age: Who’s more likely to rob Britain’s freedom: ISIS or the Conservative party? (16th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3318975/Big-Brother-tsar-demands-police-wipe-innocent-people-s-photos-database-18-MILLION-mugshots.html Daily Mail: 'Big Brother tsar' demands police wipe innocent people's photos from database of 18 MILLION mugshots (15th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.journalpioneer.com/Opinion/Columnists/2015-11-10/article-4339029/EASTERN-PASSAGES%3A-Hanged-by-a-thread/1 Journal Pioneer: Eastern passages: Hanged by a thread (10th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/11982516/British-police-face-deluge-of-foreign-DNA-requests-if-UK-joins-EU-crime-database-says-report.html The Telegraph: British police face deluge of foreign DNA requests if UK joins EU crime database, says report (8th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.itv.com/news/granada/2015-11-05/police-use-dna-to-track-down-diners-who-skipped-the-bill/ ITV: Police use DNA to track down diners who skipped the bill (5th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://news.sky.com/story/1572942/rapist-jailed-after-needle-in-a-haystack-hunt Sky News: Rapist Jailed After 'Needle In A Haystack' Hunt (20th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://findbiometrics.com/rapidhit-dna-uk-police-210135/ Find Biometrics: RapidHIT DNA Identification a Hit with UK Police (13th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/3635/desc/biometrics-commissioner-raises-police-face-database-fears/ Planet Biometrics: Biometrics Commissioner raises police face database fears (13th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201510/key-forensic-services-purchases-rapid-dna-system-from-integenx Biometric Update: Key Forensic Services purchases rapid DNA system from IntegenX (4th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/3587/desc/uks-key-forensic-services-buys-rapid-dna-system/ Planet Biometrics: UK’s Key Forensic Services buys Rapid DNA system (1st October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.computerworlduk.com/it-leadership/police-ict-company-ceo-on-austerity-transformation-plans-save-millions-3624427/ Computer World UK: Police ICT Company CEO Martin Wyke on austerity, transformation and plans to save millions (2nd September 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.labnews.co.uk/features/building-case-27-08-2015/ Laboratory News: Building a case: (27th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://finance.yahoo.com/news/rapidhit-dna-profile-uploaded-uk-100000828.html BusinessWire: RapidHIT DNA Profile Uploaded to UK National DNA Database Identifies Dangerous Sex Offender While Suspect in Custody (24th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201508/rapid-dna-results-uploaded-for-the-first-time-to-uks-dna-database Biometric Update: Rapid DNA results uploaded for the first time to UK’s DNA database (19th August 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.policeoracle.com/news/police_it_and_technology/2015/Aug/13/breakthrough-machine-now-being-used-to-upload-genetic-profiles-onto-database_89231.html Police Oracle: Breakthrough machine now being used to upload genetic profiles to database (13th August 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-33784571 BBC: DNA samples copied and held for Troubles investigations (5th August 2015)] Reports retention of DNA profiles in Northern Ireland.<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3174798/Deadbeat-dads-refuse-pay-offspring-face-DNA-database-checks.html Daily Mail: 'Deadbeat dads' who refuse to pay for their offspring face DNA database checks in child maintenance crackdown (26th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=21781 Police Professional: PSNI DNA retention lawful (14th May 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/may/13/retention-of-offenders-dna-does-not-breach-privacy-supreme-court-rules The Guardian: Retention of offenders' DNA profiles not illegal, supreme court rules (13th May 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.bristolpost.co.uk/Avon-Somerset-Police-s-forensic-spending-falls-40/story-26457785-detail/story.html Avon and Somerset Police's forensic spending falls by 40 per cent in seven years (8th May 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/unease-over-police-trial-of-hitech-dna-machines-amid-fears-that-civil-liberties-could-be-infringed-10193791.html The Independent: Unease over police trial of hi-tech DNA machines amid fears that civil liberties could be infringed (21st April 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.littlehamptongazette.co.uk/news/regional/murder-police-dna-screening-plea-1-6675562 Littlehampton Gazette: Murder police DNA screening plea(7th April 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.computing.co.uk/ctg/news/2398702/government-has-failed-to-provide-guidelines-on-use-of-biometric-data-warn-mps Government has failed to provide guidelines on use of biometric data, warn MPs (9th March 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/britain-criticised-for-dna-hold-up-keeping-an-innocent-man-locked-up-in-spanish-prison-10031429.html The Independent: Britain criticised for DNA hold up keeping an innocent man locked up in Spanish prison (8th February 2015)]<br />
**[http://thejusticegap.com/2015/01/police-forensics-risk-criminal-cases-nao-warns/ Police forensics ‘a risk’ to criminal cases, spending watchdog warns (26th January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=20204 Police Professional: Police spending on forensics 'inconsistent' (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/privatisation-of-forensic-services-a-threat-to-justice-and-putting-the-work-in-police-hands-would-be-disastrous-warn-experts-9991356.html The Independent: Privatisation of forensic services 'threat to justice' and putting the work in police hands would be 'disastrous,' warn experts (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-30909722 BBC: Warning by spending watchdog over forensic science work (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://news.stv.tv/scotland/307287-mass-voluntary-dna-screening-in-case-of-valerie-graves-in-bosham/ STV: Mass voluntary DNA screening to find killer of house-sitting Scot (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2914932/The-DNA-photofit-Amazing-breakthrough-means-police-tell-suspect-s-colour-height-age-tiny-speck-blood.html The DNA photofit: Amazing breakthrough means police can tell suspect's colour, height and even age – from a tiny speck of blood (17th January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thedetail.tv/articles/genetic-profile-of-123-000-people-on-ni-s-dna-database Genetic profile of 123,000 people on NI's DNA database (14th January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/dec/16/foreogn-criminals-data-police-records-biometrics The Guardian: Foreign criminals’ data taken off police records (16th December 2014)]<br />
**[http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/572081/20141107/australia-uk-dna-polce-usa-canada.htm#.VGHb2cnvaSo International Business Times: Australia and UK Sign Pact For DNA Database Sharing Among Police Forces To Check Serious Crimes (7th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://rt.com/uk/202919-uk-australia-dna-database/ RT: UK, Australia to share DNA database to aid international crime solving (6th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/australian-police-in-dna-access-deal-with-british-counterparts/story-fn59niix-1227114004691 The Australian: Australian police in DNA access deal with British counterparts (5th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2014/nov/06/australian-and-british-police-to-share-their-dna-databases The Guardian: Australian and British police to share their DNA databases (5th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://online.wsj.com/articles/spain-threatens-u-k-s-inclusion-in-eu-justice-cooperation-1412881174 Spain Threatens U.K.’s Inclusion in EU Justice Cooperation (9th October 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/09/30/scrap_human_rights_act_chris_grayling_privacy_freedom_expression/ The Register: Scrapping the Human Rights Act: What about privacy and freedom of expression? (30th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2767453/DNA-blunders-mean-murderers-rapists-convictions-overturned-Home-Office-admits-misleading-evidence-presented-juries.html Daily Mail: DNA blunders mean murderers and rapists could have convictions overturned: Home Office admits misleading evidence has been presented to juries (24th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/european-convention-on-human-rights-what-has-it-ever-done-for-us-9773928.html The Independent: European Convention on Human Rights: What has it ever done for us? (3rd October 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201409/guidelines-for-uk-police-chiefs-on-applications-to-retain-use-biometrics Guidelines for UK police chiefs on applications to retain & use biometric material (29th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.scotsman.com/news/how-dna-fingerprint-left-its-mark-on-justice-1-3533752 The Scotsman: How DNA fingerprint left its mark on justice (8th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/11382557.Commissioner_helps_to_speed_DNA_checks/?ref=rss Lancashire Telegraph: Commissioner helps to speed DNA checks (1st August 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2708277/DNA-testing-crime-scene-investigations-soon-identify-criminals-matter-HOURS.html DNA-testing for crime scene investigations will soon identify criminals in a matter of HOURS (28th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/crime-courts/police-storing-dna-samples-of-children-as-young-as-10-x.24764874 Herald: Police storing DNA samples of children as young as 10 (16th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.heraldscotland.com/comment/herald-view/storing-childrens-dna-and-issue-of-civil-liberties.24733748 Herald: Storing children's DNA and issue of civil liberties (16th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2689894/Police-plea-share-DNA-clues-EU-foreign-criminals.html Daily Mail: Police in plea to share DNA clues with EU - because we have so many foreign criminals (12th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.scotsman.com/news/uk/eu-set-for-more-policing-powers-1-3467441 The Scotsman: EU set for ‘more policing’ powers (8th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/486945/Cameron-could-give-more-police-powers-to-Brussels-DNA-database The Express: Now David Cameron 'considers giving POLICING powers to Brussels', leaked documents reveal (5th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/05/david-cameron-eu-talks-police-cooperation The Guardian: David Cameron in talks with EU leaders over international DNA database (5th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-28130767 BBC: Marion Crofts murder: Tony Jasinskyj's appeal refused(2nd July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.labmate-online.com/articles/laboratory-products/3/tracy_alexander/dna_collection_and_interpretation/1590/ Labmate: DNA: Collection and Interpretation (12th March 2014)]<br />
**[http://ampp3d.mirror.co.uk/2014/01/15/nearly-6-million-of-us-are-on-the-dna-database-does-it-make-you-feel-any-safer/ Nearly 6 million of us are on the DNA database. Does it make you feel any safer? (15th January 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.nottinghampost.com/Ex-offender-74-wins-right-provide-sample-DNA/story-19891968-detail/story.html Nottingham Post: Ex-offender from Nottingham wins right not to provide a sample of his DNA (5th October 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24207612 BBC: Operation Nutmeg: Court could force police to destroy DNA (24th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24224506 BBC: Court rejects ex-prisoner's DNA sample challenge (24th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24224506 The Guardian: Ex-prisoner fails to halt police DNA-collection programme (24th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2429637/One-year-old-baby-thousands-children-DNA-taken-police.html Daily Mail: One-year-old baby among thousands of children who have had their DNA taken by police (22nd September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-police-take-dna-samples-6073851 Wales Online: Welsh police take DNA samples from more than 5,500 children (22nd September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/police-take-dna-children-criminal-2259291 Mirror: Police take DNA from children in criminal investigations (8th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://esciencenews.com/articles/2013/08/14/forensic.familial.search.methods.carry.risk.certain.false.matches e! Science News: Forensic familial search methods carry risk of certain false matches (14th August 2013)] There is a video abstract and general public explanation video available for this research.<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-23683910 BBC: University of Leicester cat DNA database to be used for solving crime (14th August 2013)]<br />
** [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23436303 BBC: Forensics upheaval 'threat to justice', MPs warn (25th July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2013/jul/08/britain-european-arrest-warrant-reform The Guardian: Britain to keep European arrest warrant but try to reform it (8th July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/police-told-to-explain-use-of-unregulated-dna-database-8651380.html The Independent: Police told to explain use of unregulated DNA database (9th June 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2013/may/20/police-retain-dna-thousands-children The Guardian: Police retain DNA from thousands of children (20th May 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22595835 BBC: Police swabbing of child DNA excessive, says charity (20th May 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/police-bosses-tell-cops-don%E2%80%99t-target-gays-dna-roundup180113 GayStarNews: Police bosses tell cops: don’t target gays in DNA roundup (18th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.eadt.co.uk/news/ipswich_victory_after_man_s_six_year_battle_to_have_dna_records_removed_from_police_records_1_1796207 EADT24: Ipswich: Victory after man’s six-year battle to have DNA records removed from police records (18th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.politics.co.uk/news/2013/01/17/outrage-grows-over-gay-dna-witchhunt Politics.co.uk: Outrage grows over gay DNA witchhunt (17th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2261239/Stephen-Close-Police-demand-DNA-sample-soldier-gay-relationship-Army.html?ITO=1490&ns_mchannel=rss&ns_campaign=1490 Daily Mail: Police demand DNA sample from former soldier because he had gay relationship in the Army 30 years ago (12th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2259319/EU-demands-access-details-UK-drivers-Orwellian-hand-personal-information-foreign-police-forces.html?ito=feeds-newsxml Daily Mail: EU demands access to details of all UK drivers: ‘Orwellian’ move to hand out personal information to foreign police forces (9th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/9628235/Rapists-feared-still-at-large-as-police-fail-to-update-DNA-database.html The Telegraph: Rapists feared still at large as police fail to update DNA database (23rd October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2211365/Adam-Scott-Innocent-man-spent-FIVE-MONTHS-prison-forensics-mix-meant-falsely-accused-rape.html Daily Mail: Innocent man spent FIVE MONTHS in prison after forensics mix-up meant he was falsely accused of rape (1st October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19782917 BBC: DNA rape sample procedures ‘not adequate’ (1st October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.littlehamptongazette.co.uk/news/sussex-police-collect-ex-cons-dna-for-national-database-1-4321532 Littlehampton Gazette: Sussex Police collect ex-cons’ DNA for national database (1st October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2012/sep/27/ex-offenders-targeted-dna-database The Guardian: Thousands of ex-offenders targeted in drive to add to DNA database (27th September 2012)]<br />
**[http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1588993_police-order-thousands-of-dna-samples-from-ex-convicts-in-greater-manchester Manchester Evening News: Police order thousands of DNA samples from ex-convicts in Greater Manchester (18th September 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.zdnet.com/blog/london/london-police-8216hack-suspects-phones-a-major-blow-to-human-rights/4775 ZDNet: London police ‘hack’ suspects’ phones: A major blow to human rights (18th May 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/privatisation-is-a-catastrophe-warns-godfather-of-forensics-7606789.html The Independent: Privatisation is a catastrophe, warns godfather of forensics (2nd April 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2114252/Teenager-spends-months-bars-DNA-blunder-fingers-rape-city-visited.html Daily Mail: DNA database in doubt after teenager spends three months behind bars for rape in city he has never even visited because gene samples were mixed up (13th March 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2012/mar/08/forensics-blunder-convictions The Guardian: Forensics blunder ‘may endanger convictions’ (8th March 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.economist.com/node/21543121 The Economist: Ignorance is bliss (21st January 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21128285.500-euro-dna-treaty-risks-false-positives.html?DCMP=OTC-rss&nsref=online-news#.UebhRG3OB0M New Scientist: DNA super-network increases risk of mix-ups (5th September 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13440012 BBC Online: DNA and fingerprint guidelines ‘unlawful’ (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/guidelines-on-dna-samples-unlawful-2285712.html The Independent: Guidelines on DNA samples unlawful (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.publicservice.co.uk/news_story.asp?id=15673 Public Service: Police DNA retention policy ‘unlawful’ (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://ukhumanrightsblog.com/2011/05/18/retention-of-dna-breaches-article-8-says-supreme-court/ UK Human Rights blog: Retention of DNA breaches human right to privacy, says Supreme Court (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/libertycentral/2011/may/18/dna-retention-supreme-court-police The Guardian: DNA retention judgment won’t see discriminatory policy destroyed (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/03/03/ico_freedoms_bill/ The Register: Supreme Court: DNA database retention regs are unlawful (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/may/18/police-dna-database-supreme-court The Guardian: Police breaking law by keeping DNA of the innocent, supreme court rules (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/mar/05/dna-rules-will-restore-trust The Guardian: New DNA rules will restore public trust [Letter] (5th March 2011])<br />
**[http://www.publicservice.co.uk/news_story.asp?id=15673 Public Service: Government store DNA of over 6 million (4th March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/05/18/supreme_court_dna_database_ruling/ The Register: ICO evidence raises Freedoms Bill data worries (3rd March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-12536138 BBC: How Protection of Freedoms Bill will work (1st March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=18987 ITN: Government to curb DNA database (1st March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=18987 The Voice: Innocent black Brits may get their DNA removed from database (22nd February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/columnists/philipjohnston/8324874/The-Coalitions-Freedom-Bill-is-a-blow-against-the-snoopers-and-clampers.html The Telegraph: The coalition’s Freedom Bill is a blow against the snoopers and clampers (15th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.24dash.com/blogs/lynne_featherstone_mp/2011/02/13/Freedoms-Bill/ 24dash.com: Freedoms Bill (13th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12433116 BBC: DNA profiles to be deleted from police database (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1356198/DNA-database-purge-Victory-Mail-records-1m-innocent-people-removed.html#ixzz1DsbppVHm Daily Mail: DNA database purge: Victory for the Mail as records of 1m innocent people removed (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/8318900/DNA-of-up-to-a-million-to-be-wiped-under-Freedom-Bill.html The Telegraph: DNA of up to a million to be wiped under Freedom Bill (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/feb/11/dna-profiles-deleted-police-database The Guardian: DNA profiles to be deleted from police database (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.dailyexpress.co.uk/posts/view/228588/At-last-victory-over-Labour-s-army-of-snoops/ Daily Express: At last, victory over Labour’s army of snoops (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2011/feb/11/criminal-checks-eased-freedom-bill The Guardian: Criminal checks on people working with children to be eased (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-a-victory-for-civil-liberties-ndash-and-a-challenge-for-labour-2209670.html Independent: A victory for civil liberties – and a challenge for Labour (10th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/8317257/Nick-Clegg-were-restoring-hard-won-British-liberties.html The Telegraph: Nick Clegg; we’re restoring hard won British liberties (10th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/id-cards-go-up-in-flames-in-first-step-to-tackle-database-state-2209936.html The Independent: ID cards go up in flames in first step to tackle ‘database state’ (10th February 2010)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8691753.stm BBC: Deputy Prime Minister’s Reform Speech (19th May 2010)]<br />
**[http://www.publicservice.co.uk/news_story.asp?id=15673 Public Service: Government store DNA of over 6 million (4th March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20527424.700-unreliable-evidence-time-to-open-up-dna-databases.html?full=true New Scientist: Unreliable evidence? Time to open up DNA Databases (6th January 2010)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8434713.stm BBC Online: Innocent people face DNA database ‘shambles’ (31st December 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1877525.ece The Times: From schoolboy squabble to DNA database in one easy step – if you’re black (24th November 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8375567.stm BBC Online: New safeguards urged over routine police DNA tests (24th November 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1223688/DNA-innocents-kept-database-years.html The Daily Mail: DNA of innocents will be kept on database for six years (29th October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/oct/28/dna-database-innocent-profiles The Guardian: Innocent suspects’ profiles still reaching DNA database (28th October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1877336.ece The Times: Record number of DNA samples taken but crimes solved with them are down (22nd October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/6399228/Crimes-solved-by-DNA-drop-by-a-fifth.html The Telegraph: Crimes solved by DNA drop by a fifth (22nd October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/oct/21/dna-database-convictions-fall The Guardian: Detections using DNA database fall despite huge rise in profiles (21st October)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/oct/19/innocent-dna-database The Guardian: Home Office climbs down over keeping DNA records of innocent (19th October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/6056725/Tory-MP-Damian-Green-has-DNA-profile-deleted-from-database.html The Telegraph: Tory MP Damian Green has DNA profile deleted from database (20th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/18/science/18dna.html?_r=2&hp New York Times: DNA evidence can be fabricated, scientists show (17th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=16083 The Voice: DNA database is damaging race relations, says expert (17th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1205867/300-children-day-added-DNA-database-400-000-15s-Big-Brother-roll.html Daily Mail: 300 children a day added to DNA database (12th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/aug/09/police-dna-database-black-children The Observer: ‘Racist bias’ blamed for disparity in police DNA database (9th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/aug/07/dna-database-police-advice The Guardian: Police told to ignore human rights ruling over database (7th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/5990033/Equality-watchdog-warns-DNA-plans-break-law.html The Telegraph: Equality watchdog warns DNA plans break law (7th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/5444332/Police-arrest-innocent-youths-for-their-DNA-officer-claims.html The Telegraph: Police arrest innocent youths for the DNA, officer claims (4th June 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1185060/Driver-thrown-police-cell-DVLA-office-blunder-wrong-shade-green-MOT-certificate.html Daily Mail: Driver thrown in police cell after DVLA office blunder (21st May 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/apr/17/damian-green-arrest-jacqui-smith The Guardian: DPP’s verdict on papers leaked in Damian Green affair – Not a threat to security (17th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/apr/15/jeffreys-dna-database-human-rights-police The Guardian: DNA pioneer Alec Jeffreys: drop innocent from database (15th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/5109248/Police-will-be-banned-from-keeping-DNA-of-innocent-people-pledge-Tories.html The Telegraph: Police will be banned from keeping DNA of innocent people, pledge Tories (6th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.politics.co.uk/news/legal-and-constitutional/tories-promise-to-reform-dna-database-$1285967.htm Politics.co.uk: Tories promise to reform DNA database (6th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.crosbyherald.co.uk/news/crosby-news/2009/04/02/teenager-arrested-by-southport-police-for-handing-in-mobile-phone-68459-23291295/ The Crosby Herald: Teen arrested by police for handing in phone (2nd April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/5078599/Five-million-people-now-on-DNA-database.html The Telegraph: Five million people now on database (31st March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.computing.co.uk/computing/news/2239421/dna-database-grows-per-cent-two Computing: DNA database grows by 38 per cent in two years (30th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7966641.stm BBC Online: ‘DNA bungle’ haunts German police (28th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/the_daily_politics/7968121.stm BBC Politics Show: Time for a universal DNA database? (27th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/the_daily_politics/7968054.stm BBC Politics Show: MP’s battle over DNA database (27th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.thisisplymouth.co.uk/news/know-feel-Truman/article-848720-detail/article.html The Plymouth Herald: I know how you feel, Mr Truman (26th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/the-big-question-are-there-illegal-government-databases-and-what-can-we-do-about-it-1652623.html The Independent: The Big Question: Are there illegal Government databases and what can we do about it? (24th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-1164291/ROSS-CLARK-As-report-condemns-government-databases--Big-Brother-wasting-billions.html The Daily Mail: As report condemns Government databases…Big Brother is wasting your billions (24th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7955205.stm BBC Online: Call to scrap ‘illegal’ databases (23rd March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/mar/19/dna-database-comment The Guardian: Mark Thomas: How I got my genes deleted (19th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/libertycentral/2009/mar/16/dna-database-civil-liberties The Guardian: Question Eight: DNA Database (16th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/4966168/DNA-of-one-year-old-baby-stored-on-national-database.html The Telegraph: DNA of one-year-old baby stored on national database (10th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/03/02/dna_dbase_stalling/ The Register: Three months on, you still can’t get off the DNA Database (2nd March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/feb/27/dna-database-justice The Guardian: Government plans to keep DNA samples of innocent (27th February 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/feb/27/dna-database-children-criminal-record The Guardian: DNA details of 1.1m children on database (27th February 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1137022/Banish-Big-Brother-The-states-surveillance-powers-curbed-say-Lords.html The Daily Mail: Banish Big Brother: The state’s surveillance powers must be curbed, say Lords (6th February 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/12/17/david_mery_reclaim_your_dna/ The Register: Don’t delay: Delete your DNA (17th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-1094963/JAMES-SLACK-The-EUs-Big-Brother-database-poses-threat-liberties.html Daily Mail: The EU’s Big Brother database poses a threat to our liberties (16th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-a-victory-for-civil-liberties-ndash-but-the-larger-war-still-rages-1052547.html The Independent: A victory for civil liberties – but the larger war still rages (5th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1091880/One-million-innocent-people-profiles-wiped-Britains-DNA-database-court-ruling.html The Daily Mail: One million innocent people could have their profiles wiped from Britain’s ‘Orwellian’ DNA database after court ruling (5th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7765484.stm BBC Online: Europe DNA ruling resonates in UK (4th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/3547773/DNA-database-Campaigners-welcome-ruling-that-DNA-holding-breaches-human-rights.html The Telegraph: Campaigners welcome ruling that DNA-holding breaches human rights (4th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/liverpool-news/regional-news/2008/11/19/police-order-child-s-dna-to-be-removed-from-database-64375-22290909/ Liverpool Daily Post: Police order child’s DNA to be removed from database (19th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/3473483/More-than-one-million-added-to-the-DNA-database-as-children.html The Telegraph: More than one million added to the DNA database as children (17th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/3418649/Crimes-solved-by-DNA-evidence-fall-despite-millions-being-added-to-database.html The Telegraph: Crimes solved by DNA evidence fall despite millions being added to database (10th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/11/06/dna_database_special/page2.html The Register: The DNA Database and You (6th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/north-wales-news/2008/10/30/one-in-11-from-north-wales-on-dna-file-55578-22148188/ Daily Post North Wales: One in 11 from North Wales on DNA file (30th October 2008) 30th October 2008]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1078821/New-law-allow-police-collect-DNA-secret-teacups.html The Daily Mail: New law to allow police to collect DNA in secret from teacups (19th October 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.christiantoday.com/article/black.church.leaders.concerned.over.criminal.dna.database/20635.htm Christian Today: Black church leaders concerned over criminal DNA database (18th July 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/06/29/brown_dna_database_innocent_genewatch/ The Register: Gordo’s DNA database claims branded ‘ridiculous’ (29th June 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=/opinion/2008/06/09/do0902.xml The Telegraph: MPs must act now to set limits on snooping (9th June 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.vision.org/visionmedia/article.aspx?id=4824 Reuters: Watchdog criticises plan to share DNA data (15th May 2008)]<br />
**[http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/joepublic/2008/05/the_scandal_of_criminalising_m.html The Guardian: The scandal of ‘criminalising’ mental health patients (12th May 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1929849/DNA-bank-solves-one-crime-per-800-profiles.html The Telegraph: DNA bank solves one crime per 800 profiles (6th May 2008)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7341251.stm BBC Online: DNA technique ‘fit for purpose’ (11th April 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.sundaymirror.co.uk/news/sunday/2008/04/06/40-000-kids-put-on-dna-crimes-list-98487-20373651/ The Sunday Mirror: 40,000 kids put on DNA crimes list (6th April 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/mar/16/youthjustice.children The Observer: Put young children on DNA list urge police (16th March 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=528857&in_page_id=1770 The Daily Mail: 1.5m children will have DNA taken next year amid claims of universal database ‘by stealth’ (9th March 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.computing.co.uk/computing/news/2211158/met-police-chief-calls-european Computing: Met police chief calls for European DNA database (5th March 2008)]<br />
**[http://blackmentalhealth.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=281&Itemid=117 Black Mental Health UK: Sarah Teather tells House of Commons DNA database discriminates (1st March 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/feb/28/ukcrime.forensicscience The Guardian: Mixed results (28th February)]<br />
**[http://www.newstatesman.com/200802280017 New Statesman: Spare pairs of genes (28th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article3448837.ece The Times: CCTV and DNA advances add to bills but minister calls rises unacceptable (28th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/technology/technology.html?in_article_id=519568&in_page_id=1965 The Daily Mail: One in eight samples filed under innocent names in Government blunder (27th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.publictechnology.net/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=14351 Public Technology: Home Office Minister rejects call for a national citizen DNA database (25th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=518416&in_page_id=1770 The Daily Mail: Police in retreat after public backlash over their demands for a DNA database (25th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=518151&in_page_id=1770 The Daily Mail; Home Office retreat from plans to extend ‘nation of suspects’ DNA database to include litterbugs (24th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article3423450.ece The Sunday Times: Should Britain have a compulsory DNA database? (24th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theherald.co.uk/news/news/display.var.2067932.0.Police_we_must_keep_DNA_of_everyone_arrested.php The Glasgow Herald: Police: we must keep DNA of everyone arrested (23rd February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2008/feb/23/ukcrime The Guardian: Calls for compulsory DNA database rejected (23rd February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2008/feb/21/conservatives.police The Guardian: Inquiry as Tories attack DNA failure (21st February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article3401745.ece The Times: Gordon Brown admits assaults committed while DNA data disc lost (20th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article3399712.ece The Times: Disc listing foreign criminals lost for a year (20th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2008/feb/13/ukguns.police The Guardian: Stop! Armed police! Put down your MP3 player (13th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7230487.stm BBC Online: Clegg attacks surveillance UK (6th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/01/07/delete_your_dna_profile/print.html The Register: How to delete your DNA Profile (7th January 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=491714&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Big Brother UK: Police now hold DNA ‘fingerprints’ of 4.5 million Britons (5th November 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/11/04/ndna104.xml The Telegraph: Police retain DNA of ‘petty crime suspects’ (5th November 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/law/article2210263.ece The Times: Police told to erase ‘irrelevant’ crime records (1st November 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/health/advice/article1790236.ece The Times: Policing the gene pool (29th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9867324 The Economist: Learning to live with Big Brother (27th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7161/full/449377b.html Nature: Genome abuse (26th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1873220.ece The Times: DNA database ‘puts innocent under suspicion’ (18th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/09/17/dna_purge/ The Register: Innocent ‘terror techie’ purges DNA records (17th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/europe/article2595861.ece The Times: Inside the world where experts try to unlock DNA clues (15th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23412351-details/Outrage%20as%20DNA%20profile%20of%20seven-month-old%20baby%20is%20added%20to%20register/article.do Evening Standard: Outrage as DNA profile of seven-month old baby is added to DNA database (15th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=482410&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Innocent people’s DNA ‘must not be kept on national database’ (10th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2007/09/11/226664/dna-plan-would-require-san-the-size-of-belgium.htm Computer Weekly: DNA plan would require SAN the size of Belgium (11th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.scotsman.com/politics.cfm?id=1419912007 The Scotsman: Judge opens hornets’ nest with call for everyone’s DNA to go on record (6th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6979138.stm BBC Online: All UK ‘must be on DNA database’ (5th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23411070-details/Top+minister+backs+judge%27s+calls+for+DNA+database+registration+for+all/article.do Evening Standard: Ministers accused of trying to build DNA database by stealth (5th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6979490.stm BBC Online: DNA database call prompts concern (5th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23406663-details/Beware:+Minor+offences+could+land+you+on+DNA+database...for+life/article.do Evening Standard: Speeding drivers face DNA swabs under Big Brother powers (1st August 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1873007.ece The Times: Police want DNA from speeding drivers and litterbugs on database (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/08/02/ndna102.xml The Telegraph: Litter lout DNA samples a step too far (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2826207.ece The Independent: Police DNA database ‘risks criminalising non-offenders’ (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=472544&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Government accused on DNA samples (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://politics.guardian.co.uk/homeaffairs/story/0,,2139675,00.html The Guardian: Police may be given powers to take DNA samples on the street (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://politics.guardian.co.uk/homeaffairs/story/0,,2089265,00.html The Observer: Civil rights fears over DNA for everyone (27th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=457046&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Police put 100,000 innocent children on DNA Database (23rd May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/23/ndna23.xml The Telegraph: DNA file on 100,000 innocent children]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/humanrights/story/0,,2084290,00.html The Guardian: ‘Orwellian’ CCTV in shires alarms senior police officer (21st May 2001)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/crime/article/0,,2084659,00.html The Guardian: Plan to identify potential offenders condemned (21st May)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/19/ncrime19.xml The Telegraph: DNA police revisit high profile murder cases (19th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2556459.ece The Independent: DNA database blunder ‘could have resulted in 200 crimes’ (18th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/localnews/display.var.1404197.0.youths_warned_not_to_use_fake_id.php The Argus: Youths warned not to use fake ID (17th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisisthenortheast.co.uk/display.var.1404576.0.peer_calls_for_babies_dna_to_stored.php The Northern Echo: Peer calls for babies’ DNA to be stored (17th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6665267.stm BBC Online: DNA failings ‘missed 183 crimes’ (17th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/story/0,,2079721,00.html The Guardian: A database of prejudice (15th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://new.edp24.co.uk/content/news/story.aspx?brand=EDPOnline&category=News&tBrand=EDPOnline&tCategory=news&itemid=NOED10%20May%202007%2008%3A09%3A49%3A133 EDP-24 (Norfolk): Car crime victims must foot the bill (10th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=453739&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Fears over innocent Britons’ DNA being given to European police forces (9th May)]<br />
**[http://www.blink.org.uk/pdescription.asp?key=14682&grp=30&cat=138 Black Information Link: Chained by our genes (3rd May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.computerworlduk.com/technology/applications/databases/news/index.cfm?newsid=2669 Computer World: EU police data-sharing plan draws criticism (19th April 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=445902&in_page_id=1766&in_a_source=&ito=1490 Mail on Sunday: Five civil servants suspended over ‘DNA espionage’ (1st April 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.yorkshiretoday.co.uk/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleID=2194926&SectionID=55 Yorkshire Post: Yorkshire cases to test DNA sampling policy (31st March 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/crime/article/0,,2044296,00.html?gusrc=rss&feed=11 The Guardian: Every child to be screened for risk of turning criminal under Blair justice plan (28th March 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/uk/6452795.stm BBC Online: ‘Retail jails’ could ease police burden (15th March 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml;jsessionid=GAUE2T1MP0CL5QFIQMGCFGGAVCBQUIV0?xml=/news/2007/02/16/ndna16.xml The Telegraph: DNA data deal ‘will create big brother Europe’ (18th February 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=10830 The Voice: Mayor urged to support DNA profiling curb (9th February 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/article209046.ece The Sunday Times: Reid ‘buries’ news that police hold DNA of 1m innocent people (17th December 2006)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/south_yorkshire/6174877.stm BBC: New DNA clue in 1964 murder hunt (13th December 2006)]<br />
**[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2016134.ece The Independent: DNA of suspects’ families to be held on police files (26th November 2006)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/11/05/nrace05.xml The Telegraph: Three in four young black men on the DNA database (5th November 2006)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6104876.stm BBC Online: Fear that DNA use ‘gone too far’ (1st November 2006)]<br />
**[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,1821676,00.html The Observer: Police DNA database is ‘spiraling out of control’(16th July 2006)]<br />
**[http://www.lookingglassnews.org/viewstory.php?storyid=5722 The Independent: More Britons have DNA held by police than rest of world (14th April 2006)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/01/09/ndna09.xml The Telegraph: Huge rise in juvenile DNA samples kept by the police]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/frontpage/story/0,16518,1678168,00.html The Guardian: DNA of 37% of black men held by police]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/01/09/ndna09.xml The Telegraph: Freedom fears as the DNA database expands]<br />
**[http://news.scotsman.com/scitech.cfm?id=680402005 The Scotsman article: Keep DNA of innocent and guilty alike]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=6549 The Voice: 1 in 3 black men are DNA profiled]<br />
**[http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18624944.900 New Scientist: Will DNA profiling fuel prejudice?]<br />
**[http://newswww.bbc.net.uk/1/low/uk_politics/4166559.stm BBC Online: DNA database Big Brother warning]<br />
<br />
== Detailed Analysis ==<br />
'''Note: This section has not yet been updated to include the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012.'''<br />
<br />
Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984 and amendments to PACE : Criminal Justice and Public Order Act (CJPOA) 1994;Criminal Evidence.<br />
<br />
<br />
(Amendment) Act 1997;Criminal Justice and Police Act (CJPA) 001;Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 2003. Changes in the Data Protection Act (DPA) 1998, the Human Rights Act (HRA) 1998 and case law.<ref name="ftn0">E.U. 9445/1/06 at 9.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
Persons convicted of any recordable offence, arrested for any recordable offense, and all crime scene stains<ref name="ftn7">See EU Current Practices at 80-81.</ref> The Counter-Terrorism Act 2008 (c.28) increased police powers for the stated purpose of countering terrorism. It allows speculative searches against DNA profiles held on behalf of the Security Service or Secret Intelligence Service and allows matches to be used “for purposes related to the identification . . . of the person from whom the material came.” In other words, a valid match can be obtained from a reference sample that did not originate from a crime scene.<br />
<br />
<br />
For Scotland: Persons convicted of any recordable offence, arrested for any recordable offense, and all crime scene stains<ref name="ftn6">See EU Current Practices at 81-83.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
England & Wales: The Justice and Public Order Act 1994 allows for the entry of the DNA profiles of all individuals who are charged with any recordable offence or who are convicted of such an offence. All DNA profiles that are derived from crime scene stains are also stored in the NDNAD.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: The Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 allows for the entry of the DNA profiles of those arrested of any recordable offence or who are convicted of such an offence. All DNA profiles that are derived from unidentified crime scene stains are also stored in the database.<br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>England & Wales: Whereas the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) allowed for the coercive taking of ‘non-intimate samples’ such as hair shafts, the Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (JPOA) changed the definition of ‘non-intimate samples’ to include buccal swabs by which police sampling powers were seriously extended. [4]</nowiki><ref name="ftn5">JPOA (1994), § 58.</ref> This provision applies to both crime suspects and convicted offenders who are arrested or convicted of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn4">Id. at § 55.</ref> The police are allowed to take a DNA sample from minors who have reached the age of ten and from mentally ill persons. There are no restrictions to the collection of crime scene samples.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: A constable or a police custody and security officer at a constable’s direction can collect a mouth swab from those arrested of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn8">Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2003, Art. 55, § 2</ref> They may use reasonable force in exercising this power.<ref name="ftn3">Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, Art. 18, § 7.</ref> A constable or a police custody and security officer at a constable’s direction can also coercively collect a mouth swab from those convicted of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn2">Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2003, Art. 55, § 3.</ref> They are allowed to take a DNA sample from minors who have reached the age of ten and from mentally ill persons. There are no restrictions to the collection of unidentified crime scene samples.<br />
<br />
<br />
Convicted persons’ and suspects’ profiles are retained indefinitely and crime scene stains are kept until they have been identified<ref name="ftn1">See EU Current Practices at 81.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
For Scotland: Convicted persons’ profiles are retained indefinitely, suspects’ profiles are retained until the underlying proceeding is abandoned or the individual is acquitted, and crime scene stains are kept until they have been identified<ref name="ftn9">See EU Current Practices at 83.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
England & Wales: The Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 (CJPA) allows for the indefinite retention of the DNA profiles of both crime suspects and convicted offenders who are arrested or convicted of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn10">CJPA (2001), § 82.</ref> This provision also applies to crime suspects who are subsequently acquitted or freed of charges. The DNA profiles which are derived from unidentified crime scene stains are stored in the database until a match is found.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: The DNA profiles of those who are arrested of any recordable offence have to be removed from the database as soon as possible following the decision not to institute criminal proceedings against the person concerned or upon acquittal.<ref name="ftn11">Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, Art. 18, § 3.</ref> The DNA profiles of those convicted of any recordable offence can be retained indefinitely. The DNA profiles which are derived from unidentified crime scene stains are stored in the database until they are identified.<br />
<br />
<br />
All samples are retained indefinitely<ref name="ftn12">See EU Current Practices at 81.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
For Scotland: Convicted persons’ samples are retained indefinitely, but suspects’ samples must be destroyed upon their acquittal or when no criminal proceedings are initiated<ref name="ftn13">See EU Current Practices at 83.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
England & Wales: The CJPA 2001 allows for the indefinite retention of the DNA samples of both crime suspects and convicted offenders who are arrested or convicted of any recordable offence. This provision also applies to crime suspect who are subsequently acquitted or freed of charges.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: The DNA samples of those who are convicted of any recordable offence can be retained indefinitely. Those taken from persons who are arrested of any recordable offence have to be destroyed as soon as possible following the decision not to institute criminal proceedings against the person concerned or upon acquittal.<ref name="ftn15">Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, Art. 18, § 3.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
The Forensic Science Service, an Executive Designated staff employed by the Custodian Security clearance to Counter Terrorism Kingdom Agency of the Home Office, was responsible for the management of the National DNA Database since 1995, through the office of its Chief Scientist as Custodian of the Database, under a Memorandum of Understanding between the FSS and the Association of Chief Police Officers, revised in 2000, 2003 and again in 2005, and the oversight of the National DNA Database Board, chaired by ACPO. In July 2005, the Custodianship was transferred to the Home Office, then shortly thereafter to National Policing Improvement Agency.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: Although they can largely develop their own policies regarding the treatment of profiles and samples which are collected in the course of criminal investigations, it is not entirely correct to consider the databases of Scotland and England & Wales as two separate entities.<ref name="ftn16">P. Johnson & R. Williams, DNA and crime investigation: Scotland and the “UK National DNA Database,” 10 Scottish J. Crim. Justice Stds. 74 (2004).</ref> As Scotland exports all its profiles and unidentified crime scene stains to the NDNAD, the latter in fact contains nearly all UK profiles. As Scotland does not retain the profiles of suspects who are acquitted and against whom no criminal proceedings are instituted, these are the only profiles that stay in the custody of the Scottish police.<br />
<br />
<br />
Oracle platform with Loader (input) and Match reporting database (repository for match information) It is an Oracle 9i database. Profiles are loaded electronically but from CSV files submitted as a batch rather than messaging.<br />
<br />
<br />
All new profiles added to the Database are automatically searched on loading against all profiles held. The search regime uses 4 SGM discriminator loci to identify a matching sub-set which is then searched again using the remaining SGM Plus loci. Both exact and partial matches between Subject/crime scene and crime scene/crime scene are reported immediately (failed or rare alleles are treated as wild ‘cards’). Subject/subject matches are reported periodically.<br />
<br />
<br />
One-off ‘snapshot’ speculative searches of sample profiles that do not meet the criteria for loading to the Database are also carried out using the same search regime. ‘Familial searches’ are also carried out to help identify potential relatives of offenders whose profiles are not on the Database A monthly search is also carried out for ‘near matches’ that differ by only 1 allele; these are then investigated to see if there has been an error in the profiling.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/United_KingdomUnited Kingdom2021-04-28T10:18:57Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Overview ==<br />
The UK’s National DNA Database (NDNAD) was the first to be established, in 1995. Two changes in the law, made by the Blair Government in 2001 and 2003, led to a massive expansion of the database. DNA samples and records were collected routinely from everyone arrested for any recordable offence, from the age of ten, and retained indefinitely whether or not they were charged or convicted. However, the law on retention was reversed following public controversy and a successful challenge in the European Court of Human Rights.<br />
<br />
The 2008 Interpol survey reports that 329,660 crime scene DNA profiles and 5,093,145 individuals' profiles, plus 163 unknown/deceased DNA profiles were held in the UK at the time of the survey. According to Interpol, the UK's DNA database grew to 400,337 crime scene DNA profiles, 6,547,187 reference DNA profiles from individuals, 97 missing persons' DNA profiles, 35 unidentified human remains DNA profiles and 43,888 other DNA profiles in 2011. As at 31 March 2015, the NDNAD held 5,766,369 DNA profiles from individuals and 486,691 from crime scenes, following removal of DNA profiles from innocent people and some children convicted of minor offences. Removing these people from the database has not reduced crime detection rates. <br />
<br />
At 31st March 2020, the DNA database held 6,568,035 individuals' DNA profiles (taken from 5,604,185 individuals, when duplicates are taken into account) and 647,378 from crime scenes.<br />
<br />
Legislation covering police use of DNA is different in Scotland and Northern Ireland from the law in England and Wales. Scotland and Northern Ireland maintain separate DNA databases, but DNA profile records loaded to these databases are also loaded to the UK's NDNAD. Thus, the UK's NDNAD holds DNA profiles from all UK police forces (as well as the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man), but the laws covering the retention of DNA profiles taken in each country differ. At 31st March 2020, individuals' DNA profiles stored on the NDNAD (including duplicates) consisted of 5,615,953 from England, 371,848 from Scotland, 365,965 from Wales, 171, 037 from Northern Ireland, and 43,230 other (this includes those from the Channel Islands, Isle of Man, Ministry of Defence police forces, HM Revenue and Customs, prisoners and others).<br />
<br />
Scotland rejected plans to retain DNA records from innocent people indefinitely in 2006. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, public opposition to keeping innocent people on the DNA database grew as more cases emerged of people falsely accused of minor offences who had their DNA stored.<br />
<br />
The European Court of Human Rights ruled that the law in England and Wales breached the European Convention on Human Rights in December 2008 (in the case of [http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-90051 S. and Marper v. the United Kingdom]).<br />
<br />
The UK’s Coalition Government adopted the Protection of Freedoms Act on 1st of May 2012, which came in to force at the end of October 2013. The DNA profiles and fingerprints of more than 1.7 million innocent people and children have been removed from police databases and more than 7.7 million DNA samples have also been destroyed.<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
*External links<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/forensic-information-databases-for-research-purposes-guidance Forensic information databases for research purposes: guidance (25th January 2021)] <br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-dna-and-fingerprint-exchange-policy-for-the-uk International DNA and fingerprint exchange policy for the UK (6th January 2021)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/biometrics-commissioner-interim-report-december-2020 Biometrics Commissioner: interim report December 2020]<br />
**[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/wfs2.1414 WIREs Forensic Science: The effectiveness of the current use of forensic DNA in criminal investigations in England and Wales (February 2021)] <br />
**[https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/1/2020/EN/COM-2020-857-F1-EN-ANNEX-1-PART-1.PDF European Commission: TRADE AND COOPERATION AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE EUROPEAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMUNITY, OF THE ONE PART, AND THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND, OF THE OTHER PART (25th December 2020)]<br />
**[https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_20_2532 European Commission: Questions & Answers: EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (24th December 2020)]<br />
** [https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/913011/NDNAD_Strategy_Board_AR_2018-2020_Web_Accessible.pdf Home Office: National DNA Database biennial report, 2018 to 2020 (2nd September 2020)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/niconsul2020-gw-fin.pdf GeneWatchUK response to the Department of Justice’s consultation on proposals to amend the legislation governing the retention of DNA and fingerprints in Northern Ireland (July 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.theyworkforyou.com/wms/?id=2020-06-15.HCWS290.h&s=DNA#gHCWS290.0 TheyWorkforYou: Prüm – Data Sharing Update (15th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/873640/dna-v4.0ext1.pdf Home Office: DNA policy guidance: Version 4.0 (16th March 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.scot/news/biometrics-commissioner/ Scottish Government: Biometrics Commissioner (10th March 2020)]<br />
**[http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-200817 European Court of Human Rights: CASE OF GAUGHRAN v. THE UNITED KINGDOM. Judgment, Strasbourg (13th February 2020)] Case regarding the disproportionate character of the indefinite retention of the DNA profile of a person convicted of minor offence.<br />
**[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmsctech/1970/1970.pdf House of Commons Science and Technology Committee: The work of the Biometrics Commissioner and the Forensic Science Regulator. Nineteenth Report of Session 2017–19 (17th July 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-dna-and-fingerprint-exchange-policy-for-the-uk Home Office: International DNA and fingerprint exchange policy for the UK (8th July 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-and-eu-law-enforcement-boost-co-operation-on-dna-databases Home Office: UK and EU law enforcement boost co-operation on DNA databases (14th June 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.scot/news/biometrics-commissioner-bill-published/ Scottish Government: Biometrics Commissioner (31st May 2019)]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/778065/National_DNA_Database_anuual_report_2017-18_print.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board Annual Report 2017/18]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dna-policy UK Government: DNA policy (immigration)]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/715318/FINDS-SB-P-002_-_Issue_1_-_FINDS_Strategy_Board_Policy_Access_and_Use_Po....pdf Forensic Information Databases Service (FINDS):The Forensic Information Databases Strategy Board Policy for Access and Use of DNA Samples, DNA Profiles, Fingerprint Images, and Associated Data (7th June 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.london.gov.uk/what-we-do/mayors-office-policing-and-crime-mopac/governance-and-decision-making/mopac-decisions-0/forensic-services-prum-dna-service-delivery-plan London: Forensic Services Prüm DNA Service Delivery Plan (10th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/biometrics-commissioner-annual-report-2017 Biometrics Commissioner: annual report 2017]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/713593/government_response_-_annual_report_2017.pdf Response to the Biometrics Commissioner's annual report 2017]<br />
**[http://assets.smartcdn.co.uk.s3-website-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/docs/3911_19012018095152.pdf Forensic Science Regulator: Annual Report: November 2016 - November 2017 (19th January 2018)]<br />
**[https://royalsociety.org/~/media/about-us/programmes/science-and-law/royal-society-forensic-dna-analysis-primer-for-courts.pdf Royal Society: Forensic DNA analysis: A Primer for Courts (November 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/594185/58714_Un-Num_Nat_DNA_DB_Accessible.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board Annual Report 2015/16]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/568554/Annual_Report_of_the_Ethics_Group_2015.pdf Annual Report of The Ethics Group: National DNA Database 2015 (16th November 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/526232/55843_BC_Report_ACCESSIBLE_01.pdf Further Report by the Biometrics Commissioner on Issues Raised in his 2015 Annual Report (April 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/507104/54496_Biometrics_Commissioners_Report_Print_Ready__3_.pdf Commissioner for the retention and use of biometric material: Annual Report December 2015]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/access-and-use-of-dna-samples-profiles-and-associated-data NDNAD Strategy Board policy for access and use of DNA samples, profiles and associated data: December 2015]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201516/cmselect/cmeuleg/342-xii/342xii.pdf House of Commons European Scunity Committee: Cross boarder law enforcement cooperation - UK participation in Prüm (4th December 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/484938/52921_NPCC_National_DNA_Database_print_ready.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board Annual Report 2014/15]. Confirms that removing innocent people's DNA profiles has had no adverse impact on solving crimes.<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-dna-exchange-policy-for-the-united-kingdom Policy Paper: International DNA exchange policy for the United Kingdom (23rd October 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/464648/2015_Prum_Business_Case.pdf Prum Business and Implementation Case (30th September 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/463466/ANNEX_H_Prum_Feasibility_Statistical_Analysis.pdf Principle Forensic Services: Prum Feasibility Project. Statistical Study: Report (September 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.pharmiweb.com/pressreleases/pressrel.asp?ROW_ID=124939#.VctwhPmYQxJ IntegenX: Rapid DNA Results Uploaded For First Time To United Kingdom’s National DNA Database (11th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.met.police.uk/foi/pdfs/other_information/corporate/early_deletion_process_2015.pdf Metropolitan Police: Early Deletion Requests - Consideration for the deletion of DNA profiles, Fingerprint, PNC Records and Photographic images. (22nd June 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dna-early-deletion-guidance-and-application-form Home Office: Record deletion guidance (27th May 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/publication-of-the-governments-response-to-the-biometrics-commissioners-first-annual-report UK Government response to the Biometrics Commissioner’s first annual report (13th May 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/circular-0092015-provisions-relating-to-dna-samples-in-the-police-amendment-regulations-2015-and-the-special-constabulary-amendment-regulations Circular 009/2015: provisions relating to DNA samples in the Police (Amendment) Regulations 2015 and the Special Constabulary (Amendment) Regulations 2015]<br />
**[http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/globalassets/documents/raise/deposited-papers/2015/dp1372.pdf: NORTHERN IRELAND DNA DATABASE GOVERNANCE BOARD REPORT 2012-14 (2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-dna-database-annual-report-2013-to-2014 National DNA Database: annual report, 2013 to 2014 (16th December 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/biometrics-commissioner-annual-report-2013-2014 Biometrics Commissioner: annual report 2013-2014 (16th December 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/applications-to-the-biometrics-commissioner-under-pace Home Office: Applications to the Biometrics Commissioner under PACE (26th September 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/358653/GuidanceApplicationstotheBC.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board: Applications to the Biometrics Commissioner under PACE (17th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.familylaw.co.uk/news_and_comment/re-z-application-for-release-of-dna-profiles-2014-ewhc-1999-fam#.U7wiU7Fhvqw Re Z(Application for Release of DNA Profiles) (2014) EWHC 1999 (Fam) (23rd June 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-dna-database-strategy-board-governance-rules National DNA Database strategy board: governance rules (13th June 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dna-early-deletion-guidance-and-application-form Home Office: DNA early deletion guidance and application form (20th January 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/helping-the-police-fight-crime-more-effectively/supporting-pages/national-dna-database National DNA Database]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/home-office/groups/national-dna-database-strategy-board National DNA Database Strategy Board]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/national-dna-database-ethics-group National DNA Database Ethics Group]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/forensic-science-regulator Forensic Science Regulator]<br />
**[https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/memberpage/united-kingdom-817 Europol: United Kingdom]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/254883/Access_And_Use_Of_DNA_Samples_Profiles.pdf Home Office: The NDNAD Strategy Board Policy for Access and Use of DNA Samples, Profiles and Associated Data (4th November 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-ethics-group-6th-annual-report-2013 NDNAD Ethics Group: 6th annual report (October 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/252678/NDNAD_Annual_Report_2012-13.pdf NATIONAL DNA DATABASE STRATEGY BOARD ANNUAL REPORT 2012-2013]<br />
**[http://www.forensicarchive.com/ Forensic Archive Ltd]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmselect/cmsctech/610/610.pdf House of Commons Science and Technology Committee; Forensic Science I (July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmselect/cmsctech/610/610vw.pdf House of Commons Science and Technology Committee: Forensic Science II (July 2013)]<br />
**[http://gizmonaut.net/blog/uk/2013/07/commencement_pofa_dna_provisions.html Gizmonaut: Commencement day of DNA provisions of the Protection of Freedom Act in October (22nd July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/1814/made The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2013] Commencement order for the provisions in the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 which relate to the destruction, retention and use of material including fingerprints, DNA samples and DNA profiles. Most provisions will come into force by 31st October 2013, with the destruction of copies coming into force by 31st January 2014.<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/1813/made The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (Destruction, Retention and Use of Biometric Data) (Transitional, Transitory and Saving Provisions) Order 2013]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/1814/made The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2013]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-annual-report-2011-to-2012 National DNA Database Annual Report: 2011-12]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-biennial-report-2009-to-2011 National DNA Database biennial report: 2009 to 2011]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/update-on-protection-of-freedoms-act-implementation-and-national-dna-database-annual-reports-2009-to-2012 Lord Taylor of Holbeach: Update on Protection of Freedoms Act implementation and National DNA Database annual reports 2009 to 2012 (20th May 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2012/9/pdfs/ukpga_20120009_en.pdf Protection of Freedoms Act 2012]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-dna-database-statistics National DNA Database statistics (23rd April 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/protection-of-freedoms-act-2012-dna-and-fingerprint-provisions/protection-of-freedoms-act-2012-how-dna-and-fingerprint-evidence-is-protected-in-law Home Office: Protection of Freedoms Act 2012: how DNA and fingerprint evidence is protected in law (4th April 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-strategy-board-minutes NDNAD Strategy Board minutes]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/equality-impact-assessment-of-the-national-dna-database Equality impact assessment of the National DNA Database (28th November 2012)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-annual-reports National DNA Database Annual Report 2006-07]<br />
**[http://www.statewatch.org/news/2009/nov/uk-dna-human-genetics-commission.pdf Human Genetics Commission: Nothing to hide, nothing to fear? Balancing individual rights and the public interest in the governance and use of the National DNA Database (24th November 2009)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/117784/ndnad-ann-report-2007-09.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2007-08]<br />
**[http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/Papers/database-state.pdf Rowntree Database State report (23rd March 2009)]<br />
**[https://rm.coe.int/168067d216 European Court of Human Rights: CASE OF S. AND MARPER v. THE UNITED KINGDOM (4th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmhaff/58/58ii.pdf Home Affairs Committee report: A Surveillance Society? (Vol II: Evidence)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmhaff/58/58i.pdf Home Affairs Committee Report: A Surveillance Society? (Vol I)]<br />
**[https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/l_to_o/low_copy_number_dna_testing/ Crown Prosecution Service: DNA: Low Copy Number DNA Testing in the Criminal Justice System (23rd January 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/sites/default/files/The%20forensic%20use%20of%20bioinformation%20-%20ethical%20issues.pdf Nuffield Council on Bioethics: The forensic use of bioinformation: ethical issues (September 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/DNA_report2005_06.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2005/06]<br />
**[http://www.acpo.police.uk/asp/policies/Data/NDNAD_AR_04_051.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2004/05]<br />
**[https://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/sass/WilliamsandJohnsonInterimReport2005-1.pdf Forensic DNA Databasing: A European Perspective – A report from Durham University (June 2005)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/NDNAD_AR_04_05.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2004/05]<br />
**[http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/about-us/corporate-publications-strategy/home-office-circulars/circulars-2004/058-2004/ Home Office Circular: Charges on Basis of Speculative Search Match on the National DNA Database (September 2004)]<br />
**[http://www.statewatch.org/news/2006/jan/uk-DNA-database.pdf DNA Expansion Programme 2000-2005: Reporting achievement]<br />
**[http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/10/PROPS Scottish Executive: Police Retention Of Prints and Samples]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmsctech/96/96i.pdf The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee’s report on forensics, 2005 (main report)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmsctech/96/96ii.pdf The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee’s report on forensics, 2005 (evidence)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/NDNAD_AR_3_4.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2003/04]<br />
**[http://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/sass/Williams_Johnson_Martin_NDNAD_report_2004.pdf Williams et al (2004) Genetic Information and Crime Investigation]<br />
**[https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/assets/uploads/files/lawyers%27%20DNA%20guide%20KSWilliams%20190208%20%28i%29.pdf Forensic Science Service: Guide to DNA for lawyers and investigating officers(2004)]<br />
**[https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/assets/uploads/files/pdf_000328%20-%20%20DNA%20Charging%20Guidance.pdf Crown Prosecution Service: Guidance on DNA Charging (16th July 2004)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/NDNAD_Annual_Report_02_03.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2002/03]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/sub-539478 GeneWatch UK: The UK Police National DNA Database]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1984/60/contents Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (as amended)] This law was amended by the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 in order to set up the UK National DNA Database in 1995 by allowing police to collect DNA samples and conduct searches of stored DNA profiles: it has been amended many times since 1994.<br />
<br />
*Press articles<br />
**[https://news.sky.com/story/home-secretary-must-take-responsibility-for-accidental-wiping-of-150-000-arrest-records-12188163 Sky News: 'Human error' blamed for wiping of thousands of police records (16th January 2021)]<br />
**[https://bylinetimes.com/2020/07/14/uk-deal-to-share-dna-and-fingerprints-evades-parliamentary-scrutiny/ UK Deal to Share DNA and Fingerprints Evades Parliamentary Scrutiny (14th July 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/proficiency-testing-guidance-dna-mixture-analysis-and-interpretation Forensic Science Regulator: Proficiency testing guidance: DNA mixture analysis and interpretation (29th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8424405/Privacy-row-erupts-plan-log-thousands-innocent-Britons-DNA-controversial-EU-database.html Daily Mail: Privacy row erupts over plan to log thousands of innocent Britons' DNA on controversial EU database (16th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.biometricupdate.com/202006/northern-ireland-police-agree-to-delete-biometric-records-after-human-rights-ruling Biometric Update: Northern Ireland police agree to delete biometric records after human rights ruling (4th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.ukauthority.com/articles/scotland-to-get-biometrics-commissioner/ UK Authority: Scotland to get biometrics commissioner (13th March 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8000053/European-Court-rule-Northern-Ireland-drink-driver-human-rights-breached-police-kept-fingerprints.html Daily Mail: Drink-driver's privacy rights were breached when police kept his DNA profile, fingerprints and photo indefinitely, European human rights judges rule (13th February 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/feb/13/police-keeping-drink-drivers-dna-breached-his-rights-judges-rule The Guardian: Police keeping drink-driver's DNA breached his rights, judges rule (13th February 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-49361260 BBC: Eurofins Scientific: Cyber-attack leads to backlog of 20,000 forensic samples (16th August 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.governmentcomputing.com/central-government/news/uk-eu-prum-framework Government Computing: UK, EU boost co-operation on DNA databases under Prüm framework (14th June 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-48459890 BBC: New plans to safeguard storage of DNA and fingerprint data (31st May 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.biometricupdate.com/201901/northern-ireland-police-agree-to-publish-biometric-data-retention-policy Biometric Update: Northern Ireland police agree to publish biometric data retention policy (11th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-46803999 BBC: PSNI to publish DNA retention policy after human rights case (9th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://amp.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/oct/25/sajid-javid-apologises-to-migrants-forced-to-give-dna-samples The Guardian: Sajid Javid apologises to immigration applicants forced to give DNA samples (25th October 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/home-office-dna-tests-policy-immigrants-letters-immigration-a8430271.html The Independent: Home Office forcing immigrants to take DNA tests in breach of government's own policy (4th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.governmentcomputing.com/applications/news/home-office-issues-tender-biometrics-development Government Computing: Home Office issues tender for biometrics development (14th May 2018)]<br />
**[https://police.community/topic/134543-police-pay-out-millions-after-collapse-of-forensics-firm/ Police Community: Police pay out millions after collapse of forensics firm (5th February 2018)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-42057009 BBC: UK judges to get scientific guides (22nd November 2017)]<br />
**[http://theconversation.com/dna-databases-its-still-far-from-clear-how-effective-they-are-in-fighting-crime-85137 The Conversation: DNA databases: it’s still far from clear how effective they are in fighting crime (10th October 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.belfastlive.co.uk/news/new-officers-register-dna-database-13733517 Belfast Live: New officers will have to register on a DNA database, PSNI reveals (8th October 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.piratefm.co.uk/news/latest-news/2289933/brothers-to-appeal-over-wadebridge-murders/ Pirate FM: Brothers to appeal over Wadebridge murders? (16th May 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/15213148.CSI_Strathclyde__how_university_forensic_experts_helped_solve_some_of_the_most_high_profile_crimes_of_the_past_fifty_years/ The Herald: CSI Strathclyde: how university forensic experts helped solve some of the most high-profile crimes of the past fifty years (9th April 017)]<br />
**[http://www.scunthorpetelegraph.co.uk/what-are-your-rights-if-police-arrest-you-the-key-questions-answered-from-handcuffs-to-charges/story-30253882-detail/story.html Scunthorpe Telegraph: What are your rights if police arrest you? The key questions answered, from handcuffs to charges (8th April 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/legal-updates/dna--an-unstoppable-march/5060258.article Law Gazette: DNA – an unstoppable march? (20th March 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.burtonmail.co.uk/forensics-expert-john-beckwith-lifts-the-lid-on-how-dna-has-solved-serious-historic-burton-crimes/story-30091644-detail/story.html Burton Mail: Forensics expert John Beckwith lifts the lid on how DNA has solved serious historic Burton crimes (1st March 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.policeoracle.com/news/police_it_and_technology/2017/Feb/23/dna-database-most-effective--since-records-began-_94218.html Police Oracle: DNA database most effective since records began (24th February 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.policeoracle.com/news/investigation/2017/Jan/13/Government-department-to-access-DNA-database-in-bid-to-close-fake-dads-paternity-loophole_93864.html Police Oracle: Government Department to access DNA database in bid to close 'fake dads' paternety loophole. (13th January 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-38527830 BBC: Forensic science standards 'at significant risk' (6th January 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/5180/desc/despite-brexit-uk-committed-to-eu-biometric-database/ Despite Brexit, UK committed to EU biometric database (2nd November 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jun/07/killer-dna-evidence-genetic-profiling-criminal-investigation The Guardian: Killer breakthrough – the day DNA evidence first nailed a murderer (7th June 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/27/dna-and-fingerprints-of-50000-repeat-teenage-offenders-deleted-a/ The Telegraph: DNA and fingerprints of 50,000 repeat teenage offenders deleted after software error by police (27th May 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.thequint.com/hot-wire/2016/05/27/dna-profiles-of-hundreds-of-terror-suspects-destroyed-in-uk The Quint: DNA Profiles of Hundreds of Terror Suspects Destroyed in UK (27th May 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/4530/desc/fears-in-uk-over-deletion-of-terror-suspects-biometric-profiles/ Planet Biometrics: Fears in UK over deletion of terror suspects’ biometric profiles (27th May 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/latest-news/507017/police-mix-DNA-evidence-errors-98-cases-Adam-Scott-case Daily Star: DNA divvies: Police errors result in evidence mix-ups in 98 cases last year (10th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201604/documents-reveal-uk-governments-out-of-court-settlements-over-unlawful-biometrics-storage Biometric Update: Documents reveal UK government’s out-of-court settlements over unlawful biometrics storage (9th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/04/05/home_office_settlements/ The Register: Home Office seeks secret settlements over unlawful DNA retention (5th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-35783475 BBC: Wiping of DNA and fingerprint records 'puts public safety at risk' (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/dna-profiles-and-fingerprints-of-7800-on-police-counterterrorism-database-34532285.html Belfast Telegraph: DNA profiles and fingerprints of 7,800 on police counter-terrorism database (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/mar/11/uk-police-hold-dna-profiles-of-7800-terrorism-suspects The Guardian: UK police hold DNA profiles of 7,800 terrorism suspects (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.rt.com/uk/335286-dna-profiles-terror-suspects/ RT: DNA profiles of 7,800 terror suspects held in police database (11th March, 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/03/11/potential_terrorists_roam_uk_while_police_lose_their_biometrics_details/ The Register: 7,800 people's biometric data held on police anti-terrorism database (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.ukauthority.com/news/6047/police-national-database-still-holds-illegal-photos UK Authority: Police National Database still holds 'illegal' photos (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=25632 Police Professionals: Failure to retain DNA records ‘risking public safety’, says Biometrics Commissioner (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/4270/desc/britains-biometrics-commissioner-in-dna-warning/ Planet Biometrics (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://home.bt.com/news/uk-news/dna-profiles-of-7800-people-on-police-counter-terrorism-database-11364045522485 BT: DNA profiles and prints of 7,800 people on police counter-terrorism database (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://thejusticegap.com/2016/03/12812/ The Justice Gap: Ministers need to reinstate a national forensic science service – and quickly (21st March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-35254521 BBC News: Paternity test dad Vernon Poppleton used brother's DNA (7th January, 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/conservative-berwick-mp-rebels-over-10575572 Chronicle Live: Conservative Berwick MP rebels over plans for UK to join EU crime database (10th December 2015)]<br />
**[https://uk.news.yahoo.com/eurosceptic-theresa-may-calls-mps-160727893.html#dABsF8p Yahoo News: Eurosceptic Theresa May calls for MPs to back EU DNA database in House of Commons debate (8th December 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.itv.com/news/2015-12-08/uk-to-decide-whether-to-join-bond-esque-eu-dna-database/ ITV: UK to decide whether to join Bond-esque EU DNA database (8th December 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/3818/desc/uk-mps-to-vote-on-joining-european-biometric-database/ Planet Biometrics: UK MPs to vote on joining European biometric, DNA database (30th November)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=24904 Police Professional: Home Office urges Prüm opt in (27th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/12019174/Britain-should-join-controversial-EU-crime-database-says-Government.html The Telegraph: Britain should join controversial EU crime database, says Government (26th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-34937158 BBC News: UK ministers outline case for joining EU DNA database scheme (26th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/nov/23/mps-vote-joining-european-police-dna-fingerprint-database The Guardian: MPs to vote on joining European police DNA database (23th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-attacks-france-calls-for-britain-to-give-european-police-access-to-dna-database-a6738471.html Independent: Paris attacks: France calls for Britain to give European police access to DNA database (17th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.information-age.com/technology/security/123460503/whos-more-likely-rob-britains-freedom-isis-or-conservative-party Information Age: Who’s more likely to rob Britain’s freedom: ISIS or the Conservative party? (16th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3318975/Big-Brother-tsar-demands-police-wipe-innocent-people-s-photos-database-18-MILLION-mugshots.html Daily Mail: 'Big Brother tsar' demands police wipe innocent people's photos from database of 18 MILLION mugshots (15th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.journalpioneer.com/Opinion/Columnists/2015-11-10/article-4339029/EASTERN-PASSAGES%3A-Hanged-by-a-thread/1 Journal Pioneer: Eastern passages: Hanged by a thread (10th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/11982516/British-police-face-deluge-of-foreign-DNA-requests-if-UK-joins-EU-crime-database-says-report.html The Telegraph: British police face deluge of foreign DNA requests if UK joins EU crime database, says report (8th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.itv.com/news/granada/2015-11-05/police-use-dna-to-track-down-diners-who-skipped-the-bill/ ITV: Police use DNA to track down diners who skipped the bill (5th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://news.sky.com/story/1572942/rapist-jailed-after-needle-in-a-haystack-hunt Sky News: Rapist Jailed After 'Needle In A Haystack' Hunt (20th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://findbiometrics.com/rapidhit-dna-uk-police-210135/ Find Biometrics: RapidHIT DNA Identification a Hit with UK Police (13th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/3635/desc/biometrics-commissioner-raises-police-face-database-fears/ Planet Biometrics: Biometrics Commissioner raises police face database fears (13th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201510/key-forensic-services-purchases-rapid-dna-system-from-integenx Biometric Update: Key Forensic Services purchases rapid DNA system from IntegenX (4th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/3587/desc/uks-key-forensic-services-buys-rapid-dna-system/ Planet Biometrics: UK’s Key Forensic Services buys Rapid DNA system (1st October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.computerworlduk.com/it-leadership/police-ict-company-ceo-on-austerity-transformation-plans-save-millions-3624427/ Computer World UK: Police ICT Company CEO Martin Wyke on austerity, transformation and plans to save millions (2nd September 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.labnews.co.uk/features/building-case-27-08-2015/ Laboratory News: Building a case: (27th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://finance.yahoo.com/news/rapidhit-dna-profile-uploaded-uk-100000828.html BusinessWire: RapidHIT DNA Profile Uploaded to UK National DNA Database Identifies Dangerous Sex Offender While Suspect in Custody (24th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201508/rapid-dna-results-uploaded-for-the-first-time-to-uks-dna-database Biometric Update: Rapid DNA results uploaded for the first time to UK’s DNA database (19th August 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.policeoracle.com/news/police_it_and_technology/2015/Aug/13/breakthrough-machine-now-being-used-to-upload-genetic-profiles-onto-database_89231.html Police Oracle: Breakthrough machine now being used to upload genetic profiles to database (13th August 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-33784571 BBC: DNA samples copied and held for Troubles investigations (5th August 2015)] Reports retention of DNA profiles in Northern Ireland.<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3174798/Deadbeat-dads-refuse-pay-offspring-face-DNA-database-checks.html Daily Mail: 'Deadbeat dads' who refuse to pay for their offspring face DNA database checks in child maintenance crackdown (26th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=21781 Police Professional: PSNI DNA retention lawful (14th May 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/may/13/retention-of-offenders-dna-does-not-breach-privacy-supreme-court-rules The Guardian: Retention of offenders' DNA profiles not illegal, supreme court rules (13th May 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.bristolpost.co.uk/Avon-Somerset-Police-s-forensic-spending-falls-40/story-26457785-detail/story.html Avon and Somerset Police's forensic spending falls by 40 per cent in seven years (8th May 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/unease-over-police-trial-of-hitech-dna-machines-amid-fears-that-civil-liberties-could-be-infringed-10193791.html The Independent: Unease over police trial of hi-tech DNA machines amid fears that civil liberties could be infringed (21st April 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.littlehamptongazette.co.uk/news/regional/murder-police-dna-screening-plea-1-6675562 Littlehampton Gazette: Murder police DNA screening plea(7th April 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.computing.co.uk/ctg/news/2398702/government-has-failed-to-provide-guidelines-on-use-of-biometric-data-warn-mps Government has failed to provide guidelines on use of biometric data, warn MPs (9th March 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/britain-criticised-for-dna-hold-up-keeping-an-innocent-man-locked-up-in-spanish-prison-10031429.html The Independent: Britain criticised for DNA hold up keeping an innocent man locked up in Spanish prison (8th February 2015)]<br />
**[http://thejusticegap.com/2015/01/police-forensics-risk-criminal-cases-nao-warns/ Police forensics ‘a risk’ to criminal cases, spending watchdog warns (26th January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=20204 Police Professional: Police spending on forensics 'inconsistent' (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/privatisation-of-forensic-services-a-threat-to-justice-and-putting-the-work-in-police-hands-would-be-disastrous-warn-experts-9991356.html The Independent: Privatisation of forensic services 'threat to justice' and putting the work in police hands would be 'disastrous,' warn experts (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-30909722 BBC: Warning by spending watchdog over forensic science work (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://news.stv.tv/scotland/307287-mass-voluntary-dna-screening-in-case-of-valerie-graves-in-bosham/ STV: Mass voluntary DNA screening to find killer of house-sitting Scot (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2914932/The-DNA-photofit-Amazing-breakthrough-means-police-tell-suspect-s-colour-height-age-tiny-speck-blood.html The DNA photofit: Amazing breakthrough means police can tell suspect's colour, height and even age – from a tiny speck of blood (17th January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thedetail.tv/articles/genetic-profile-of-123-000-people-on-ni-s-dna-database Genetic profile of 123,000 people on NI's DNA database (14th January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/dec/16/foreogn-criminals-data-police-records-biometrics The Guardian: Foreign criminals’ data taken off police records (16th December 2014)]<br />
**[http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/572081/20141107/australia-uk-dna-polce-usa-canada.htm#.VGHb2cnvaSo International Business Times: Australia and UK Sign Pact For DNA Database Sharing Among Police Forces To Check Serious Crimes (7th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://rt.com/uk/202919-uk-australia-dna-database/ RT: UK, Australia to share DNA database to aid international crime solving (6th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/australian-police-in-dna-access-deal-with-british-counterparts/story-fn59niix-1227114004691 The Australian: Australian police in DNA access deal with British counterparts (5th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2014/nov/06/australian-and-british-police-to-share-their-dna-databases The Guardian: Australian and British police to share their DNA databases (5th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://online.wsj.com/articles/spain-threatens-u-k-s-inclusion-in-eu-justice-cooperation-1412881174 Spain Threatens U.K.’s Inclusion in EU Justice Cooperation (9th October 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/09/30/scrap_human_rights_act_chris_grayling_privacy_freedom_expression/ The Register: Scrapping the Human Rights Act: What about privacy and freedom of expression? (30th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2767453/DNA-blunders-mean-murderers-rapists-convictions-overturned-Home-Office-admits-misleading-evidence-presented-juries.html Daily Mail: DNA blunders mean murderers and rapists could have convictions overturned: Home Office admits misleading evidence has been presented to juries (24th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/european-convention-on-human-rights-what-has-it-ever-done-for-us-9773928.html The Independent: European Convention on Human Rights: What has it ever done for us? (3rd October 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201409/guidelines-for-uk-police-chiefs-on-applications-to-retain-use-biometrics Guidelines for UK police chiefs on applications to retain & use biometric material (29th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.scotsman.com/news/how-dna-fingerprint-left-its-mark-on-justice-1-3533752 The Scotsman: How DNA fingerprint left its mark on justice (8th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/11382557.Commissioner_helps_to_speed_DNA_checks/?ref=rss Lancashire Telegraph: Commissioner helps to speed DNA checks (1st August 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2708277/DNA-testing-crime-scene-investigations-soon-identify-criminals-matter-HOURS.html DNA-testing for crime scene investigations will soon identify criminals in a matter of HOURS (28th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/crime-courts/police-storing-dna-samples-of-children-as-young-as-10-x.24764874 Herald: Police storing DNA samples of children as young as 10 (16th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.heraldscotland.com/comment/herald-view/storing-childrens-dna-and-issue-of-civil-liberties.24733748 Herald: Storing children's DNA and issue of civil liberties (16th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2689894/Police-plea-share-DNA-clues-EU-foreign-criminals.html Daily Mail: Police in plea to share DNA clues with EU - because we have so many foreign criminals (12th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.scotsman.com/news/uk/eu-set-for-more-policing-powers-1-3467441 The Scotsman: EU set for ‘more policing’ powers (8th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/486945/Cameron-could-give-more-police-powers-to-Brussels-DNA-database The Express: Now David Cameron 'considers giving POLICING powers to Brussels', leaked documents reveal (5th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/05/david-cameron-eu-talks-police-cooperation The Guardian: David Cameron in talks with EU leaders over international DNA database (5th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-28130767 BBC: Marion Crofts murder: Tony Jasinskyj's appeal refused(2nd July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.labmate-online.com/articles/laboratory-products/3/tracy_alexander/dna_collection_and_interpretation/1590/ Labmate: DNA: Collection and Interpretation (12th March 2014)]<br />
**[http://ampp3d.mirror.co.uk/2014/01/15/nearly-6-million-of-us-are-on-the-dna-database-does-it-make-you-feel-any-safer/ Nearly 6 million of us are on the DNA database. Does it make you feel any safer? (15th January 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.nottinghampost.com/Ex-offender-74-wins-right-provide-sample-DNA/story-19891968-detail/story.html Nottingham Post: Ex-offender from Nottingham wins right not to provide a sample of his DNA (5th October 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24207612 BBC: Operation Nutmeg: Court could force police to destroy DNA (24th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24224506 BBC: Court rejects ex-prisoner's DNA sample challenge (24th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24224506 The Guardian: Ex-prisoner fails to halt police DNA-collection programme (24th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2429637/One-year-old-baby-thousands-children-DNA-taken-police.html Daily Mail: One-year-old baby among thousands of children who have had their DNA taken by police (22nd September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-police-take-dna-samples-6073851 Wales Online: Welsh police take DNA samples from more than 5,500 children (22nd September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/police-take-dna-children-criminal-2259291 Mirror: Police take DNA from children in criminal investigations (8th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://esciencenews.com/articles/2013/08/14/forensic.familial.search.methods.carry.risk.certain.false.matches e! Science News: Forensic familial search methods carry risk of certain false matches (14th August 2013)] There is a video abstract and general public explanation video available for this research.<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-23683910 BBC: University of Leicester cat DNA database to be used for solving crime (14th August 2013)]<br />
** [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23436303 BBC: Forensics upheaval 'threat to justice', MPs warn (25th July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2013/jul/08/britain-european-arrest-warrant-reform The Guardian: Britain to keep European arrest warrant but try to reform it (8th July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/police-told-to-explain-use-of-unregulated-dna-database-8651380.html The Independent: Police told to explain use of unregulated DNA database (9th June 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2013/may/20/police-retain-dna-thousands-children The Guardian: Police retain DNA from thousands of children (20th May 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22595835 BBC: Police swabbing of child DNA excessive, says charity (20th May 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/police-bosses-tell-cops-don%E2%80%99t-target-gays-dna-roundup180113 GayStarNews: Police bosses tell cops: don’t target gays in DNA roundup (18th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.eadt.co.uk/news/ipswich_victory_after_man_s_six_year_battle_to_have_dna_records_removed_from_police_records_1_1796207 EADT24: Ipswich: Victory after man’s six-year battle to have DNA records removed from police records (18th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.politics.co.uk/news/2013/01/17/outrage-grows-over-gay-dna-witchhunt Politics.co.uk: Outrage grows over gay DNA witchhunt (17th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2261239/Stephen-Close-Police-demand-DNA-sample-soldier-gay-relationship-Army.html?ITO=1490&ns_mchannel=rss&ns_campaign=1490 Daily Mail: Police demand DNA sample from former soldier because he had gay relationship in the Army 30 years ago (12th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2259319/EU-demands-access-details-UK-drivers-Orwellian-hand-personal-information-foreign-police-forces.html?ito=feeds-newsxml Daily Mail: EU demands access to details of all UK drivers: ‘Orwellian’ move to hand out personal information to foreign police forces (9th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/9628235/Rapists-feared-still-at-large-as-police-fail-to-update-DNA-database.html The Telegraph: Rapists feared still at large as police fail to update DNA database (23rd October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2211365/Adam-Scott-Innocent-man-spent-FIVE-MONTHS-prison-forensics-mix-meant-falsely-accused-rape.html Daily Mail: Innocent man spent FIVE MONTHS in prison after forensics mix-up meant he was falsely accused of rape (1st October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19782917 BBC: DNA rape sample procedures ‘not adequate’ (1st October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.littlehamptongazette.co.uk/news/sussex-police-collect-ex-cons-dna-for-national-database-1-4321532 Littlehampton Gazette: Sussex Police collect ex-cons’ DNA for national database (1st October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2012/sep/27/ex-offenders-targeted-dna-database The Guardian: Thousands of ex-offenders targeted in drive to add to DNA database (27th September 2012)]<br />
**[http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1588993_police-order-thousands-of-dna-samples-from-ex-convicts-in-greater-manchester Manchester Evening News: Police order thousands of DNA samples from ex-convicts in Greater Manchester (18th September 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.zdnet.com/blog/london/london-police-8216hack-suspects-phones-a-major-blow-to-human-rights/4775 ZDNet: London police ‘hack’ suspects’ phones: A major blow to human rights (18th May 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/privatisation-is-a-catastrophe-warns-godfather-of-forensics-7606789.html The Independent: Privatisation is a catastrophe, warns godfather of forensics (2nd April 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2114252/Teenager-spends-months-bars-DNA-blunder-fingers-rape-city-visited.html Daily Mail: DNA database in doubt after teenager spends three months behind bars for rape in city he has never even visited because gene samples were mixed up (13th March 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2012/mar/08/forensics-blunder-convictions The Guardian: Forensics blunder ‘may endanger convictions’ (8th March 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.economist.com/node/21543121 The Economist: Ignorance is bliss (21st January 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21128285.500-euro-dna-treaty-risks-false-positives.html?DCMP=OTC-rss&nsref=online-news#.UebhRG3OB0M New Scientist: DNA super-network increases risk of mix-ups (5th September 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13440012 BBC Online: DNA and fingerprint guidelines ‘unlawful’ (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/guidelines-on-dna-samples-unlawful-2285712.html The Independent: Guidelines on DNA samples unlawful (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.publicservice.co.uk/news_story.asp?id=15673 Public Service: Police DNA retention policy ‘unlawful’ (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://ukhumanrightsblog.com/2011/05/18/retention-of-dna-breaches-article-8-says-supreme-court/ UK Human Rights blog: Retention of DNA breaches human right to privacy, says Supreme Court (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/libertycentral/2011/may/18/dna-retention-supreme-court-police The Guardian: DNA retention judgment won’t see discriminatory policy destroyed (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/03/03/ico_freedoms_bill/ The Register: Supreme Court: DNA database retention regs are unlawful (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/may/18/police-dna-database-supreme-court The Guardian: Police breaking law by keeping DNA of the innocent, supreme court rules (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/mar/05/dna-rules-will-restore-trust The Guardian: New DNA rules will restore public trust [Letter] (5th March 2011])<br />
**[http://www.publicservice.co.uk/news_story.asp?id=15673 Public Service: Government store DNA of over 6 million (4th March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/05/18/supreme_court_dna_database_ruling/ The Register: ICO evidence raises Freedoms Bill data worries (3rd March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-12536138 BBC: How Protection of Freedoms Bill will work (1st March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=18987 ITN: Government to curb DNA database (1st March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=18987 The Voice: Innocent black Brits may get their DNA removed from database (22nd February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/columnists/philipjohnston/8324874/The-Coalitions-Freedom-Bill-is-a-blow-against-the-snoopers-and-clampers.html The Telegraph: The coalition’s Freedom Bill is a blow against the snoopers and clampers (15th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.24dash.com/blogs/lynne_featherstone_mp/2011/02/13/Freedoms-Bill/ 24dash.com: Freedoms Bill (13th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12433116 BBC: DNA profiles to be deleted from police database (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1356198/DNA-database-purge-Victory-Mail-records-1m-innocent-people-removed.html#ixzz1DsbppVHm Daily Mail: DNA database purge: Victory for the Mail as records of 1m innocent people removed (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/8318900/DNA-of-up-to-a-million-to-be-wiped-under-Freedom-Bill.html The Telegraph: DNA of up to a million to be wiped under Freedom Bill (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/feb/11/dna-profiles-deleted-police-database The Guardian: DNA profiles to be deleted from police database (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.dailyexpress.co.uk/posts/view/228588/At-last-victory-over-Labour-s-army-of-snoops/ Daily Express: At last, victory over Labour’s army of snoops (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2011/feb/11/criminal-checks-eased-freedom-bill The Guardian: Criminal checks on people working with children to be eased (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-a-victory-for-civil-liberties-ndash-and-a-challenge-for-labour-2209670.html Independent: A victory for civil liberties – and a challenge for Labour (10th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/8317257/Nick-Clegg-were-restoring-hard-won-British-liberties.html The Telegraph: Nick Clegg; we’re restoring hard won British liberties (10th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/id-cards-go-up-in-flames-in-first-step-to-tackle-database-state-2209936.html The Independent: ID cards go up in flames in first step to tackle ‘database state’ (10th February 2010)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8691753.stm BBC: Deputy Prime Minister’s Reform Speech (19th May 2010)]<br />
**[http://www.publicservice.co.uk/news_story.asp?id=15673 Public Service: Government store DNA of over 6 million (4th March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20527424.700-unreliable-evidence-time-to-open-up-dna-databases.html?full=true New Scientist: Unreliable evidence? Time to open up DNA Databases (6th January 2010)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8434713.stm BBC Online: Innocent people face DNA database ‘shambles’ (31st December 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1877525.ece The Times: From schoolboy squabble to DNA database in one easy step – if you’re black (24th November 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8375567.stm BBC Online: New safeguards urged over routine police DNA tests (24th November 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1223688/DNA-innocents-kept-database-years.html The Daily Mail: DNA of innocents will be kept on database for six years (29th October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/oct/28/dna-database-innocent-profiles The Guardian: Innocent suspects’ profiles still reaching DNA database (28th October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1877336.ece The Times: Record number of DNA samples taken but crimes solved with them are down (22nd October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/6399228/Crimes-solved-by-DNA-drop-by-a-fifth.html The Telegraph: Crimes solved by DNA drop by a fifth (22nd October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/oct/21/dna-database-convictions-fall The Guardian: Detections using DNA database fall despite huge rise in profiles (21st October)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/oct/19/innocent-dna-database The Guardian: Home Office climbs down over keeping DNA records of innocent (19th October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/6056725/Tory-MP-Damian-Green-has-DNA-profile-deleted-from-database.html The Telegraph: Tory MP Damian Green has DNA profile deleted from database (20th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/18/science/18dna.html?_r=2&hp New York Times: DNA evidence can be fabricated, scientists show (17th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=16083 The Voice: DNA database is damaging race relations, says expert (17th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1205867/300-children-day-added-DNA-database-400-000-15s-Big-Brother-roll.html Daily Mail: 300 children a day added to DNA database (12th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/aug/09/police-dna-database-black-children The Observer: ‘Racist bias’ blamed for disparity in police DNA database (9th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/aug/07/dna-database-police-advice The Guardian: Police told to ignore human rights ruling over database (7th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/5990033/Equality-watchdog-warns-DNA-plans-break-law.html The Telegraph: Equality watchdog warns DNA plans break law (7th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/5444332/Police-arrest-innocent-youths-for-their-DNA-officer-claims.html The Telegraph: Police arrest innocent youths for the DNA, officer claims (4th June 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1185060/Driver-thrown-police-cell-DVLA-office-blunder-wrong-shade-green-MOT-certificate.html Daily Mail: Driver thrown in police cell after DVLA office blunder (21st May 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/apr/17/damian-green-arrest-jacqui-smith The Guardian: DPP’s verdict on papers leaked in Damian Green affair – Not a threat to security (17th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/apr/15/jeffreys-dna-database-human-rights-police The Guardian: DNA pioneer Alec Jeffreys: drop innocent from database (15th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/5109248/Police-will-be-banned-from-keeping-DNA-of-innocent-people-pledge-Tories.html The Telegraph: Police will be banned from keeping DNA of innocent people, pledge Tories (6th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.politics.co.uk/news/legal-and-constitutional/tories-promise-to-reform-dna-database-$1285967.htm Politics.co.uk: Tories promise to reform DNA database (6th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.crosbyherald.co.uk/news/crosby-news/2009/04/02/teenager-arrested-by-southport-police-for-handing-in-mobile-phone-68459-23291295/ The Crosby Herald: Teen arrested by police for handing in phone (2nd April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/5078599/Five-million-people-now-on-DNA-database.html The Telegraph: Five million people now on database (31st March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.computing.co.uk/computing/news/2239421/dna-database-grows-per-cent-two Computing: DNA database grows by 38 per cent in two years (30th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7966641.stm BBC Online: ‘DNA bungle’ haunts German police (28th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/the_daily_politics/7968121.stm BBC Politics Show: Time for a universal DNA database? (27th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/the_daily_politics/7968054.stm BBC Politics Show: MP’s battle over DNA database (27th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.thisisplymouth.co.uk/news/know-feel-Truman/article-848720-detail/article.html The Plymouth Herald: I know how you feel, Mr Truman (26th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/the-big-question-are-there-illegal-government-databases-and-what-can-we-do-about-it-1652623.html The Independent: The Big Question: Are there illegal Government databases and what can we do about it? (24th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-1164291/ROSS-CLARK-As-report-condemns-government-databases--Big-Brother-wasting-billions.html The Daily Mail: As report condemns Government databases…Big Brother is wasting your billions (24th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7955205.stm BBC Online: Call to scrap ‘illegal’ databases (23rd March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/mar/19/dna-database-comment The Guardian: Mark Thomas: How I got my genes deleted (19th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/libertycentral/2009/mar/16/dna-database-civil-liberties The Guardian: Question Eight: DNA Database (16th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/4966168/DNA-of-one-year-old-baby-stored-on-national-database.html The Telegraph: DNA of one-year-old baby stored on national database (10th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/03/02/dna_dbase_stalling/ The Register: Three months on, you still can’t get off the DNA Database (2nd March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/feb/27/dna-database-justice The Guardian: Government plans to keep DNA samples of innocent (27th February 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/feb/27/dna-database-children-criminal-record The Guardian: DNA details of 1.1m children on database (27th February 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1137022/Banish-Big-Brother-The-states-surveillance-powers-curbed-say-Lords.html The Daily Mail: Banish Big Brother: The state’s surveillance powers must be curbed, say Lords (6th February 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/12/17/david_mery_reclaim_your_dna/ The Register: Don’t delay: Delete your DNA (17th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-1094963/JAMES-SLACK-The-EUs-Big-Brother-database-poses-threat-liberties.html Daily Mail: The EU’s Big Brother database poses a threat to our liberties (16th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-a-victory-for-civil-liberties-ndash-but-the-larger-war-still-rages-1052547.html The Independent: A victory for civil liberties – but the larger war still rages (5th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1091880/One-million-innocent-people-profiles-wiped-Britains-DNA-database-court-ruling.html The Daily Mail: One million innocent people could have their profiles wiped from Britain’s ‘Orwellian’ DNA database after court ruling (5th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7765484.stm BBC Online: Europe DNA ruling resonates in UK (4th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/3547773/DNA-database-Campaigners-welcome-ruling-that-DNA-holding-breaches-human-rights.html The Telegraph: Campaigners welcome ruling that DNA-holding breaches human rights (4th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/liverpool-news/regional-news/2008/11/19/police-order-child-s-dna-to-be-removed-from-database-64375-22290909/ Liverpool Daily Post: Police order child’s DNA to be removed from database (19th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/3473483/More-than-one-million-added-to-the-DNA-database-as-children.html The Telegraph: More than one million added to the DNA database as children (17th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/3418649/Crimes-solved-by-DNA-evidence-fall-despite-millions-being-added-to-database.html The Telegraph: Crimes solved by DNA evidence fall despite millions being added to database (10th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/11/06/dna_database_special/page2.html The Register: The DNA Database and You (6th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/north-wales-news/2008/10/30/one-in-11-from-north-wales-on-dna-file-55578-22148188/ Daily Post North Wales: One in 11 from North Wales on DNA file (30th October 2008) 30th October 2008]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1078821/New-law-allow-police-collect-DNA-secret-teacups.html The Daily Mail: New law to allow police to collect DNA in secret from teacups (19th October 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.christiantoday.com/article/black.church.leaders.concerned.over.criminal.dna.database/20635.htm Christian Today: Black church leaders concerned over criminal DNA database (18th July 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/06/29/brown_dna_database_innocent_genewatch/ The Register: Gordo’s DNA database claims branded ‘ridiculous’ (29th June 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=/opinion/2008/06/09/do0902.xml The Telegraph: MPs must act now to set limits on snooping (9th June 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.vision.org/visionmedia/article.aspx?id=4824 Reuters: Watchdog criticises plan to share DNA data (15th May 2008)]<br />
**[http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/joepublic/2008/05/the_scandal_of_criminalising_m.html The Guardian: The scandal of ‘criminalising’ mental health patients (12th May 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1929849/DNA-bank-solves-one-crime-per-800-profiles.html The Telegraph: DNA bank solves one crime per 800 profiles (6th May 2008)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7341251.stm BBC Online: DNA technique ‘fit for purpose’ (11th April 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.sundaymirror.co.uk/news/sunday/2008/04/06/40-000-kids-put-on-dna-crimes-list-98487-20373651/ The Sunday Mirror: 40,000 kids put on DNA crimes list (6th April 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/mar/16/youthjustice.children The Observer: Put young children on DNA list urge police (16th March 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=528857&in_page_id=1770 The Daily Mail: 1.5m children will have DNA taken next year amid claims of universal database ‘by stealth’ (9th March 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.computing.co.uk/computing/news/2211158/met-police-chief-calls-european Computing: Met police chief calls for European DNA database (5th March 2008)]<br />
**[http://blackmentalhealth.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=281&Itemid=117 Black Mental Health UK: Sarah Teather tells House of Commons DNA database discriminates (1st March 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/feb/28/ukcrime.forensicscience The Guardian: Mixed results (28th February)]<br />
**[http://www.newstatesman.com/200802280017 New Statesman: Spare pairs of genes (28th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article3448837.ece The Times: CCTV and DNA advances add to bills but minister calls rises unacceptable (28th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/technology/technology.html?in_article_id=519568&in_page_id=1965 The Daily Mail: One in eight samples filed under innocent names in Government blunder (27th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.publictechnology.net/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=14351 Public Technology: Home Office Minister rejects call for a national citizen DNA database (25th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=518416&in_page_id=1770 The Daily Mail: Police in retreat after public backlash over their demands for a DNA database (25th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=518151&in_page_id=1770 The Daily Mail; Home Office retreat from plans to extend ‘nation of suspects’ DNA database to include litterbugs (24th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article3423450.ece The Sunday Times: Should Britain have a compulsory DNA database? (24th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theherald.co.uk/news/news/display.var.2067932.0.Police_we_must_keep_DNA_of_everyone_arrested.php The Glasgow Herald: Police: we must keep DNA of everyone arrested (23rd February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2008/feb/23/ukcrime The Guardian: Calls for compulsory DNA database rejected (23rd February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2008/feb/21/conservatives.police The Guardian: Inquiry as Tories attack DNA failure (21st February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article3401745.ece The Times: Gordon Brown admits assaults committed while DNA data disc lost (20th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article3399712.ece The Times: Disc listing foreign criminals lost for a year (20th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2008/feb/13/ukguns.police The Guardian: Stop! Armed police! Put down your MP3 player (13th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7230487.stm BBC Online: Clegg attacks surveillance UK (6th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/01/07/delete_your_dna_profile/print.html The Register: How to delete your DNA Profile (7th January 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=491714&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Big Brother UK: Police now hold DNA ‘fingerprints’ of 4.5 million Britons (5th November 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/11/04/ndna104.xml The Telegraph: Police retain DNA of ‘petty crime suspects’ (5th November 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/law/article2210263.ece The Times: Police told to erase ‘irrelevant’ crime records (1st November 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/health/advice/article1790236.ece The Times: Policing the gene pool (29th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9867324 The Economist: Learning to live with Big Brother (27th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7161/full/449377b.html Nature: Genome abuse (26th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1873220.ece The Times: DNA database ‘puts innocent under suspicion’ (18th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/09/17/dna_purge/ The Register: Innocent ‘terror techie’ purges DNA records (17th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/europe/article2595861.ece The Times: Inside the world where experts try to unlock DNA clues (15th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23412351-details/Outrage%20as%20DNA%20profile%20of%20seven-month-old%20baby%20is%20added%20to%20register/article.do Evening Standard: Outrage as DNA profile of seven-month old baby is added to DNA database (15th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=482410&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Innocent people’s DNA ‘must not be kept on national database’ (10th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2007/09/11/226664/dna-plan-would-require-san-the-size-of-belgium.htm Computer Weekly: DNA plan would require SAN the size of Belgium (11th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.scotsman.com/politics.cfm?id=1419912007 The Scotsman: Judge opens hornets’ nest with call for everyone’s DNA to go on record (6th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6979138.stm BBC Online: All UK ‘must be on DNA database’ (5th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23411070-details/Top+minister+backs+judge%27s+calls+for+DNA+database+registration+for+all/article.do Evening Standard: Ministers accused of trying to build DNA database by stealth (5th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6979490.stm BBC Online: DNA database call prompts concern (5th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23406663-details/Beware:+Minor+offences+could+land+you+on+DNA+database...for+life/article.do Evening Standard: Speeding drivers face DNA swabs under Big Brother powers (1st August 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1873007.ece The Times: Police want DNA from speeding drivers and litterbugs on database (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/08/02/ndna102.xml The Telegraph: Litter lout DNA samples a step too far (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2826207.ece The Independent: Police DNA database ‘risks criminalising non-offenders’ (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=472544&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Government accused on DNA samples (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://politics.guardian.co.uk/homeaffairs/story/0,,2139675,00.html The Guardian: Police may be given powers to take DNA samples on the street (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://politics.guardian.co.uk/homeaffairs/story/0,,2089265,00.html The Observer: Civil rights fears over DNA for everyone (27th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=457046&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Police put 100,000 innocent children on DNA Database (23rd May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/23/ndna23.xml The Telegraph: DNA file on 100,000 innocent children]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/humanrights/story/0,,2084290,00.html The Guardian: ‘Orwellian’ CCTV in shires alarms senior police officer (21st May 2001)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/crime/article/0,,2084659,00.html The Guardian: Plan to identify potential offenders condemned (21st May)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/19/ncrime19.xml The Telegraph: DNA police revisit high profile murder cases (19th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2556459.ece The Independent: DNA database blunder ‘could have resulted in 200 crimes’ (18th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/localnews/display.var.1404197.0.youths_warned_not_to_use_fake_id.php The Argus: Youths warned not to use fake ID (17th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisisthenortheast.co.uk/display.var.1404576.0.peer_calls_for_babies_dna_to_stored.php The Northern Echo: Peer calls for babies’ DNA to be stored (17th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6665267.stm BBC Online: DNA failings ‘missed 183 crimes’ (17th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/story/0,,2079721,00.html The Guardian: A database of prejudice (15th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://new.edp24.co.uk/content/news/story.aspx?brand=EDPOnline&category=News&tBrand=EDPOnline&tCategory=news&itemid=NOED10%20May%202007%2008%3A09%3A49%3A133 EDP-24 (Norfolk): Car crime victims must foot the bill (10th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=453739&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Fears over innocent Britons’ DNA being given to European police forces (9th May)]<br />
**[http://www.blink.org.uk/pdescription.asp?key=14682&grp=30&cat=138 Black Information Link: Chained by our genes (3rd May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.computerworlduk.com/technology/applications/databases/news/index.cfm?newsid=2669 Computer World: EU police data-sharing plan draws criticism (19th April 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=445902&in_page_id=1766&in_a_source=&ito=1490 Mail on Sunday: Five civil servants suspended over ‘DNA espionage’ (1st April 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.yorkshiretoday.co.uk/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleID=2194926&SectionID=55 Yorkshire Post: Yorkshire cases to test DNA sampling policy (31st March 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/crime/article/0,,2044296,00.html?gusrc=rss&feed=11 The Guardian: Every child to be screened for risk of turning criminal under Blair justice plan (28th March 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/uk/6452795.stm BBC Online: ‘Retail jails’ could ease police burden (15th March 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml;jsessionid=GAUE2T1MP0CL5QFIQMGCFGGAVCBQUIV0?xml=/news/2007/02/16/ndna16.xml The Telegraph: DNA data deal ‘will create big brother Europe’ (18th February 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=10830 The Voice: Mayor urged to support DNA profiling curb (9th February 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/article209046.ece The Sunday Times: Reid ‘buries’ news that police hold DNA of 1m innocent people (17th December 2006)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/south_yorkshire/6174877.stm BBC: New DNA clue in 1964 murder hunt (13th December 2006)]<br />
**[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2016134.ece The Independent: DNA of suspects’ families to be held on police files (26th November 2006)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/11/05/nrace05.xml The Telegraph: Three in four young black men on the DNA database (5th November 2006)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6104876.stm BBC Online: Fear that DNA use ‘gone too far’ (1st November 2006)]<br />
**[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,1821676,00.html The Observer: Police DNA database is ‘spiraling out of control’(16th July 2006)]<br />
**[http://www.lookingglassnews.org/viewstory.php?storyid=5722 The Independent: More Britons have DNA held by police than rest of world (14th April 2006)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/01/09/ndna09.xml The Telegraph: Huge rise in juvenile DNA samples kept by the police]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/frontpage/story/0,16518,1678168,00.html The Guardian: DNA of 37% of black men held by police]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/01/09/ndna09.xml The Telegraph: Freedom fears as the DNA database expands]<br />
**[http://news.scotsman.com/scitech.cfm?id=680402005 The Scotsman article: Keep DNA of innocent and guilty alike]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=6549 The Voice: 1 in 3 black men are DNA profiled]<br />
**[http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18624944.900 New Scientist: Will DNA profiling fuel prejudice?]<br />
**[http://newswww.bbc.net.uk/1/low/uk_politics/4166559.stm BBC Online: DNA database Big Brother warning]<br />
<br />
== Detailed Analysis ==<br />
'''Note: This section has not yet been updated to include the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012.'''<br />
<br />
Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984 and amendments to PACE : Criminal Justice and Public Order Act (CJPOA) 1994;Criminal Evidence.<br />
<br />
<br />
(Amendment) Act 1997;Criminal Justice and Police Act (CJPA) 001;Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 2003. Changes in the Data Protection Act (DPA) 1998, the Human Rights Act (HRA) 1998 and case law.<ref name="ftn0">E.U. 9445/1/06 at 9.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
Persons convicted of any recordable offence, arrested for any recordable offense, and all crime scene stains<ref name="ftn7">See EU Current Practices at 80-81.</ref> The Counter-Terrorism Act 2008 (c.28) increased police powers for the stated purpose of countering terrorism. It allows speculative searches against DNA profiles held on behalf of the Security Service or Secret Intelligence Service and allows matches to be used “for purposes related to the identification . . . of the person from whom the material came.” In other words, a valid match can be obtained from a reference sample that did not originate from a crime scene.<br />
<br />
<br />
For Scotland: Persons convicted of any recordable offence, arrested for any recordable offense, and all crime scene stains<ref name="ftn6">See EU Current Practices at 81-83.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
England & Wales: The Justice and Public Order Act 1994 allows for the entry of the DNA profiles of all individuals who are charged with any recordable offence or who are convicted of such an offence. All DNA profiles that are derived from crime scene stains are also stored in the NDNAD.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: The Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 allows for the entry of the DNA profiles of those arrested of any recordable offence or who are convicted of such an offence. All DNA profiles that are derived from unidentified crime scene stains are also stored in the database.<br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>England & Wales: Whereas the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) allowed for the coercive taking of ‘non-intimate samples’ such as hair shafts, the Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (JPOA) changed the definition of ‘non-intimate samples’ to include buccal swabs by which police sampling powers were seriously extended. [4]</nowiki><ref name="ftn5">JPOA (1994), § 58.</ref> This provision applies to both crime suspects and convicted offenders who are arrested or convicted of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn4">Id. at § 55.</ref> The police are allowed to take a DNA sample from minors who have reached the age of ten and from mentally ill persons. There are no restrictions to the collection of crime scene samples.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: A constable or a police custody and security officer at a constable’s direction can collect a mouth swab from those arrested of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn8">Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2003, Art. 55, § 2</ref> They may use reasonable force in exercising this power.<ref name="ftn3">Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, Art. 18, § 7.</ref> A constable or a police custody and security officer at a constable’s direction can also coercively collect a mouth swab from those convicted of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn2">Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2003, Art. 55, § 3.</ref> They are allowed to take a DNA sample from minors who have reached the age of ten and from mentally ill persons. There are no restrictions to the collection of unidentified crime scene samples.<br />
<br />
<br />
Convicted persons’ and suspects’ profiles are retained indefinitely and crime scene stains are kept until they have been identified<ref name="ftn1">See EU Current Practices at 81.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
For Scotland: Convicted persons’ profiles are retained indefinitely, suspects’ profiles are retained until the underlying proceeding is abandoned or the individual is acquitted, and crime scene stains are kept until they have been identified<ref name="ftn9">See EU Current Practices at 83.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
England & Wales: The Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 (CJPA) allows for the indefinite retention of the DNA profiles of both crime suspects and convicted offenders who are arrested or convicted of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn10">CJPA (2001), § 82.</ref> This provision also applies to crime suspects who are subsequently acquitted or freed of charges. The DNA profiles which are derived from unidentified crime scene stains are stored in the database until a match is found.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: The DNA profiles of those who are arrested of any recordable offence have to be removed from the database as soon as possible following the decision not to institute criminal proceedings against the person concerned or upon acquittal.<ref name="ftn11">Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, Art. 18, § 3.</ref> The DNA profiles of those convicted of any recordable offence can be retained indefinitely. The DNA profiles which are derived from unidentified crime scene stains are stored in the database until they are identified.<br />
<br />
<br />
All samples are retained indefinitely<ref name="ftn12">See EU Current Practices at 81.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
For Scotland: Convicted persons’ samples are retained indefinitely, but suspects’ samples must be destroyed upon their acquittal or when no criminal proceedings are initiated<ref name="ftn13">See EU Current Practices at 83.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
England & Wales: The CJPA 2001 allows for the indefinite retention of the DNA samples of both crime suspects and convicted offenders who are arrested or convicted of any recordable offence. This provision also applies to crime suspect who are subsequently acquitted or freed of charges.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: The DNA samples of those who are convicted of any recordable offence can be retained indefinitely. Those taken from persons who are arrested of any recordable offence have to be destroyed as soon as possible following the decision not to institute criminal proceedings against the person concerned or upon acquittal.<ref name="ftn15">Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, Art. 18, § 3.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
The Forensic Science Service, an Executive Designated staff employed by the Custodian Security clearance to Counter Terrorism Kingdom Agency of the Home Office, was responsible for the management of the National DNA Database since 1995, through the office of its Chief Scientist as Custodian of the Database, under a Memorandum of Understanding between the FSS and the Association of Chief Police Officers, revised in 2000, 2003 and again in 2005, and the oversight of the National DNA Database Board, chaired by ACPO. In July 2005, the Custodianship was transferred to the Home Office, then shortly thereafter to National Policing Improvement Agency.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: Although they can largely develop their own policies regarding the treatment of profiles and samples which are collected in the course of criminal investigations, it is not entirely correct to consider the databases of Scotland and England & Wales as two separate entities.<ref name="ftn16">P. Johnson & R. Williams, DNA and crime investigation: Scotland and the “UK National DNA Database,” 10 Scottish J. Crim. Justice Stds. 74 (2004).</ref> As Scotland exports all its profiles and unidentified crime scene stains to the NDNAD, the latter in fact contains nearly all UK profiles. As Scotland does not retain the profiles of suspects who are acquitted and against whom no criminal proceedings are instituted, these are the only profiles that stay in the custody of the Scottish police.<br />
<br />
<br />
Oracle platform with Loader (input) and Match reporting database (repository for match information) It is an Oracle 9i database. Profiles are loaded electronically but from CSV files submitted as a batch rather than messaging.<br />
<br />
<br />
All new profiles added to the Database are automatically searched on loading against all profiles held. The search regime uses 4 SGM discriminator loci to identify a matching sub-set which is then searched again using the remaining SGM Plus loci. Both exact and partial matches between Subject/crime scene and crime scene/crime scene are reported immediately (failed or rare alleles are treated as wild ‘cards’). Subject/subject matches are reported periodically.<br />
<br />
<br />
One-off ‘snapshot’ speculative searches of sample profiles that do not meet the criteria for loading to the Database are also carried out using the same search regime. ‘Familial searches’ are also carried out to help identify potential relatives of offenders whose profiles are not on the Database A monthly search is also carried out for ‘near matches’ that differ by only 1 allele; these are then investigated to see if there has been an error in the profiling.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/United_KingdomUnited Kingdom2021-04-28T10:11:30Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Overview ==<br />
The UK’s National DNA Database (NDNAD) was the first to be established, in 1995. Two changes in the law, made by the Blair Government in 2001 and 2003, led to a massive expansion of the database. DNA samples and records were collected routinely from everyone arrested for any recordable offence, from the age of ten, and retained indefinitely whether or not they were charged or convicted. However, the law on retention was reversed following public controversy and a successful challenge in the European Court of Human Rights.<br />
<br />
The 2008 Interpol survey reports that 329,660 crime scene DNA profiles and 5,093,145 individuals' profiles, plus 163 unknown/deceased DNA profiles were held in the UK at the time of the survey. According to Interpol, the UK's DNA database grew to 400,337 crime scene DNA profiles, 6,547,187 reference DNA profiles from individuals, 97 missing persons' DNA profiles, 35 unidentified human remains DNA profiles and 43,888 other DNA profiles in 2011. As at 31 March 2015, the NDNAD held 5,766,369 DNA profiles from individuals and 486,691 from crime scenes, following removal of DNA profiles from innocent people and some children convicted of minor offences. Removing these people from the database has not reduced crime detection rates. <br />
<br />
At 31st March 2020, the DNA database held 5,604,185 DNA profiles from individuals and 647,378 from crime scenes.<br />
<br />
Legislation covering police use of DNA is different in Scotland and Northern Ireland from the law in England and Wales. Scotland and Northern Ireland maintain separate DNA databases, but DNA profile records loaded to these databases are also loaded to the UK's NDNAD. Thus, the UK's NDNAD holds DNA profiles from all UK police forces (as well as the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man), but the laws covering the retention of DNA profiles taken in each country differ. <br />
<br />
Scotland rejected plans to retain DNA records from innocent people indefinitely in 2006. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, public opposition to keeping innocent people on the DNA database grew as more cases emerged of people falsely accused of minor offences who had their DNA stored.<br />
<br />
The European Court of Human Rights ruled that the law in England and Wales breached the European Convention on Human Rights in December 2008 (in the case of [http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-90051 S. and Marper v. the United Kingdom]).<br />
<br />
The UK’s Coalition Government adopted the Protection of Freedoms Act on 1st of May 2012, which came in to force at the end of October 2013. The DNA profiles and fingerprints of more than 1.7 million innocent people and children have been removed from police databases and more than 7.7 million DNA samples have also been destroyed.<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
*External links<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/forensic-information-databases-for-research-purposes-guidance Forensic information databases for research purposes: guidance (25th January 2021)] <br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-dna-and-fingerprint-exchange-policy-for-the-uk International DNA and fingerprint exchange policy for the UK (6th January 2021)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/biometrics-commissioner-interim-report-december-2020 Biometrics Commissioner: interim report December 2020]<br />
**[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/wfs2.1414 WIREs Forensic Science: The effectiveness of the current use of forensic DNA in criminal investigations in England and Wales (February 2021)] <br />
**[https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/1/2020/EN/COM-2020-857-F1-EN-ANNEX-1-PART-1.PDF European Commission: TRADE AND COOPERATION AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE EUROPEAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMUNITY, OF THE ONE PART, AND THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND, OF THE OTHER PART (25th December 2020)]<br />
**[https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_20_2532 European Commission: Questions & Answers: EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (24th December 2020)]<br />
** [https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/913011/NDNAD_Strategy_Board_AR_2018-2020_Web_Accessible.pdf Home Office: National DNA Database biennial report, 2018 to 2020 (2nd September 2020)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/niconsul2020-gw-fin.pdf GeneWatchUK response to the Department of Justice’s consultation on proposals to amend the legislation governing the retention of DNA and fingerprints in Northern Ireland (July 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.theyworkforyou.com/wms/?id=2020-06-15.HCWS290.h&s=DNA#gHCWS290.0 TheyWorkforYou: Prüm – Data Sharing Update (15th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/873640/dna-v4.0ext1.pdf Home Office: DNA policy guidance: Version 4.0 (16th March 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.scot/news/biometrics-commissioner/ Scottish Government: Biometrics Commissioner (10th March 2020)]<br />
**[http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-200817 European Court of Human Rights: CASE OF GAUGHRAN v. THE UNITED KINGDOM. Judgment, Strasbourg (13th February 2020)] Case regarding the disproportionate character of the indefinite retention of the DNA profile of a person convicted of minor offence.<br />
**[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmsctech/1970/1970.pdf House of Commons Science and Technology Committee: The work of the Biometrics Commissioner and the Forensic Science Regulator. Nineteenth Report of Session 2017–19 (17th July 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-dna-and-fingerprint-exchange-policy-for-the-uk Home Office: International DNA and fingerprint exchange policy for the UK (8th July 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-and-eu-law-enforcement-boost-co-operation-on-dna-databases Home Office: UK and EU law enforcement boost co-operation on DNA databases (14th June 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.scot/news/biometrics-commissioner-bill-published/ Scottish Government: Biometrics Commissioner (31st May 2019)]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/778065/National_DNA_Database_anuual_report_2017-18_print.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board Annual Report 2017/18]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dna-policy UK Government: DNA policy (immigration)]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/715318/FINDS-SB-P-002_-_Issue_1_-_FINDS_Strategy_Board_Policy_Access_and_Use_Po....pdf Forensic Information Databases Service (FINDS):The Forensic Information Databases Strategy Board Policy for Access and Use of DNA Samples, DNA Profiles, Fingerprint Images, and Associated Data (7th June 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.london.gov.uk/what-we-do/mayors-office-policing-and-crime-mopac/governance-and-decision-making/mopac-decisions-0/forensic-services-prum-dna-service-delivery-plan London: Forensic Services Prüm DNA Service Delivery Plan (10th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/biometrics-commissioner-annual-report-2017 Biometrics Commissioner: annual report 2017]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/713593/government_response_-_annual_report_2017.pdf Response to the Biometrics Commissioner's annual report 2017]<br />
**[http://assets.smartcdn.co.uk.s3-website-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/docs/3911_19012018095152.pdf Forensic Science Regulator: Annual Report: November 2016 - November 2017 (19th January 2018)]<br />
**[https://royalsociety.org/~/media/about-us/programmes/science-and-law/royal-society-forensic-dna-analysis-primer-for-courts.pdf Royal Society: Forensic DNA analysis: A Primer for Courts (November 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/594185/58714_Un-Num_Nat_DNA_DB_Accessible.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board Annual Report 2015/16]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/568554/Annual_Report_of_the_Ethics_Group_2015.pdf Annual Report of The Ethics Group: National DNA Database 2015 (16th November 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/526232/55843_BC_Report_ACCESSIBLE_01.pdf Further Report by the Biometrics Commissioner on Issues Raised in his 2015 Annual Report (April 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/507104/54496_Biometrics_Commissioners_Report_Print_Ready__3_.pdf Commissioner for the retention and use of biometric material: Annual Report December 2015]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/access-and-use-of-dna-samples-profiles-and-associated-data NDNAD Strategy Board policy for access and use of DNA samples, profiles and associated data: December 2015]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201516/cmselect/cmeuleg/342-xii/342xii.pdf House of Commons European Scunity Committee: Cross boarder law enforcement cooperation - UK participation in Prüm (4th December 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/484938/52921_NPCC_National_DNA_Database_print_ready.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board Annual Report 2014/15]. Confirms that removing innocent people's DNA profiles has had no adverse impact on solving crimes.<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-dna-exchange-policy-for-the-united-kingdom Policy Paper: International DNA exchange policy for the United Kingdom (23rd October 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/464648/2015_Prum_Business_Case.pdf Prum Business and Implementation Case (30th September 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/463466/ANNEX_H_Prum_Feasibility_Statistical_Analysis.pdf Principle Forensic Services: Prum Feasibility Project. Statistical Study: Report (September 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.pharmiweb.com/pressreleases/pressrel.asp?ROW_ID=124939#.VctwhPmYQxJ IntegenX: Rapid DNA Results Uploaded For First Time To United Kingdom’s National DNA Database (11th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.met.police.uk/foi/pdfs/other_information/corporate/early_deletion_process_2015.pdf Metropolitan Police: Early Deletion Requests - Consideration for the deletion of DNA profiles, Fingerprint, PNC Records and Photographic images. (22nd June 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dna-early-deletion-guidance-and-application-form Home Office: Record deletion guidance (27th May 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/publication-of-the-governments-response-to-the-biometrics-commissioners-first-annual-report UK Government response to the Biometrics Commissioner’s first annual report (13th May 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/circular-0092015-provisions-relating-to-dna-samples-in-the-police-amendment-regulations-2015-and-the-special-constabulary-amendment-regulations Circular 009/2015: provisions relating to DNA samples in the Police (Amendment) Regulations 2015 and the Special Constabulary (Amendment) Regulations 2015]<br />
**[http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/globalassets/documents/raise/deposited-papers/2015/dp1372.pdf: NORTHERN IRELAND DNA DATABASE GOVERNANCE BOARD REPORT 2012-14 (2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-dna-database-annual-report-2013-to-2014 National DNA Database: annual report, 2013 to 2014 (16th December 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/biometrics-commissioner-annual-report-2013-2014 Biometrics Commissioner: annual report 2013-2014 (16th December 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/applications-to-the-biometrics-commissioner-under-pace Home Office: Applications to the Biometrics Commissioner under PACE (26th September 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/358653/GuidanceApplicationstotheBC.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board: Applications to the Biometrics Commissioner under PACE (17th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.familylaw.co.uk/news_and_comment/re-z-application-for-release-of-dna-profiles-2014-ewhc-1999-fam#.U7wiU7Fhvqw Re Z(Application for Release of DNA Profiles) (2014) EWHC 1999 (Fam) (23rd June 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-dna-database-strategy-board-governance-rules National DNA Database strategy board: governance rules (13th June 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dna-early-deletion-guidance-and-application-form Home Office: DNA early deletion guidance and application form (20th January 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/helping-the-police-fight-crime-more-effectively/supporting-pages/national-dna-database National DNA Database]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/home-office/groups/national-dna-database-strategy-board National DNA Database Strategy Board]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/national-dna-database-ethics-group National DNA Database Ethics Group]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/forensic-science-regulator Forensic Science Regulator]<br />
**[https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/memberpage/united-kingdom-817 Europol: United Kingdom]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/254883/Access_And_Use_Of_DNA_Samples_Profiles.pdf Home Office: The NDNAD Strategy Board Policy for Access and Use of DNA Samples, Profiles and Associated Data (4th November 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-ethics-group-6th-annual-report-2013 NDNAD Ethics Group: 6th annual report (October 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/252678/NDNAD_Annual_Report_2012-13.pdf NATIONAL DNA DATABASE STRATEGY BOARD ANNUAL REPORT 2012-2013]<br />
**[http://www.forensicarchive.com/ Forensic Archive Ltd]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmselect/cmsctech/610/610.pdf House of Commons Science and Technology Committee; Forensic Science I (July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmselect/cmsctech/610/610vw.pdf House of Commons Science and Technology Committee: Forensic Science II (July 2013)]<br />
**[http://gizmonaut.net/blog/uk/2013/07/commencement_pofa_dna_provisions.html Gizmonaut: Commencement day of DNA provisions of the Protection of Freedom Act in October (22nd July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/1814/made The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2013] Commencement order for the provisions in the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 which relate to the destruction, retention and use of material including fingerprints, DNA samples and DNA profiles. Most provisions will come into force by 31st October 2013, with the destruction of copies coming into force by 31st January 2014.<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/1813/made The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (Destruction, Retention and Use of Biometric Data) (Transitional, Transitory and Saving Provisions) Order 2013]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/1814/made The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2013]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-annual-report-2011-to-2012 National DNA Database Annual Report: 2011-12]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-biennial-report-2009-to-2011 National DNA Database biennial report: 2009 to 2011]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/update-on-protection-of-freedoms-act-implementation-and-national-dna-database-annual-reports-2009-to-2012 Lord Taylor of Holbeach: Update on Protection of Freedoms Act implementation and National DNA Database annual reports 2009 to 2012 (20th May 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2012/9/pdfs/ukpga_20120009_en.pdf Protection of Freedoms Act 2012]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-dna-database-statistics National DNA Database statistics (23rd April 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/protection-of-freedoms-act-2012-dna-and-fingerprint-provisions/protection-of-freedoms-act-2012-how-dna-and-fingerprint-evidence-is-protected-in-law Home Office: Protection of Freedoms Act 2012: how DNA and fingerprint evidence is protected in law (4th April 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-strategy-board-minutes NDNAD Strategy Board minutes]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/equality-impact-assessment-of-the-national-dna-database Equality impact assessment of the National DNA Database (28th November 2012)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-annual-reports National DNA Database Annual Report 2006-07]<br />
**[http://www.statewatch.org/news/2009/nov/uk-dna-human-genetics-commission.pdf Human Genetics Commission: Nothing to hide, nothing to fear? Balancing individual rights and the public interest in the governance and use of the National DNA Database (24th November 2009)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/117784/ndnad-ann-report-2007-09.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2007-08]<br />
**[http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/Papers/database-state.pdf Rowntree Database State report (23rd March 2009)]<br />
**[https://rm.coe.int/168067d216 European Court of Human Rights: CASE OF S. AND MARPER v. THE UNITED KINGDOM (4th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmhaff/58/58ii.pdf Home Affairs Committee report: A Surveillance Society? (Vol II: Evidence)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmhaff/58/58i.pdf Home Affairs Committee Report: A Surveillance Society? (Vol I)]<br />
**[https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/l_to_o/low_copy_number_dna_testing/ Crown Prosecution Service: DNA: Low Copy Number DNA Testing in the Criminal Justice System (23rd January 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/sites/default/files/The%20forensic%20use%20of%20bioinformation%20-%20ethical%20issues.pdf Nuffield Council on Bioethics: The forensic use of bioinformation: ethical issues (September 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/DNA_report2005_06.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2005/06]<br />
**[http://www.acpo.police.uk/asp/policies/Data/NDNAD_AR_04_051.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2004/05]<br />
**[https://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/sass/WilliamsandJohnsonInterimReport2005-1.pdf Forensic DNA Databasing: A European Perspective – A report from Durham University (June 2005)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/NDNAD_AR_04_05.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2004/05]<br />
**[http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/about-us/corporate-publications-strategy/home-office-circulars/circulars-2004/058-2004/ Home Office Circular: Charges on Basis of Speculative Search Match on the National DNA Database (September 2004)]<br />
**[http://www.statewatch.org/news/2006/jan/uk-DNA-database.pdf DNA Expansion Programme 2000-2005: Reporting achievement]<br />
**[http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/10/PROPS Scottish Executive: Police Retention Of Prints and Samples]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmsctech/96/96i.pdf The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee’s report on forensics, 2005 (main report)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmsctech/96/96ii.pdf The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee’s report on forensics, 2005 (evidence)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/NDNAD_AR_3_4.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2003/04]<br />
**[http://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/sass/Williams_Johnson_Martin_NDNAD_report_2004.pdf Williams et al (2004) Genetic Information and Crime Investigation]<br />
**[https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/assets/uploads/files/lawyers%27%20DNA%20guide%20KSWilliams%20190208%20%28i%29.pdf Forensic Science Service: Guide to DNA for lawyers and investigating officers(2004)]<br />
**[https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/assets/uploads/files/pdf_000328%20-%20%20DNA%20Charging%20Guidance.pdf Crown Prosecution Service: Guidance on DNA Charging (16th July 2004)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/NDNAD_Annual_Report_02_03.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2002/03]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/sub-539478 GeneWatch UK: The UK Police National DNA Database]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1984/60/contents Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (as amended)] This law was amended by the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 in order to set up the UK National DNA Database in 1995 by allowing police to collect DNA samples and conduct searches of stored DNA profiles: it has been amended many times since 1994.<br />
<br />
*Press articles<br />
**[https://news.sky.com/story/home-secretary-must-take-responsibility-for-accidental-wiping-of-150-000-arrest-records-12188163 Sky News: 'Human error' blamed for wiping of thousands of police records (16th January 2021)]<br />
**[https://bylinetimes.com/2020/07/14/uk-deal-to-share-dna-and-fingerprints-evades-parliamentary-scrutiny/ UK Deal to Share DNA and Fingerprints Evades Parliamentary Scrutiny (14th July 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/proficiency-testing-guidance-dna-mixture-analysis-and-interpretation Forensic Science Regulator: Proficiency testing guidance: DNA mixture analysis and interpretation (29th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8424405/Privacy-row-erupts-plan-log-thousands-innocent-Britons-DNA-controversial-EU-database.html Daily Mail: Privacy row erupts over plan to log thousands of innocent Britons' DNA on controversial EU database (16th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.biometricupdate.com/202006/northern-ireland-police-agree-to-delete-biometric-records-after-human-rights-ruling Biometric Update: Northern Ireland police agree to delete biometric records after human rights ruling (4th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.ukauthority.com/articles/scotland-to-get-biometrics-commissioner/ UK Authority: Scotland to get biometrics commissioner (13th March 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8000053/European-Court-rule-Northern-Ireland-drink-driver-human-rights-breached-police-kept-fingerprints.html Daily Mail: Drink-driver's privacy rights were breached when police kept his DNA profile, fingerprints and photo indefinitely, European human rights judges rule (13th February 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/feb/13/police-keeping-drink-drivers-dna-breached-his-rights-judges-rule The Guardian: Police keeping drink-driver's DNA breached his rights, judges rule (13th February 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-49361260 BBC: Eurofins Scientific: Cyber-attack leads to backlog of 20,000 forensic samples (16th August 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.governmentcomputing.com/central-government/news/uk-eu-prum-framework Government Computing: UK, EU boost co-operation on DNA databases under Prüm framework (14th June 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-48459890 BBC: New plans to safeguard storage of DNA and fingerprint data (31st May 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.biometricupdate.com/201901/northern-ireland-police-agree-to-publish-biometric-data-retention-policy Biometric Update: Northern Ireland police agree to publish biometric data retention policy (11th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-46803999 BBC: PSNI to publish DNA retention policy after human rights case (9th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://amp.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/oct/25/sajid-javid-apologises-to-migrants-forced-to-give-dna-samples The Guardian: Sajid Javid apologises to immigration applicants forced to give DNA samples (25th October 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/home-office-dna-tests-policy-immigrants-letters-immigration-a8430271.html The Independent: Home Office forcing immigrants to take DNA tests in breach of government's own policy (4th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.governmentcomputing.com/applications/news/home-office-issues-tender-biometrics-development Government Computing: Home Office issues tender for biometrics development (14th May 2018)]<br />
**[https://police.community/topic/134543-police-pay-out-millions-after-collapse-of-forensics-firm/ Police Community: Police pay out millions after collapse of forensics firm (5th February 2018)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-42057009 BBC: UK judges to get scientific guides (22nd November 2017)]<br />
**[http://theconversation.com/dna-databases-its-still-far-from-clear-how-effective-they-are-in-fighting-crime-85137 The Conversation: DNA databases: it’s still far from clear how effective they are in fighting crime (10th October 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.belfastlive.co.uk/news/new-officers-register-dna-database-13733517 Belfast Live: New officers will have to register on a DNA database, PSNI reveals (8th October 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.piratefm.co.uk/news/latest-news/2289933/brothers-to-appeal-over-wadebridge-murders/ Pirate FM: Brothers to appeal over Wadebridge murders? (16th May 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/15213148.CSI_Strathclyde__how_university_forensic_experts_helped_solve_some_of_the_most_high_profile_crimes_of_the_past_fifty_years/ The Herald: CSI Strathclyde: how university forensic experts helped solve some of the most high-profile crimes of the past fifty years (9th April 017)]<br />
**[http://www.scunthorpetelegraph.co.uk/what-are-your-rights-if-police-arrest-you-the-key-questions-answered-from-handcuffs-to-charges/story-30253882-detail/story.html Scunthorpe Telegraph: What are your rights if police arrest you? The key questions answered, from handcuffs to charges (8th April 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/legal-updates/dna--an-unstoppable-march/5060258.article Law Gazette: DNA – an unstoppable march? (20th March 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.burtonmail.co.uk/forensics-expert-john-beckwith-lifts-the-lid-on-how-dna-has-solved-serious-historic-burton-crimes/story-30091644-detail/story.html Burton Mail: Forensics expert John Beckwith lifts the lid on how DNA has solved serious historic Burton crimes (1st March 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.policeoracle.com/news/police_it_and_technology/2017/Feb/23/dna-database-most-effective--since-records-began-_94218.html Police Oracle: DNA database most effective since records began (24th February 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.policeoracle.com/news/investigation/2017/Jan/13/Government-department-to-access-DNA-database-in-bid-to-close-fake-dads-paternity-loophole_93864.html Police Oracle: Government Department to access DNA database in bid to close 'fake dads' paternety loophole. (13th January 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-38527830 BBC: Forensic science standards 'at significant risk' (6th January 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/5180/desc/despite-brexit-uk-committed-to-eu-biometric-database/ Despite Brexit, UK committed to EU biometric database (2nd November 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jun/07/killer-dna-evidence-genetic-profiling-criminal-investigation The Guardian: Killer breakthrough – the day DNA evidence first nailed a murderer (7th June 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/27/dna-and-fingerprints-of-50000-repeat-teenage-offenders-deleted-a/ The Telegraph: DNA and fingerprints of 50,000 repeat teenage offenders deleted after software error by police (27th May 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.thequint.com/hot-wire/2016/05/27/dna-profiles-of-hundreds-of-terror-suspects-destroyed-in-uk The Quint: DNA Profiles of Hundreds of Terror Suspects Destroyed in UK (27th May 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/4530/desc/fears-in-uk-over-deletion-of-terror-suspects-biometric-profiles/ Planet Biometrics: Fears in UK over deletion of terror suspects’ biometric profiles (27th May 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/latest-news/507017/police-mix-DNA-evidence-errors-98-cases-Adam-Scott-case Daily Star: DNA divvies: Police errors result in evidence mix-ups in 98 cases last year (10th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201604/documents-reveal-uk-governments-out-of-court-settlements-over-unlawful-biometrics-storage Biometric Update: Documents reveal UK government’s out-of-court settlements over unlawful biometrics storage (9th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/04/05/home_office_settlements/ The Register: Home Office seeks secret settlements over unlawful DNA retention (5th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-35783475 BBC: Wiping of DNA and fingerprint records 'puts public safety at risk' (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/dna-profiles-and-fingerprints-of-7800-on-police-counterterrorism-database-34532285.html Belfast Telegraph: DNA profiles and fingerprints of 7,800 on police counter-terrorism database (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/mar/11/uk-police-hold-dna-profiles-of-7800-terrorism-suspects The Guardian: UK police hold DNA profiles of 7,800 terrorism suspects (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.rt.com/uk/335286-dna-profiles-terror-suspects/ RT: DNA profiles of 7,800 terror suspects held in police database (11th March, 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/03/11/potential_terrorists_roam_uk_while_police_lose_their_biometrics_details/ The Register: 7,800 people's biometric data held on police anti-terrorism database (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.ukauthority.com/news/6047/police-national-database-still-holds-illegal-photos UK Authority: Police National Database still holds 'illegal' photos (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=25632 Police Professionals: Failure to retain DNA records ‘risking public safety’, says Biometrics Commissioner (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/4270/desc/britains-biometrics-commissioner-in-dna-warning/ Planet Biometrics (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://home.bt.com/news/uk-news/dna-profiles-of-7800-people-on-police-counter-terrorism-database-11364045522485 BT: DNA profiles and prints of 7,800 people on police counter-terrorism database (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://thejusticegap.com/2016/03/12812/ The Justice Gap: Ministers need to reinstate a national forensic science service – and quickly (21st March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-35254521 BBC News: Paternity test dad Vernon Poppleton used brother's DNA (7th January, 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/conservative-berwick-mp-rebels-over-10575572 Chronicle Live: Conservative Berwick MP rebels over plans for UK to join EU crime database (10th December 2015)]<br />
**[https://uk.news.yahoo.com/eurosceptic-theresa-may-calls-mps-160727893.html#dABsF8p Yahoo News: Eurosceptic Theresa May calls for MPs to back EU DNA database in House of Commons debate (8th December 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.itv.com/news/2015-12-08/uk-to-decide-whether-to-join-bond-esque-eu-dna-database/ ITV: UK to decide whether to join Bond-esque EU DNA database (8th December 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/3818/desc/uk-mps-to-vote-on-joining-european-biometric-database/ Planet Biometrics: UK MPs to vote on joining European biometric, DNA database (30th November)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=24904 Police Professional: Home Office urges Prüm opt in (27th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/12019174/Britain-should-join-controversial-EU-crime-database-says-Government.html The Telegraph: Britain should join controversial EU crime database, says Government (26th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-34937158 BBC News: UK ministers outline case for joining EU DNA database scheme (26th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/nov/23/mps-vote-joining-european-police-dna-fingerprint-database The Guardian: MPs to vote on joining European police DNA database (23th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-attacks-france-calls-for-britain-to-give-european-police-access-to-dna-database-a6738471.html Independent: Paris attacks: France calls for Britain to give European police access to DNA database (17th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.information-age.com/technology/security/123460503/whos-more-likely-rob-britains-freedom-isis-or-conservative-party Information Age: Who’s more likely to rob Britain’s freedom: ISIS or the Conservative party? (16th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3318975/Big-Brother-tsar-demands-police-wipe-innocent-people-s-photos-database-18-MILLION-mugshots.html Daily Mail: 'Big Brother tsar' demands police wipe innocent people's photos from database of 18 MILLION mugshots (15th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.journalpioneer.com/Opinion/Columnists/2015-11-10/article-4339029/EASTERN-PASSAGES%3A-Hanged-by-a-thread/1 Journal Pioneer: Eastern passages: Hanged by a thread (10th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/11982516/British-police-face-deluge-of-foreign-DNA-requests-if-UK-joins-EU-crime-database-says-report.html The Telegraph: British police face deluge of foreign DNA requests if UK joins EU crime database, says report (8th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.itv.com/news/granada/2015-11-05/police-use-dna-to-track-down-diners-who-skipped-the-bill/ ITV: Police use DNA to track down diners who skipped the bill (5th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://news.sky.com/story/1572942/rapist-jailed-after-needle-in-a-haystack-hunt Sky News: Rapist Jailed After 'Needle In A Haystack' Hunt (20th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://findbiometrics.com/rapidhit-dna-uk-police-210135/ Find Biometrics: RapidHIT DNA Identification a Hit with UK Police (13th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/3635/desc/biometrics-commissioner-raises-police-face-database-fears/ Planet Biometrics: Biometrics Commissioner raises police face database fears (13th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201510/key-forensic-services-purchases-rapid-dna-system-from-integenx Biometric Update: Key Forensic Services purchases rapid DNA system from IntegenX (4th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/3587/desc/uks-key-forensic-services-buys-rapid-dna-system/ Planet Biometrics: UK’s Key Forensic Services buys Rapid DNA system (1st October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.computerworlduk.com/it-leadership/police-ict-company-ceo-on-austerity-transformation-plans-save-millions-3624427/ Computer World UK: Police ICT Company CEO Martin Wyke on austerity, transformation and plans to save millions (2nd September 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.labnews.co.uk/features/building-case-27-08-2015/ Laboratory News: Building a case: (27th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://finance.yahoo.com/news/rapidhit-dna-profile-uploaded-uk-100000828.html BusinessWire: RapidHIT DNA Profile Uploaded to UK National DNA Database Identifies Dangerous Sex Offender While Suspect in Custody (24th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201508/rapid-dna-results-uploaded-for-the-first-time-to-uks-dna-database Biometric Update: Rapid DNA results uploaded for the first time to UK’s DNA database (19th August 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.policeoracle.com/news/police_it_and_technology/2015/Aug/13/breakthrough-machine-now-being-used-to-upload-genetic-profiles-onto-database_89231.html Police Oracle: Breakthrough machine now being used to upload genetic profiles to database (13th August 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-33784571 BBC: DNA samples copied and held for Troubles investigations (5th August 2015)] Reports retention of DNA profiles in Northern Ireland.<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3174798/Deadbeat-dads-refuse-pay-offspring-face-DNA-database-checks.html Daily Mail: 'Deadbeat dads' who refuse to pay for their offspring face DNA database checks in child maintenance crackdown (26th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=21781 Police Professional: PSNI DNA retention lawful (14th May 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/may/13/retention-of-offenders-dna-does-not-breach-privacy-supreme-court-rules The Guardian: Retention of offenders' DNA profiles not illegal, supreme court rules (13th May 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.bristolpost.co.uk/Avon-Somerset-Police-s-forensic-spending-falls-40/story-26457785-detail/story.html Avon and Somerset Police's forensic spending falls by 40 per cent in seven years (8th May 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/unease-over-police-trial-of-hitech-dna-machines-amid-fears-that-civil-liberties-could-be-infringed-10193791.html The Independent: Unease over police trial of hi-tech DNA machines amid fears that civil liberties could be infringed (21st April 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.littlehamptongazette.co.uk/news/regional/murder-police-dna-screening-plea-1-6675562 Littlehampton Gazette: Murder police DNA screening plea(7th April 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.computing.co.uk/ctg/news/2398702/government-has-failed-to-provide-guidelines-on-use-of-biometric-data-warn-mps Government has failed to provide guidelines on use of biometric data, warn MPs (9th March 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/britain-criticised-for-dna-hold-up-keeping-an-innocent-man-locked-up-in-spanish-prison-10031429.html The Independent: Britain criticised for DNA hold up keeping an innocent man locked up in Spanish prison (8th February 2015)]<br />
**[http://thejusticegap.com/2015/01/police-forensics-risk-criminal-cases-nao-warns/ Police forensics ‘a risk’ to criminal cases, spending watchdog warns (26th January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=20204 Police Professional: Police spending on forensics 'inconsistent' (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/privatisation-of-forensic-services-a-threat-to-justice-and-putting-the-work-in-police-hands-would-be-disastrous-warn-experts-9991356.html The Independent: Privatisation of forensic services 'threat to justice' and putting the work in police hands would be 'disastrous,' warn experts (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-30909722 BBC: Warning by spending watchdog over forensic science work (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://news.stv.tv/scotland/307287-mass-voluntary-dna-screening-in-case-of-valerie-graves-in-bosham/ STV: Mass voluntary DNA screening to find killer of house-sitting Scot (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2914932/The-DNA-photofit-Amazing-breakthrough-means-police-tell-suspect-s-colour-height-age-tiny-speck-blood.html The DNA photofit: Amazing breakthrough means police can tell suspect's colour, height and even age – from a tiny speck of blood (17th January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thedetail.tv/articles/genetic-profile-of-123-000-people-on-ni-s-dna-database Genetic profile of 123,000 people on NI's DNA database (14th January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/dec/16/foreogn-criminals-data-police-records-biometrics The Guardian: Foreign criminals’ data taken off police records (16th December 2014)]<br />
**[http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/572081/20141107/australia-uk-dna-polce-usa-canada.htm#.VGHb2cnvaSo International Business Times: Australia and UK Sign Pact For DNA Database Sharing Among Police Forces To Check Serious Crimes (7th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://rt.com/uk/202919-uk-australia-dna-database/ RT: UK, Australia to share DNA database to aid international crime solving (6th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/australian-police-in-dna-access-deal-with-british-counterparts/story-fn59niix-1227114004691 The Australian: Australian police in DNA access deal with British counterparts (5th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2014/nov/06/australian-and-british-police-to-share-their-dna-databases The Guardian: Australian and British police to share their DNA databases (5th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://online.wsj.com/articles/spain-threatens-u-k-s-inclusion-in-eu-justice-cooperation-1412881174 Spain Threatens U.K.’s Inclusion in EU Justice Cooperation (9th October 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/09/30/scrap_human_rights_act_chris_grayling_privacy_freedom_expression/ The Register: Scrapping the Human Rights Act: What about privacy and freedom of expression? (30th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2767453/DNA-blunders-mean-murderers-rapists-convictions-overturned-Home-Office-admits-misleading-evidence-presented-juries.html Daily Mail: DNA blunders mean murderers and rapists could have convictions overturned: Home Office admits misleading evidence has been presented to juries (24th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/european-convention-on-human-rights-what-has-it-ever-done-for-us-9773928.html The Independent: European Convention on Human Rights: What has it ever done for us? (3rd October 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201409/guidelines-for-uk-police-chiefs-on-applications-to-retain-use-biometrics Guidelines for UK police chiefs on applications to retain & use biometric material (29th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.scotsman.com/news/how-dna-fingerprint-left-its-mark-on-justice-1-3533752 The Scotsman: How DNA fingerprint left its mark on justice (8th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/11382557.Commissioner_helps_to_speed_DNA_checks/?ref=rss Lancashire Telegraph: Commissioner helps to speed DNA checks (1st August 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2708277/DNA-testing-crime-scene-investigations-soon-identify-criminals-matter-HOURS.html DNA-testing for crime scene investigations will soon identify criminals in a matter of HOURS (28th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/crime-courts/police-storing-dna-samples-of-children-as-young-as-10-x.24764874 Herald: Police storing DNA samples of children as young as 10 (16th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.heraldscotland.com/comment/herald-view/storing-childrens-dna-and-issue-of-civil-liberties.24733748 Herald: Storing children's DNA and issue of civil liberties (16th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2689894/Police-plea-share-DNA-clues-EU-foreign-criminals.html Daily Mail: Police in plea to share DNA clues with EU - because we have so many foreign criminals (12th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.scotsman.com/news/uk/eu-set-for-more-policing-powers-1-3467441 The Scotsman: EU set for ‘more policing’ powers (8th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/486945/Cameron-could-give-more-police-powers-to-Brussels-DNA-database The Express: Now David Cameron 'considers giving POLICING powers to Brussels', leaked documents reveal (5th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/05/david-cameron-eu-talks-police-cooperation The Guardian: David Cameron in talks with EU leaders over international DNA database (5th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-28130767 BBC: Marion Crofts murder: Tony Jasinskyj's appeal refused(2nd July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.labmate-online.com/articles/laboratory-products/3/tracy_alexander/dna_collection_and_interpretation/1590/ Labmate: DNA: Collection and Interpretation (12th March 2014)]<br />
**[http://ampp3d.mirror.co.uk/2014/01/15/nearly-6-million-of-us-are-on-the-dna-database-does-it-make-you-feel-any-safer/ Nearly 6 million of us are on the DNA database. Does it make you feel any safer? (15th January 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.nottinghampost.com/Ex-offender-74-wins-right-provide-sample-DNA/story-19891968-detail/story.html Nottingham Post: Ex-offender from Nottingham wins right not to provide a sample of his DNA (5th October 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24207612 BBC: Operation Nutmeg: Court could force police to destroy DNA (24th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24224506 BBC: Court rejects ex-prisoner's DNA sample challenge (24th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24224506 The Guardian: Ex-prisoner fails to halt police DNA-collection programme (24th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2429637/One-year-old-baby-thousands-children-DNA-taken-police.html Daily Mail: One-year-old baby among thousands of children who have had their DNA taken by police (22nd September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-police-take-dna-samples-6073851 Wales Online: Welsh police take DNA samples from more than 5,500 children (22nd September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/police-take-dna-children-criminal-2259291 Mirror: Police take DNA from children in criminal investigations (8th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://esciencenews.com/articles/2013/08/14/forensic.familial.search.methods.carry.risk.certain.false.matches e! Science News: Forensic familial search methods carry risk of certain false matches (14th August 2013)] There is a video abstract and general public explanation video available for this research.<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-23683910 BBC: University of Leicester cat DNA database to be used for solving crime (14th August 2013)]<br />
** [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23436303 BBC: Forensics upheaval 'threat to justice', MPs warn (25th July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2013/jul/08/britain-european-arrest-warrant-reform The Guardian: Britain to keep European arrest warrant but try to reform it (8th July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/police-told-to-explain-use-of-unregulated-dna-database-8651380.html The Independent: Police told to explain use of unregulated DNA database (9th June 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2013/may/20/police-retain-dna-thousands-children The Guardian: Police retain DNA from thousands of children (20th May 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22595835 BBC: Police swabbing of child DNA excessive, says charity (20th May 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/police-bosses-tell-cops-don%E2%80%99t-target-gays-dna-roundup180113 GayStarNews: Police bosses tell cops: don’t target gays in DNA roundup (18th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.eadt.co.uk/news/ipswich_victory_after_man_s_six_year_battle_to_have_dna_records_removed_from_police_records_1_1796207 EADT24: Ipswich: Victory after man’s six-year battle to have DNA records removed from police records (18th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.politics.co.uk/news/2013/01/17/outrage-grows-over-gay-dna-witchhunt Politics.co.uk: Outrage grows over gay DNA witchhunt (17th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2261239/Stephen-Close-Police-demand-DNA-sample-soldier-gay-relationship-Army.html?ITO=1490&ns_mchannel=rss&ns_campaign=1490 Daily Mail: Police demand DNA sample from former soldier because he had gay relationship in the Army 30 years ago (12th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2259319/EU-demands-access-details-UK-drivers-Orwellian-hand-personal-information-foreign-police-forces.html?ito=feeds-newsxml Daily Mail: EU demands access to details of all UK drivers: ‘Orwellian’ move to hand out personal information to foreign police forces (9th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/9628235/Rapists-feared-still-at-large-as-police-fail-to-update-DNA-database.html The Telegraph: Rapists feared still at large as police fail to update DNA database (23rd October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2211365/Adam-Scott-Innocent-man-spent-FIVE-MONTHS-prison-forensics-mix-meant-falsely-accused-rape.html Daily Mail: Innocent man spent FIVE MONTHS in prison after forensics mix-up meant he was falsely accused of rape (1st October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19782917 BBC: DNA rape sample procedures ‘not adequate’ (1st October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.littlehamptongazette.co.uk/news/sussex-police-collect-ex-cons-dna-for-national-database-1-4321532 Littlehampton Gazette: Sussex Police collect ex-cons’ DNA for national database (1st October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2012/sep/27/ex-offenders-targeted-dna-database The Guardian: Thousands of ex-offenders targeted in drive to add to DNA database (27th September 2012)]<br />
**[http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1588993_police-order-thousands-of-dna-samples-from-ex-convicts-in-greater-manchester Manchester Evening News: Police order thousands of DNA samples from ex-convicts in Greater Manchester (18th September 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.zdnet.com/blog/london/london-police-8216hack-suspects-phones-a-major-blow-to-human-rights/4775 ZDNet: London police ‘hack’ suspects’ phones: A major blow to human rights (18th May 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/privatisation-is-a-catastrophe-warns-godfather-of-forensics-7606789.html The Independent: Privatisation is a catastrophe, warns godfather of forensics (2nd April 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2114252/Teenager-spends-months-bars-DNA-blunder-fingers-rape-city-visited.html Daily Mail: DNA database in doubt after teenager spends three months behind bars for rape in city he has never even visited because gene samples were mixed up (13th March 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2012/mar/08/forensics-blunder-convictions The Guardian: Forensics blunder ‘may endanger convictions’ (8th March 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.economist.com/node/21543121 The Economist: Ignorance is bliss (21st January 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21128285.500-euro-dna-treaty-risks-false-positives.html?DCMP=OTC-rss&nsref=online-news#.UebhRG3OB0M New Scientist: DNA super-network increases risk of mix-ups (5th September 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13440012 BBC Online: DNA and fingerprint guidelines ‘unlawful’ (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/guidelines-on-dna-samples-unlawful-2285712.html The Independent: Guidelines on DNA samples unlawful (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.publicservice.co.uk/news_story.asp?id=15673 Public Service: Police DNA retention policy ‘unlawful’ (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://ukhumanrightsblog.com/2011/05/18/retention-of-dna-breaches-article-8-says-supreme-court/ UK Human Rights blog: Retention of DNA breaches human right to privacy, says Supreme Court (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/libertycentral/2011/may/18/dna-retention-supreme-court-police The Guardian: DNA retention judgment won’t see discriminatory policy destroyed (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/03/03/ico_freedoms_bill/ The Register: Supreme Court: DNA database retention regs are unlawful (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/may/18/police-dna-database-supreme-court The Guardian: Police breaking law by keeping DNA of the innocent, supreme court rules (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/mar/05/dna-rules-will-restore-trust The Guardian: New DNA rules will restore public trust [Letter] (5th March 2011])<br />
**[http://www.publicservice.co.uk/news_story.asp?id=15673 Public Service: Government store DNA of over 6 million (4th March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/05/18/supreme_court_dna_database_ruling/ The Register: ICO evidence raises Freedoms Bill data worries (3rd March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-12536138 BBC: How Protection of Freedoms Bill will work (1st March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=18987 ITN: Government to curb DNA database (1st March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=18987 The Voice: Innocent black Brits may get their DNA removed from database (22nd February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/columnists/philipjohnston/8324874/The-Coalitions-Freedom-Bill-is-a-blow-against-the-snoopers-and-clampers.html The Telegraph: The coalition’s Freedom Bill is a blow against the snoopers and clampers (15th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.24dash.com/blogs/lynne_featherstone_mp/2011/02/13/Freedoms-Bill/ 24dash.com: Freedoms Bill (13th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12433116 BBC: DNA profiles to be deleted from police database (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1356198/DNA-database-purge-Victory-Mail-records-1m-innocent-people-removed.html#ixzz1DsbppVHm Daily Mail: DNA database purge: Victory for the Mail as records of 1m innocent people removed (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/8318900/DNA-of-up-to-a-million-to-be-wiped-under-Freedom-Bill.html The Telegraph: DNA of up to a million to be wiped under Freedom Bill (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/feb/11/dna-profiles-deleted-police-database The Guardian: DNA profiles to be deleted from police database (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.dailyexpress.co.uk/posts/view/228588/At-last-victory-over-Labour-s-army-of-snoops/ Daily Express: At last, victory over Labour’s army of snoops (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2011/feb/11/criminal-checks-eased-freedom-bill The Guardian: Criminal checks on people working with children to be eased (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-a-victory-for-civil-liberties-ndash-and-a-challenge-for-labour-2209670.html Independent: A victory for civil liberties – and a challenge for Labour (10th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/8317257/Nick-Clegg-were-restoring-hard-won-British-liberties.html The Telegraph: Nick Clegg; we’re restoring hard won British liberties (10th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/id-cards-go-up-in-flames-in-first-step-to-tackle-database-state-2209936.html The Independent: ID cards go up in flames in first step to tackle ‘database state’ (10th February 2010)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8691753.stm BBC: Deputy Prime Minister’s Reform Speech (19th May 2010)]<br />
**[http://www.publicservice.co.uk/news_story.asp?id=15673 Public Service: Government store DNA of over 6 million (4th March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20527424.700-unreliable-evidence-time-to-open-up-dna-databases.html?full=true New Scientist: Unreliable evidence? Time to open up DNA Databases (6th January 2010)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8434713.stm BBC Online: Innocent people face DNA database ‘shambles’ (31st December 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1877525.ece The Times: From schoolboy squabble to DNA database in one easy step – if you’re black (24th November 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8375567.stm BBC Online: New safeguards urged over routine police DNA tests (24th November 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1223688/DNA-innocents-kept-database-years.html The Daily Mail: DNA of innocents will be kept on database for six years (29th October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/oct/28/dna-database-innocent-profiles The Guardian: Innocent suspects’ profiles still reaching DNA database (28th October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1877336.ece The Times: Record number of DNA samples taken but crimes solved with them are down (22nd October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/6399228/Crimes-solved-by-DNA-drop-by-a-fifth.html The Telegraph: Crimes solved by DNA drop by a fifth (22nd October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/oct/21/dna-database-convictions-fall The Guardian: Detections using DNA database fall despite huge rise in profiles (21st October)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/oct/19/innocent-dna-database The Guardian: Home Office climbs down over keeping DNA records of innocent (19th October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/6056725/Tory-MP-Damian-Green-has-DNA-profile-deleted-from-database.html The Telegraph: Tory MP Damian Green has DNA profile deleted from database (20th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/18/science/18dna.html?_r=2&hp New York Times: DNA evidence can be fabricated, scientists show (17th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=16083 The Voice: DNA database is damaging race relations, says expert (17th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1205867/300-children-day-added-DNA-database-400-000-15s-Big-Brother-roll.html Daily Mail: 300 children a day added to DNA database (12th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/aug/09/police-dna-database-black-children The Observer: ‘Racist bias’ blamed for disparity in police DNA database (9th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/aug/07/dna-database-police-advice The Guardian: Police told to ignore human rights ruling over database (7th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/5990033/Equality-watchdog-warns-DNA-plans-break-law.html The Telegraph: Equality watchdog warns DNA plans break law (7th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/5444332/Police-arrest-innocent-youths-for-their-DNA-officer-claims.html The Telegraph: Police arrest innocent youths for the DNA, officer claims (4th June 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1185060/Driver-thrown-police-cell-DVLA-office-blunder-wrong-shade-green-MOT-certificate.html Daily Mail: Driver thrown in police cell after DVLA office blunder (21st May 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/apr/17/damian-green-arrest-jacqui-smith The Guardian: DPP’s verdict on papers leaked in Damian Green affair – Not a threat to security (17th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/apr/15/jeffreys-dna-database-human-rights-police The Guardian: DNA pioneer Alec Jeffreys: drop innocent from database (15th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/5109248/Police-will-be-banned-from-keeping-DNA-of-innocent-people-pledge-Tories.html The Telegraph: Police will be banned from keeping DNA of innocent people, pledge Tories (6th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.politics.co.uk/news/legal-and-constitutional/tories-promise-to-reform-dna-database-$1285967.htm Politics.co.uk: Tories promise to reform DNA database (6th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.crosbyherald.co.uk/news/crosby-news/2009/04/02/teenager-arrested-by-southport-police-for-handing-in-mobile-phone-68459-23291295/ The Crosby Herald: Teen arrested by police for handing in phone (2nd April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/5078599/Five-million-people-now-on-DNA-database.html The Telegraph: Five million people now on database (31st March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.computing.co.uk/computing/news/2239421/dna-database-grows-per-cent-two Computing: DNA database grows by 38 per cent in two years (30th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7966641.stm BBC Online: ‘DNA bungle’ haunts German police (28th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/the_daily_politics/7968121.stm BBC Politics Show: Time for a universal DNA database? (27th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/the_daily_politics/7968054.stm BBC Politics Show: MP’s battle over DNA database (27th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.thisisplymouth.co.uk/news/know-feel-Truman/article-848720-detail/article.html The Plymouth Herald: I know how you feel, Mr Truman (26th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/the-big-question-are-there-illegal-government-databases-and-what-can-we-do-about-it-1652623.html The Independent: The Big Question: Are there illegal Government databases and what can we do about it? (24th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-1164291/ROSS-CLARK-As-report-condemns-government-databases--Big-Brother-wasting-billions.html The Daily Mail: As report condemns Government databases…Big Brother is wasting your billions (24th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7955205.stm BBC Online: Call to scrap ‘illegal’ databases (23rd March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/mar/19/dna-database-comment The Guardian: Mark Thomas: How I got my genes deleted (19th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/libertycentral/2009/mar/16/dna-database-civil-liberties The Guardian: Question Eight: DNA Database (16th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/4966168/DNA-of-one-year-old-baby-stored-on-national-database.html The Telegraph: DNA of one-year-old baby stored on national database (10th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/03/02/dna_dbase_stalling/ The Register: Three months on, you still can’t get off the DNA Database (2nd March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/feb/27/dna-database-justice The Guardian: Government plans to keep DNA samples of innocent (27th February 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/feb/27/dna-database-children-criminal-record The Guardian: DNA details of 1.1m children on database (27th February 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1137022/Banish-Big-Brother-The-states-surveillance-powers-curbed-say-Lords.html The Daily Mail: Banish Big Brother: The state’s surveillance powers must be curbed, say Lords (6th February 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/12/17/david_mery_reclaim_your_dna/ The Register: Don’t delay: Delete your DNA (17th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-1094963/JAMES-SLACK-The-EUs-Big-Brother-database-poses-threat-liberties.html Daily Mail: The EU’s Big Brother database poses a threat to our liberties (16th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-a-victory-for-civil-liberties-ndash-but-the-larger-war-still-rages-1052547.html The Independent: A victory for civil liberties – but the larger war still rages (5th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1091880/One-million-innocent-people-profiles-wiped-Britains-DNA-database-court-ruling.html The Daily Mail: One million innocent people could have their profiles wiped from Britain’s ‘Orwellian’ DNA database after court ruling (5th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7765484.stm BBC Online: Europe DNA ruling resonates in UK (4th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/3547773/DNA-database-Campaigners-welcome-ruling-that-DNA-holding-breaches-human-rights.html The Telegraph: Campaigners welcome ruling that DNA-holding breaches human rights (4th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/liverpool-news/regional-news/2008/11/19/police-order-child-s-dna-to-be-removed-from-database-64375-22290909/ Liverpool Daily Post: Police order child’s DNA to be removed from database (19th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/3473483/More-than-one-million-added-to-the-DNA-database-as-children.html The Telegraph: More than one million added to the DNA database as children (17th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/3418649/Crimes-solved-by-DNA-evidence-fall-despite-millions-being-added-to-database.html The Telegraph: Crimes solved by DNA evidence fall despite millions being added to database (10th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/11/06/dna_database_special/page2.html The Register: The DNA Database and You (6th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/north-wales-news/2008/10/30/one-in-11-from-north-wales-on-dna-file-55578-22148188/ Daily Post North Wales: One in 11 from North Wales on DNA file (30th October 2008) 30th October 2008]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1078821/New-law-allow-police-collect-DNA-secret-teacups.html The Daily Mail: New law to allow police to collect DNA in secret from teacups (19th October 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.christiantoday.com/article/black.church.leaders.concerned.over.criminal.dna.database/20635.htm Christian Today: Black church leaders concerned over criminal DNA database (18th July 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/06/29/brown_dna_database_innocent_genewatch/ The Register: Gordo’s DNA database claims branded ‘ridiculous’ (29th June 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=/opinion/2008/06/09/do0902.xml The Telegraph: MPs must act now to set limits on snooping (9th June 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.vision.org/visionmedia/article.aspx?id=4824 Reuters: Watchdog criticises plan to share DNA data (15th May 2008)]<br />
**[http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/joepublic/2008/05/the_scandal_of_criminalising_m.html The Guardian: The scandal of ‘criminalising’ mental health patients (12th May 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1929849/DNA-bank-solves-one-crime-per-800-profiles.html The Telegraph: DNA bank solves one crime per 800 profiles (6th May 2008)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7341251.stm BBC Online: DNA technique ‘fit for purpose’ (11th April 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.sundaymirror.co.uk/news/sunday/2008/04/06/40-000-kids-put-on-dna-crimes-list-98487-20373651/ The Sunday Mirror: 40,000 kids put on DNA crimes list (6th April 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/mar/16/youthjustice.children The Observer: Put young children on DNA list urge police (16th March 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=528857&in_page_id=1770 The Daily Mail: 1.5m children will have DNA taken next year amid claims of universal database ‘by stealth’ (9th March 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.computing.co.uk/computing/news/2211158/met-police-chief-calls-european Computing: Met police chief calls for European DNA database (5th March 2008)]<br />
**[http://blackmentalhealth.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=281&Itemid=117 Black Mental Health UK: Sarah Teather tells House of Commons DNA database discriminates (1st March 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/feb/28/ukcrime.forensicscience The Guardian: Mixed results (28th February)]<br />
**[http://www.newstatesman.com/200802280017 New Statesman: Spare pairs of genes (28th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article3448837.ece The Times: CCTV and DNA advances add to bills but minister calls rises unacceptable (28th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/technology/technology.html?in_article_id=519568&in_page_id=1965 The Daily Mail: One in eight samples filed under innocent names in Government blunder (27th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.publictechnology.net/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=14351 Public Technology: Home Office Minister rejects call for a national citizen DNA database (25th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=518416&in_page_id=1770 The Daily Mail: Police in retreat after public backlash over their demands for a DNA database (25th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=518151&in_page_id=1770 The Daily Mail; Home Office retreat from plans to extend ‘nation of suspects’ DNA database to include litterbugs (24th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article3423450.ece The Sunday Times: Should Britain have a compulsory DNA database? (24th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theherald.co.uk/news/news/display.var.2067932.0.Police_we_must_keep_DNA_of_everyone_arrested.php The Glasgow Herald: Police: we must keep DNA of everyone arrested (23rd February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2008/feb/23/ukcrime The Guardian: Calls for compulsory DNA database rejected (23rd February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2008/feb/21/conservatives.police The Guardian: Inquiry as Tories attack DNA failure (21st February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article3401745.ece The Times: Gordon Brown admits assaults committed while DNA data disc lost (20th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article3399712.ece The Times: Disc listing foreign criminals lost for a year (20th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2008/feb/13/ukguns.police The Guardian: Stop! Armed police! Put down your MP3 player (13th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7230487.stm BBC Online: Clegg attacks surveillance UK (6th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/01/07/delete_your_dna_profile/print.html The Register: How to delete your DNA Profile (7th January 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=491714&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Big Brother UK: Police now hold DNA ‘fingerprints’ of 4.5 million Britons (5th November 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/11/04/ndna104.xml The Telegraph: Police retain DNA of ‘petty crime suspects’ (5th November 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/law/article2210263.ece The Times: Police told to erase ‘irrelevant’ crime records (1st November 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/health/advice/article1790236.ece The Times: Policing the gene pool (29th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9867324 The Economist: Learning to live with Big Brother (27th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7161/full/449377b.html Nature: Genome abuse (26th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1873220.ece The Times: DNA database ‘puts innocent under suspicion’ (18th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/09/17/dna_purge/ The Register: Innocent ‘terror techie’ purges DNA records (17th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/europe/article2595861.ece The Times: Inside the world where experts try to unlock DNA clues (15th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23412351-details/Outrage%20as%20DNA%20profile%20of%20seven-month-old%20baby%20is%20added%20to%20register/article.do Evening Standard: Outrage as DNA profile of seven-month old baby is added to DNA database (15th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=482410&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Innocent people’s DNA ‘must not be kept on national database’ (10th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2007/09/11/226664/dna-plan-would-require-san-the-size-of-belgium.htm Computer Weekly: DNA plan would require SAN the size of Belgium (11th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.scotsman.com/politics.cfm?id=1419912007 The Scotsman: Judge opens hornets’ nest with call for everyone’s DNA to go on record (6th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6979138.stm BBC Online: All UK ‘must be on DNA database’ (5th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23411070-details/Top+minister+backs+judge%27s+calls+for+DNA+database+registration+for+all/article.do Evening Standard: Ministers accused of trying to build DNA database by stealth (5th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6979490.stm BBC Online: DNA database call prompts concern (5th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23406663-details/Beware:+Minor+offences+could+land+you+on+DNA+database...for+life/article.do Evening Standard: Speeding drivers face DNA swabs under Big Brother powers (1st August 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1873007.ece The Times: Police want DNA from speeding drivers and litterbugs on database (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/08/02/ndna102.xml The Telegraph: Litter lout DNA samples a step too far (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2826207.ece The Independent: Police DNA database ‘risks criminalising non-offenders’ (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=472544&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Government accused on DNA samples (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://politics.guardian.co.uk/homeaffairs/story/0,,2139675,00.html The Guardian: Police may be given powers to take DNA samples on the street (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://politics.guardian.co.uk/homeaffairs/story/0,,2089265,00.html The Observer: Civil rights fears over DNA for everyone (27th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=457046&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Police put 100,000 innocent children on DNA Database (23rd May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/23/ndna23.xml The Telegraph: DNA file on 100,000 innocent children]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/humanrights/story/0,,2084290,00.html The Guardian: ‘Orwellian’ CCTV in shires alarms senior police officer (21st May 2001)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/crime/article/0,,2084659,00.html The Guardian: Plan to identify potential offenders condemned (21st May)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/19/ncrime19.xml The Telegraph: DNA police revisit high profile murder cases (19th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2556459.ece The Independent: DNA database blunder ‘could have resulted in 200 crimes’ (18th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/localnews/display.var.1404197.0.youths_warned_not_to_use_fake_id.php The Argus: Youths warned not to use fake ID (17th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisisthenortheast.co.uk/display.var.1404576.0.peer_calls_for_babies_dna_to_stored.php The Northern Echo: Peer calls for babies’ DNA to be stored (17th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6665267.stm BBC Online: DNA failings ‘missed 183 crimes’ (17th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/story/0,,2079721,00.html The Guardian: A database of prejudice (15th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://new.edp24.co.uk/content/news/story.aspx?brand=EDPOnline&category=News&tBrand=EDPOnline&tCategory=news&itemid=NOED10%20May%202007%2008%3A09%3A49%3A133 EDP-24 (Norfolk): Car crime victims must foot the bill (10th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=453739&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Fears over innocent Britons’ DNA being given to European police forces (9th May)]<br />
**[http://www.blink.org.uk/pdescription.asp?key=14682&grp=30&cat=138 Black Information Link: Chained by our genes (3rd May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.computerworlduk.com/technology/applications/databases/news/index.cfm?newsid=2669 Computer World: EU police data-sharing plan draws criticism (19th April 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=445902&in_page_id=1766&in_a_source=&ito=1490 Mail on Sunday: Five civil servants suspended over ‘DNA espionage’ (1st April 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.yorkshiretoday.co.uk/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleID=2194926&SectionID=55 Yorkshire Post: Yorkshire cases to test DNA sampling policy (31st March 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/crime/article/0,,2044296,00.html?gusrc=rss&feed=11 The Guardian: Every child to be screened for risk of turning criminal under Blair justice plan (28th March 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/uk/6452795.stm BBC Online: ‘Retail jails’ could ease police burden (15th March 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml;jsessionid=GAUE2T1MP0CL5QFIQMGCFGGAVCBQUIV0?xml=/news/2007/02/16/ndna16.xml The Telegraph: DNA data deal ‘will create big brother Europe’ (18th February 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=10830 The Voice: Mayor urged to support DNA profiling curb (9th February 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/article209046.ece The Sunday Times: Reid ‘buries’ news that police hold DNA of 1m innocent people (17th December 2006)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/south_yorkshire/6174877.stm BBC: New DNA clue in 1964 murder hunt (13th December 2006)]<br />
**[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2016134.ece The Independent: DNA of suspects’ families to be held on police files (26th November 2006)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/11/05/nrace05.xml The Telegraph: Three in four young black men on the DNA database (5th November 2006)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6104876.stm BBC Online: Fear that DNA use ‘gone too far’ (1st November 2006)]<br />
**[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,1821676,00.html The Observer: Police DNA database is ‘spiraling out of control’(16th July 2006)]<br />
**[http://www.lookingglassnews.org/viewstory.php?storyid=5722 The Independent: More Britons have DNA held by police than rest of world (14th April 2006)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/01/09/ndna09.xml The Telegraph: Huge rise in juvenile DNA samples kept by the police]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/frontpage/story/0,16518,1678168,00.html The Guardian: DNA of 37% of black men held by police]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/01/09/ndna09.xml The Telegraph: Freedom fears as the DNA database expands]<br />
**[http://news.scotsman.com/scitech.cfm?id=680402005 The Scotsman article: Keep DNA of innocent and guilty alike]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=6549 The Voice: 1 in 3 black men are DNA profiled]<br />
**[http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18624944.900 New Scientist: Will DNA profiling fuel prejudice?]<br />
**[http://newswww.bbc.net.uk/1/low/uk_politics/4166559.stm BBC Online: DNA database Big Brother warning]<br />
<br />
== Detailed Analysis ==<br />
'''Note: This section has not yet been updated to include the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012.'''<br />
<br />
Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984 and amendments to PACE : Criminal Justice and Public Order Act (CJPOA) 1994;Criminal Evidence.<br />
<br />
<br />
(Amendment) Act 1997;Criminal Justice and Police Act (CJPA) 001;Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 2003. Changes in the Data Protection Act (DPA) 1998, the Human Rights Act (HRA) 1998 and case law.<ref name="ftn0">E.U. 9445/1/06 at 9.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
Persons convicted of any recordable offence, arrested for any recordable offense, and all crime scene stains<ref name="ftn7">See EU Current Practices at 80-81.</ref> The Counter-Terrorism Act 2008 (c.28) increased police powers for the stated purpose of countering terrorism. It allows speculative searches against DNA profiles held on behalf of the Security Service or Secret Intelligence Service and allows matches to be used “for purposes related to the identification . . . of the person from whom the material came.” In other words, a valid match can be obtained from a reference sample that did not originate from a crime scene.<br />
<br />
<br />
For Scotland: Persons convicted of any recordable offence, arrested for any recordable offense, and all crime scene stains<ref name="ftn6">See EU Current Practices at 81-83.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
England & Wales: The Justice and Public Order Act 1994 allows for the entry of the DNA profiles of all individuals who are charged with any recordable offence or who are convicted of such an offence. All DNA profiles that are derived from crime scene stains are also stored in the NDNAD.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: The Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 allows for the entry of the DNA profiles of those arrested of any recordable offence or who are convicted of such an offence. All DNA profiles that are derived from unidentified crime scene stains are also stored in the database.<br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>England & Wales: Whereas the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) allowed for the coercive taking of ‘non-intimate samples’ such as hair shafts, the Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (JPOA) changed the definition of ‘non-intimate samples’ to include buccal swabs by which police sampling powers were seriously extended. [4]</nowiki><ref name="ftn5">JPOA (1994), § 58.</ref> This provision applies to both crime suspects and convicted offenders who are arrested or convicted of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn4">Id. at § 55.</ref> The police are allowed to take a DNA sample from minors who have reached the age of ten and from mentally ill persons. There are no restrictions to the collection of crime scene samples.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: A constable or a police custody and security officer at a constable’s direction can collect a mouth swab from those arrested of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn8">Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2003, Art. 55, § 2</ref> They may use reasonable force in exercising this power.<ref name="ftn3">Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, Art. 18, § 7.</ref> A constable or a police custody and security officer at a constable’s direction can also coercively collect a mouth swab from those convicted of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn2">Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2003, Art. 55, § 3.</ref> They are allowed to take a DNA sample from minors who have reached the age of ten and from mentally ill persons. There are no restrictions to the collection of unidentified crime scene samples.<br />
<br />
<br />
Convicted persons’ and suspects’ profiles are retained indefinitely and crime scene stains are kept until they have been identified<ref name="ftn1">See EU Current Practices at 81.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
For Scotland: Convicted persons’ profiles are retained indefinitely, suspects’ profiles are retained until the underlying proceeding is abandoned or the individual is acquitted, and crime scene stains are kept until they have been identified<ref name="ftn9">See EU Current Practices at 83.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
England & Wales: The Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 (CJPA) allows for the indefinite retention of the DNA profiles of both crime suspects and convicted offenders who are arrested or convicted of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn10">CJPA (2001), § 82.</ref> This provision also applies to crime suspects who are subsequently acquitted or freed of charges. The DNA profiles which are derived from unidentified crime scene stains are stored in the database until a match is found.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: The DNA profiles of those who are arrested of any recordable offence have to be removed from the database as soon as possible following the decision not to institute criminal proceedings against the person concerned or upon acquittal.<ref name="ftn11">Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, Art. 18, § 3.</ref> The DNA profiles of those convicted of any recordable offence can be retained indefinitely. The DNA profiles which are derived from unidentified crime scene stains are stored in the database until they are identified.<br />
<br />
<br />
All samples are retained indefinitely<ref name="ftn12">See EU Current Practices at 81.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
For Scotland: Convicted persons’ samples are retained indefinitely, but suspects’ samples must be destroyed upon their acquittal or when no criminal proceedings are initiated<ref name="ftn13">See EU Current Practices at 83.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
England & Wales: The CJPA 2001 allows for the indefinite retention of the DNA samples of both crime suspects and convicted offenders who are arrested or convicted of any recordable offence. This provision also applies to crime suspect who are subsequently acquitted or freed of charges.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: The DNA samples of those who are convicted of any recordable offence can be retained indefinitely. Those taken from persons who are arrested of any recordable offence have to be destroyed as soon as possible following the decision not to institute criminal proceedings against the person concerned or upon acquittal.<ref name="ftn15">Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, Art. 18, § 3.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
The Forensic Science Service, an Executive Designated staff employed by the Custodian Security clearance to Counter Terrorism Kingdom Agency of the Home Office, was responsible for the management of the National DNA Database since 1995, through the office of its Chief Scientist as Custodian of the Database, under a Memorandum of Understanding between the FSS and the Association of Chief Police Officers, revised in 2000, 2003 and again in 2005, and the oversight of the National DNA Database Board, chaired by ACPO. In July 2005, the Custodianship was transferred to the Home Office, then shortly thereafter to National Policing Improvement Agency.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: Although they can largely develop their own policies regarding the treatment of profiles and samples which are collected in the course of criminal investigations, it is not entirely correct to consider the databases of Scotland and England & Wales as two separate entities.<ref name="ftn16">P. Johnson & R. Williams, DNA and crime investigation: Scotland and the “UK National DNA Database,” 10 Scottish J. Crim. Justice Stds. 74 (2004).</ref> As Scotland exports all its profiles and unidentified crime scene stains to the NDNAD, the latter in fact contains nearly all UK profiles. As Scotland does not retain the profiles of suspects who are acquitted and against whom no criminal proceedings are instituted, these are the only profiles that stay in the custody of the Scottish police.<br />
<br />
<br />
Oracle platform with Loader (input) and Match reporting database (repository for match information) It is an Oracle 9i database. Profiles are loaded electronically but from CSV files submitted as a batch rather than messaging.<br />
<br />
<br />
All new profiles added to the Database are automatically searched on loading against all profiles held. The search regime uses 4 SGM discriminator loci to identify a matching sub-set which is then searched again using the remaining SGM Plus loci. Both exact and partial matches between Subject/crime scene and crime scene/crime scene are reported immediately (failed or rare alleles are treated as wild ‘cards’). Subject/subject matches are reported periodically.<br />
<br />
<br />
One-off ‘snapshot’ speculative searches of sample profiles that do not meet the criteria for loading to the Database are also carried out using the same search regime. ‘Familial searches’ are also carried out to help identify potential relatives of offenders whose profiles are not on the Database A monthly search is also carried out for ‘near matches’ that differ by only 1 allele; these are then investigated to see if there has been an error in the profiling.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/United_KingdomUnited Kingdom2021-04-28T10:10:16Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Overview ==<br />
The UK’s National DNA Database (NDNAD) was the first to be established, in 1995. Two changes in the law, made by the Blair Government in 2001 and 2003, led to a massive expansion of the database. DNA samples and records were collected routinely from everyone arrested for any recordable offence, from the age of ten, and retained indefinitely whether or not they were charged or convicted. However, the law on retention was reversed following public controversy and a successful challenge in the European Court of Human Rights.<br />
<br />
The 2008 Interpol survey reports that 329,660 crime scene DNA profiles and 5,093,145 individuals' profiles, plus 163 unknown/deceased DNA profiles were held in the UK at the time of the survey. According to Interpol, the UK's DNA database grew to 400,337 crime scene DNA profiles, 6,547,187 reference DNA profiles from individuals, 97 missing persons' DNA profiles, 35 unidentified human remains DNA profiles and 43,888 other DNA profiles in 2011. As at 31 March 2015, the NDNAD held 5,766,369 DNA profiles from individuals and 486,691 from crime scenes, following removal of DNA profiles from innocent people and some children convicted of minor offences. Removing these people from the database has not reduced crime detection rates. <br />
<br />
At 31st March 2020, the DNA database held 5,604,185 DNA profiles from individuals and 647,378 from crime scenes.<br />
<br />
Legislation covering police use of DNA is different in Scotland and Northern Ireland from the law in England and Wales. Scotland and Northern Ireland also maintain separate DNA databases, but DNA profile records loaded to these databases are also loaded to the UK's NDNAD. Thus, the UK's NDNAD holds DNA profiles from all UK police forces (as well as the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man), but the laws covering the retention of DNA profiles taken in each country differ. <br />
<br />
Scotland rejected plans to retain DNA records from innocent people indefinitely in 2006. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, public opposition to keeping innocent people on the DNA database grew as more cases emerged of people falsely accused of minor offences who had their DNA stored.<br />
<br />
The European Court of Human Rights ruled that the law in England and Wales breached the European Convention on Human Rights in December 2008 (in the case of [http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-90051 S. and Marper v. the United Kingdom]).<br />
<br />
The UK’s Coalition Government adopted the Protection of Freedoms Act on 1st of May 2012, which came in to force at the end of October 2013. The DNA profiles and fingerprints of more than 1.7 million innocent people and children have been removed from police databases and more than 7.7 million DNA samples have also been destroyed.<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
*External links<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/forensic-information-databases-for-research-purposes-guidance Forensic information databases for research purposes: guidance (25th January 2021)] <br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-dna-and-fingerprint-exchange-policy-for-the-uk International DNA and fingerprint exchange policy for the UK (6th January 2021)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/biometrics-commissioner-interim-report-december-2020 Biometrics Commissioner: interim report December 2020]<br />
**[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/wfs2.1414 WIREs Forensic Science: The effectiveness of the current use of forensic DNA in criminal investigations in England and Wales (February 2021)] <br />
**[https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/1/2020/EN/COM-2020-857-F1-EN-ANNEX-1-PART-1.PDF European Commission: TRADE AND COOPERATION AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE EUROPEAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMUNITY, OF THE ONE PART, AND THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND, OF THE OTHER PART (25th December 2020)]<br />
**[https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_20_2532 European Commission: Questions & Answers: EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (24th December 2020)]<br />
** [https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/913011/NDNAD_Strategy_Board_AR_2018-2020_Web_Accessible.pdf Home Office: National DNA Database biennial report, 2018 to 2020 (2nd September 2020)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/niconsul2020-gw-fin.pdf GeneWatchUK response to the Department of Justice’s consultation on proposals to amend the legislation governing the retention of DNA and fingerprints in Northern Ireland (July 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.theyworkforyou.com/wms/?id=2020-06-15.HCWS290.h&s=DNA#gHCWS290.0 TheyWorkforYou: Prüm – Data Sharing Update (15th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/873640/dna-v4.0ext1.pdf Home Office: DNA policy guidance: Version 4.0 (16th March 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.scot/news/biometrics-commissioner/ Scottish Government: Biometrics Commissioner (10th March 2020)]<br />
**[http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-200817 European Court of Human Rights: CASE OF GAUGHRAN v. THE UNITED KINGDOM. Judgment, Strasbourg (13th February 2020)] Case regarding the disproportionate character of the indefinite retention of the DNA profile of a person convicted of minor offence.<br />
**[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmsctech/1970/1970.pdf House of Commons Science and Technology Committee: The work of the Biometrics Commissioner and the Forensic Science Regulator. Nineteenth Report of Session 2017–19 (17th July 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-dna-and-fingerprint-exchange-policy-for-the-uk Home Office: International DNA and fingerprint exchange policy for the UK (8th July 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-and-eu-law-enforcement-boost-co-operation-on-dna-databases Home Office: UK and EU law enforcement boost co-operation on DNA databases (14th June 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.scot/news/biometrics-commissioner-bill-published/ Scottish Government: Biometrics Commissioner (31st May 2019)]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/778065/National_DNA_Database_anuual_report_2017-18_print.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board Annual Report 2017/18]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dna-policy UK Government: DNA policy (immigration)]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/715318/FINDS-SB-P-002_-_Issue_1_-_FINDS_Strategy_Board_Policy_Access_and_Use_Po....pdf Forensic Information Databases Service (FINDS):The Forensic Information Databases Strategy Board Policy for Access and Use of DNA Samples, DNA Profiles, Fingerprint Images, and Associated Data (7th June 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.london.gov.uk/what-we-do/mayors-office-policing-and-crime-mopac/governance-and-decision-making/mopac-decisions-0/forensic-services-prum-dna-service-delivery-plan London: Forensic Services Prüm DNA Service Delivery Plan (10th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/biometrics-commissioner-annual-report-2017 Biometrics Commissioner: annual report 2017]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/713593/government_response_-_annual_report_2017.pdf Response to the Biometrics Commissioner's annual report 2017]<br />
**[http://assets.smartcdn.co.uk.s3-website-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/docs/3911_19012018095152.pdf Forensic Science Regulator: Annual Report: November 2016 - November 2017 (19th January 2018)]<br />
**[https://royalsociety.org/~/media/about-us/programmes/science-and-law/royal-society-forensic-dna-analysis-primer-for-courts.pdf Royal Society: Forensic DNA analysis: A Primer for Courts (November 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/594185/58714_Un-Num_Nat_DNA_DB_Accessible.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board Annual Report 2015/16]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/568554/Annual_Report_of_the_Ethics_Group_2015.pdf Annual Report of The Ethics Group: National DNA Database 2015 (16th November 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/526232/55843_BC_Report_ACCESSIBLE_01.pdf Further Report by the Biometrics Commissioner on Issues Raised in his 2015 Annual Report (April 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/507104/54496_Biometrics_Commissioners_Report_Print_Ready__3_.pdf Commissioner for the retention and use of biometric material: Annual Report December 2015]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/access-and-use-of-dna-samples-profiles-and-associated-data NDNAD Strategy Board policy for access and use of DNA samples, profiles and associated data: December 2015]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201516/cmselect/cmeuleg/342-xii/342xii.pdf House of Commons European Scunity Committee: Cross boarder law enforcement cooperation - UK participation in Prüm (4th December 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/484938/52921_NPCC_National_DNA_Database_print_ready.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board Annual Report 2014/15]. Confirms that removing innocent people's DNA profiles has had no adverse impact on solving crimes.<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-dna-exchange-policy-for-the-united-kingdom Policy Paper: International DNA exchange policy for the United Kingdom (23rd October 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/464648/2015_Prum_Business_Case.pdf Prum Business and Implementation Case (30th September 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/463466/ANNEX_H_Prum_Feasibility_Statistical_Analysis.pdf Principle Forensic Services: Prum Feasibility Project. Statistical Study: Report (September 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.pharmiweb.com/pressreleases/pressrel.asp?ROW_ID=124939#.VctwhPmYQxJ IntegenX: Rapid DNA Results Uploaded For First Time To United Kingdom’s National DNA Database (11th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.met.police.uk/foi/pdfs/other_information/corporate/early_deletion_process_2015.pdf Metropolitan Police: Early Deletion Requests - Consideration for the deletion of DNA profiles, Fingerprint, PNC Records and Photographic images. (22nd June 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dna-early-deletion-guidance-and-application-form Home Office: Record deletion guidance (27th May 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/publication-of-the-governments-response-to-the-biometrics-commissioners-first-annual-report UK Government response to the Biometrics Commissioner’s first annual report (13th May 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/circular-0092015-provisions-relating-to-dna-samples-in-the-police-amendment-regulations-2015-and-the-special-constabulary-amendment-regulations Circular 009/2015: provisions relating to DNA samples in the Police (Amendment) Regulations 2015 and the Special Constabulary (Amendment) Regulations 2015]<br />
**[http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/globalassets/documents/raise/deposited-papers/2015/dp1372.pdf: NORTHERN IRELAND DNA DATABASE GOVERNANCE BOARD REPORT 2012-14 (2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-dna-database-annual-report-2013-to-2014 National DNA Database: annual report, 2013 to 2014 (16th December 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/biometrics-commissioner-annual-report-2013-2014 Biometrics Commissioner: annual report 2013-2014 (16th December 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/applications-to-the-biometrics-commissioner-under-pace Home Office: Applications to the Biometrics Commissioner under PACE (26th September 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/358653/GuidanceApplicationstotheBC.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board: Applications to the Biometrics Commissioner under PACE (17th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.familylaw.co.uk/news_and_comment/re-z-application-for-release-of-dna-profiles-2014-ewhc-1999-fam#.U7wiU7Fhvqw Re Z(Application for Release of DNA Profiles) (2014) EWHC 1999 (Fam) (23rd June 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-dna-database-strategy-board-governance-rules National DNA Database strategy board: governance rules (13th June 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dna-early-deletion-guidance-and-application-form Home Office: DNA early deletion guidance and application form (20th January 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/helping-the-police-fight-crime-more-effectively/supporting-pages/national-dna-database National DNA Database]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/home-office/groups/national-dna-database-strategy-board National DNA Database Strategy Board]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/national-dna-database-ethics-group National DNA Database Ethics Group]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/forensic-science-regulator Forensic Science Regulator]<br />
**[https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/memberpage/united-kingdom-817 Europol: United Kingdom]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/254883/Access_And_Use_Of_DNA_Samples_Profiles.pdf Home Office: The NDNAD Strategy Board Policy for Access and Use of DNA Samples, Profiles and Associated Data (4th November 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-ethics-group-6th-annual-report-2013 NDNAD Ethics Group: 6th annual report (October 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/252678/NDNAD_Annual_Report_2012-13.pdf NATIONAL DNA DATABASE STRATEGY BOARD ANNUAL REPORT 2012-2013]<br />
**[http://www.forensicarchive.com/ Forensic Archive Ltd]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmselect/cmsctech/610/610.pdf House of Commons Science and Technology Committee; Forensic Science I (July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmselect/cmsctech/610/610vw.pdf House of Commons Science and Technology Committee: Forensic Science II (July 2013)]<br />
**[http://gizmonaut.net/blog/uk/2013/07/commencement_pofa_dna_provisions.html Gizmonaut: Commencement day of DNA provisions of the Protection of Freedom Act in October (22nd July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/1814/made The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2013] Commencement order for the provisions in the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 which relate to the destruction, retention and use of material including fingerprints, DNA samples and DNA profiles. Most provisions will come into force by 31st October 2013, with the destruction of copies coming into force by 31st January 2014.<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/1813/made The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (Destruction, Retention and Use of Biometric Data) (Transitional, Transitory and Saving Provisions) Order 2013]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/1814/made The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2013]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-annual-report-2011-to-2012 National DNA Database Annual Report: 2011-12]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-biennial-report-2009-to-2011 National DNA Database biennial report: 2009 to 2011]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/update-on-protection-of-freedoms-act-implementation-and-national-dna-database-annual-reports-2009-to-2012 Lord Taylor of Holbeach: Update on Protection of Freedoms Act implementation and National DNA Database annual reports 2009 to 2012 (20th May 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2012/9/pdfs/ukpga_20120009_en.pdf Protection of Freedoms Act 2012]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-dna-database-statistics National DNA Database statistics (23rd April 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/protection-of-freedoms-act-2012-dna-and-fingerprint-provisions/protection-of-freedoms-act-2012-how-dna-and-fingerprint-evidence-is-protected-in-law Home Office: Protection of Freedoms Act 2012: how DNA and fingerprint evidence is protected in law (4th April 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-strategy-board-minutes NDNAD Strategy Board minutes]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/equality-impact-assessment-of-the-national-dna-database Equality impact assessment of the National DNA Database (28th November 2012)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-annual-reports National DNA Database Annual Report 2006-07]<br />
**[http://www.statewatch.org/news/2009/nov/uk-dna-human-genetics-commission.pdf Human Genetics Commission: Nothing to hide, nothing to fear? Balancing individual rights and the public interest in the governance and use of the National DNA Database (24th November 2009)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/117784/ndnad-ann-report-2007-09.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2007-08]<br />
**[http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/Papers/database-state.pdf Rowntree Database State report (23rd March 2009)]<br />
**[https://rm.coe.int/168067d216 European Court of Human Rights: CASE OF S. AND MARPER v. THE UNITED KINGDOM (4th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmhaff/58/58ii.pdf Home Affairs Committee report: A Surveillance Society? (Vol II: Evidence)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmhaff/58/58i.pdf Home Affairs Committee Report: A Surveillance Society? (Vol I)]<br />
**[https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/l_to_o/low_copy_number_dna_testing/ Crown Prosecution Service: DNA: Low Copy Number DNA Testing in the Criminal Justice System (23rd January 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/sites/default/files/The%20forensic%20use%20of%20bioinformation%20-%20ethical%20issues.pdf Nuffield Council on Bioethics: The forensic use of bioinformation: ethical issues (September 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/DNA_report2005_06.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2005/06]<br />
**[http://www.acpo.police.uk/asp/policies/Data/NDNAD_AR_04_051.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2004/05]<br />
**[https://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/sass/WilliamsandJohnsonInterimReport2005-1.pdf Forensic DNA Databasing: A European Perspective – A report from Durham University (June 2005)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/NDNAD_AR_04_05.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2004/05]<br />
**[http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/about-us/corporate-publications-strategy/home-office-circulars/circulars-2004/058-2004/ Home Office Circular: Charges on Basis of Speculative Search Match on the National DNA Database (September 2004)]<br />
**[http://www.statewatch.org/news/2006/jan/uk-DNA-database.pdf DNA Expansion Programme 2000-2005: Reporting achievement]<br />
**[http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/10/PROPS Scottish Executive: Police Retention Of Prints and Samples]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmsctech/96/96i.pdf The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee’s report on forensics, 2005 (main report)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmsctech/96/96ii.pdf The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee’s report on forensics, 2005 (evidence)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/NDNAD_AR_3_4.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2003/04]<br />
**[http://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/sass/Williams_Johnson_Martin_NDNAD_report_2004.pdf Williams et al (2004) Genetic Information and Crime Investigation]<br />
**[https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/assets/uploads/files/lawyers%27%20DNA%20guide%20KSWilliams%20190208%20%28i%29.pdf Forensic Science Service: Guide to DNA for lawyers and investigating officers(2004)]<br />
**[https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/assets/uploads/files/pdf_000328%20-%20%20DNA%20Charging%20Guidance.pdf Crown Prosecution Service: Guidance on DNA Charging (16th July 2004)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/NDNAD_Annual_Report_02_03.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2002/03]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/sub-539478 GeneWatch UK: The UK Police National DNA Database]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1984/60/contents Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (as amended)] This law was amended by the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 in order to set up the UK National DNA Database in 1995 by allowing police to collect DNA samples and conduct searches of stored DNA profiles: it has been amended many times since 1994.<br />
<br />
*Press articles<br />
**[https://news.sky.com/story/home-secretary-must-take-responsibility-for-accidental-wiping-of-150-000-arrest-records-12188163 Sky News: 'Human error' blamed for wiping of thousands of police records (16th January 2021)]<br />
**[https://bylinetimes.com/2020/07/14/uk-deal-to-share-dna-and-fingerprints-evades-parliamentary-scrutiny/ UK Deal to Share DNA and Fingerprints Evades Parliamentary Scrutiny (14th July 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/proficiency-testing-guidance-dna-mixture-analysis-and-interpretation Forensic Science Regulator: Proficiency testing guidance: DNA mixture analysis and interpretation (29th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8424405/Privacy-row-erupts-plan-log-thousands-innocent-Britons-DNA-controversial-EU-database.html Daily Mail: Privacy row erupts over plan to log thousands of innocent Britons' DNA on controversial EU database (16th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.biometricupdate.com/202006/northern-ireland-police-agree-to-delete-biometric-records-after-human-rights-ruling Biometric Update: Northern Ireland police agree to delete biometric records after human rights ruling (4th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.ukauthority.com/articles/scotland-to-get-biometrics-commissioner/ UK Authority: Scotland to get biometrics commissioner (13th March 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8000053/European-Court-rule-Northern-Ireland-drink-driver-human-rights-breached-police-kept-fingerprints.html Daily Mail: Drink-driver's privacy rights were breached when police kept his DNA profile, fingerprints and photo indefinitely, European human rights judges rule (13th February 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/feb/13/police-keeping-drink-drivers-dna-breached-his-rights-judges-rule The Guardian: Police keeping drink-driver's DNA breached his rights, judges rule (13th February 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-49361260 BBC: Eurofins Scientific: Cyber-attack leads to backlog of 20,000 forensic samples (16th August 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.governmentcomputing.com/central-government/news/uk-eu-prum-framework Government Computing: UK, EU boost co-operation on DNA databases under Prüm framework (14th June 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-48459890 BBC: New plans to safeguard storage of DNA and fingerprint data (31st May 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.biometricupdate.com/201901/northern-ireland-police-agree-to-publish-biometric-data-retention-policy Biometric Update: Northern Ireland police agree to publish biometric data retention policy (11th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-46803999 BBC: PSNI to publish DNA retention policy after human rights case (9th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://amp.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/oct/25/sajid-javid-apologises-to-migrants-forced-to-give-dna-samples The Guardian: Sajid Javid apologises to immigration applicants forced to give DNA samples (25th October 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/home-office-dna-tests-policy-immigrants-letters-immigration-a8430271.html The Independent: Home Office forcing immigrants to take DNA tests in breach of government's own policy (4th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.governmentcomputing.com/applications/news/home-office-issues-tender-biometrics-development Government Computing: Home Office issues tender for biometrics development (14th May 2018)]<br />
**[https://police.community/topic/134543-police-pay-out-millions-after-collapse-of-forensics-firm/ Police Community: Police pay out millions after collapse of forensics firm (5th February 2018)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-42057009 BBC: UK judges to get scientific guides (22nd November 2017)]<br />
**[http://theconversation.com/dna-databases-its-still-far-from-clear-how-effective-they-are-in-fighting-crime-85137 The Conversation: DNA databases: it’s still far from clear how effective they are in fighting crime (10th October 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.belfastlive.co.uk/news/new-officers-register-dna-database-13733517 Belfast Live: New officers will have to register on a DNA database, PSNI reveals (8th October 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.piratefm.co.uk/news/latest-news/2289933/brothers-to-appeal-over-wadebridge-murders/ Pirate FM: Brothers to appeal over Wadebridge murders? (16th May 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/15213148.CSI_Strathclyde__how_university_forensic_experts_helped_solve_some_of_the_most_high_profile_crimes_of_the_past_fifty_years/ The Herald: CSI Strathclyde: how university forensic experts helped solve some of the most high-profile crimes of the past fifty years (9th April 017)]<br />
**[http://www.scunthorpetelegraph.co.uk/what-are-your-rights-if-police-arrest-you-the-key-questions-answered-from-handcuffs-to-charges/story-30253882-detail/story.html Scunthorpe Telegraph: What are your rights if police arrest you? The key questions answered, from handcuffs to charges (8th April 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/legal-updates/dna--an-unstoppable-march/5060258.article Law Gazette: DNA – an unstoppable march? (20th March 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.burtonmail.co.uk/forensics-expert-john-beckwith-lifts-the-lid-on-how-dna-has-solved-serious-historic-burton-crimes/story-30091644-detail/story.html Burton Mail: Forensics expert John Beckwith lifts the lid on how DNA has solved serious historic Burton crimes (1st March 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.policeoracle.com/news/police_it_and_technology/2017/Feb/23/dna-database-most-effective--since-records-began-_94218.html Police Oracle: DNA database most effective since records began (24th February 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.policeoracle.com/news/investigation/2017/Jan/13/Government-department-to-access-DNA-database-in-bid-to-close-fake-dads-paternity-loophole_93864.html Police Oracle: Government Department to access DNA database in bid to close 'fake dads' paternety loophole. (13th January 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-38527830 BBC: Forensic science standards 'at significant risk' (6th January 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/5180/desc/despite-brexit-uk-committed-to-eu-biometric-database/ Despite Brexit, UK committed to EU biometric database (2nd November 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jun/07/killer-dna-evidence-genetic-profiling-criminal-investigation The Guardian: Killer breakthrough – the day DNA evidence first nailed a murderer (7th June 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/27/dna-and-fingerprints-of-50000-repeat-teenage-offenders-deleted-a/ The Telegraph: DNA and fingerprints of 50,000 repeat teenage offenders deleted after software error by police (27th May 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.thequint.com/hot-wire/2016/05/27/dna-profiles-of-hundreds-of-terror-suspects-destroyed-in-uk The Quint: DNA Profiles of Hundreds of Terror Suspects Destroyed in UK (27th May 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/4530/desc/fears-in-uk-over-deletion-of-terror-suspects-biometric-profiles/ Planet Biometrics: Fears in UK over deletion of terror suspects’ biometric profiles (27th May 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/latest-news/507017/police-mix-DNA-evidence-errors-98-cases-Adam-Scott-case Daily Star: DNA divvies: Police errors result in evidence mix-ups in 98 cases last year (10th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201604/documents-reveal-uk-governments-out-of-court-settlements-over-unlawful-biometrics-storage Biometric Update: Documents reveal UK government’s out-of-court settlements over unlawful biometrics storage (9th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/04/05/home_office_settlements/ The Register: Home Office seeks secret settlements over unlawful DNA retention (5th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-35783475 BBC: Wiping of DNA and fingerprint records 'puts public safety at risk' (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/dna-profiles-and-fingerprints-of-7800-on-police-counterterrorism-database-34532285.html Belfast Telegraph: DNA profiles and fingerprints of 7,800 on police counter-terrorism database (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/mar/11/uk-police-hold-dna-profiles-of-7800-terrorism-suspects The Guardian: UK police hold DNA profiles of 7,800 terrorism suspects (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.rt.com/uk/335286-dna-profiles-terror-suspects/ RT: DNA profiles of 7,800 terror suspects held in police database (11th March, 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/03/11/potential_terrorists_roam_uk_while_police_lose_their_biometrics_details/ The Register: 7,800 people's biometric data held on police anti-terrorism database (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.ukauthority.com/news/6047/police-national-database-still-holds-illegal-photos UK Authority: Police National Database still holds 'illegal' photos (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=25632 Police Professionals: Failure to retain DNA records ‘risking public safety’, says Biometrics Commissioner (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/4270/desc/britains-biometrics-commissioner-in-dna-warning/ Planet Biometrics (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://home.bt.com/news/uk-news/dna-profiles-of-7800-people-on-police-counter-terrorism-database-11364045522485 BT: DNA profiles and prints of 7,800 people on police counter-terrorism database (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://thejusticegap.com/2016/03/12812/ The Justice Gap: Ministers need to reinstate a national forensic science service – and quickly (21st March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-35254521 BBC News: Paternity test dad Vernon Poppleton used brother's DNA (7th January, 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/conservative-berwick-mp-rebels-over-10575572 Chronicle Live: Conservative Berwick MP rebels over plans for UK to join EU crime database (10th December 2015)]<br />
**[https://uk.news.yahoo.com/eurosceptic-theresa-may-calls-mps-160727893.html#dABsF8p Yahoo News: Eurosceptic Theresa May calls for MPs to back EU DNA database in House of Commons debate (8th December 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.itv.com/news/2015-12-08/uk-to-decide-whether-to-join-bond-esque-eu-dna-database/ ITV: UK to decide whether to join Bond-esque EU DNA database (8th December 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/3818/desc/uk-mps-to-vote-on-joining-european-biometric-database/ Planet Biometrics: UK MPs to vote on joining European biometric, DNA database (30th November)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=24904 Police Professional: Home Office urges Prüm opt in (27th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/12019174/Britain-should-join-controversial-EU-crime-database-says-Government.html The Telegraph: Britain should join controversial EU crime database, says Government (26th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-34937158 BBC News: UK ministers outline case for joining EU DNA database scheme (26th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/nov/23/mps-vote-joining-european-police-dna-fingerprint-database The Guardian: MPs to vote on joining European police DNA database (23th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-attacks-france-calls-for-britain-to-give-european-police-access-to-dna-database-a6738471.html Independent: Paris attacks: France calls for Britain to give European police access to DNA database (17th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.information-age.com/technology/security/123460503/whos-more-likely-rob-britains-freedom-isis-or-conservative-party Information Age: Who’s more likely to rob Britain’s freedom: ISIS or the Conservative party? (16th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3318975/Big-Brother-tsar-demands-police-wipe-innocent-people-s-photos-database-18-MILLION-mugshots.html Daily Mail: 'Big Brother tsar' demands police wipe innocent people's photos from database of 18 MILLION mugshots (15th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.journalpioneer.com/Opinion/Columnists/2015-11-10/article-4339029/EASTERN-PASSAGES%3A-Hanged-by-a-thread/1 Journal Pioneer: Eastern passages: Hanged by a thread (10th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/11982516/British-police-face-deluge-of-foreign-DNA-requests-if-UK-joins-EU-crime-database-says-report.html The Telegraph: British police face deluge of foreign DNA requests if UK joins EU crime database, says report (8th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.itv.com/news/granada/2015-11-05/police-use-dna-to-track-down-diners-who-skipped-the-bill/ ITV: Police use DNA to track down diners who skipped the bill (5th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://news.sky.com/story/1572942/rapist-jailed-after-needle-in-a-haystack-hunt Sky News: Rapist Jailed After 'Needle In A Haystack' Hunt (20th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://findbiometrics.com/rapidhit-dna-uk-police-210135/ Find Biometrics: RapidHIT DNA Identification a Hit with UK Police (13th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/3635/desc/biometrics-commissioner-raises-police-face-database-fears/ Planet Biometrics: Biometrics Commissioner raises police face database fears (13th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201510/key-forensic-services-purchases-rapid-dna-system-from-integenx Biometric Update: Key Forensic Services purchases rapid DNA system from IntegenX (4th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/3587/desc/uks-key-forensic-services-buys-rapid-dna-system/ Planet Biometrics: UK’s Key Forensic Services buys Rapid DNA system (1st October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.computerworlduk.com/it-leadership/police-ict-company-ceo-on-austerity-transformation-plans-save-millions-3624427/ Computer World UK: Police ICT Company CEO Martin Wyke on austerity, transformation and plans to save millions (2nd September 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.labnews.co.uk/features/building-case-27-08-2015/ Laboratory News: Building a case: (27th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://finance.yahoo.com/news/rapidhit-dna-profile-uploaded-uk-100000828.html BusinessWire: RapidHIT DNA Profile Uploaded to UK National DNA Database Identifies Dangerous Sex Offender While Suspect in Custody (24th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201508/rapid-dna-results-uploaded-for-the-first-time-to-uks-dna-database Biometric Update: Rapid DNA results uploaded for the first time to UK’s DNA database (19th August 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.policeoracle.com/news/police_it_and_technology/2015/Aug/13/breakthrough-machine-now-being-used-to-upload-genetic-profiles-onto-database_89231.html Police Oracle: Breakthrough machine now being used to upload genetic profiles to database (13th August 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-33784571 BBC: DNA samples copied and held for Troubles investigations (5th August 2015)] Reports retention of DNA profiles in Northern Ireland.<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3174798/Deadbeat-dads-refuse-pay-offspring-face-DNA-database-checks.html Daily Mail: 'Deadbeat dads' who refuse to pay for their offspring face DNA database checks in child maintenance crackdown (26th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=21781 Police Professional: PSNI DNA retention lawful (14th May 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/may/13/retention-of-offenders-dna-does-not-breach-privacy-supreme-court-rules The Guardian: Retention of offenders' DNA profiles not illegal, supreme court rules (13th May 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.bristolpost.co.uk/Avon-Somerset-Police-s-forensic-spending-falls-40/story-26457785-detail/story.html Avon and Somerset Police's forensic spending falls by 40 per cent in seven years (8th May 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/unease-over-police-trial-of-hitech-dna-machines-amid-fears-that-civil-liberties-could-be-infringed-10193791.html The Independent: Unease over police trial of hi-tech DNA machines amid fears that civil liberties could be infringed (21st April 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.littlehamptongazette.co.uk/news/regional/murder-police-dna-screening-plea-1-6675562 Littlehampton Gazette: Murder police DNA screening plea(7th April 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.computing.co.uk/ctg/news/2398702/government-has-failed-to-provide-guidelines-on-use-of-biometric-data-warn-mps Government has failed to provide guidelines on use of biometric data, warn MPs (9th March 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/britain-criticised-for-dna-hold-up-keeping-an-innocent-man-locked-up-in-spanish-prison-10031429.html The Independent: Britain criticised for DNA hold up keeping an innocent man locked up in Spanish prison (8th February 2015)]<br />
**[http://thejusticegap.com/2015/01/police-forensics-risk-criminal-cases-nao-warns/ Police forensics ‘a risk’ to criminal cases, spending watchdog warns (26th January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=20204 Police Professional: Police spending on forensics 'inconsistent' (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/privatisation-of-forensic-services-a-threat-to-justice-and-putting-the-work-in-police-hands-would-be-disastrous-warn-experts-9991356.html The Independent: Privatisation of forensic services 'threat to justice' and putting the work in police hands would be 'disastrous,' warn experts (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-30909722 BBC: Warning by spending watchdog over forensic science work (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://news.stv.tv/scotland/307287-mass-voluntary-dna-screening-in-case-of-valerie-graves-in-bosham/ STV: Mass voluntary DNA screening to find killer of house-sitting Scot (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2914932/The-DNA-photofit-Amazing-breakthrough-means-police-tell-suspect-s-colour-height-age-tiny-speck-blood.html The DNA photofit: Amazing breakthrough means police can tell suspect's colour, height and even age – from a tiny speck of blood (17th January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thedetail.tv/articles/genetic-profile-of-123-000-people-on-ni-s-dna-database Genetic profile of 123,000 people on NI's DNA database (14th January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/dec/16/foreogn-criminals-data-police-records-biometrics The Guardian: Foreign criminals’ data taken off police records (16th December 2014)]<br />
**[http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/572081/20141107/australia-uk-dna-polce-usa-canada.htm#.VGHb2cnvaSo International Business Times: Australia and UK Sign Pact For DNA Database Sharing Among Police Forces To Check Serious Crimes (7th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://rt.com/uk/202919-uk-australia-dna-database/ RT: UK, Australia to share DNA database to aid international crime solving (6th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/australian-police-in-dna-access-deal-with-british-counterparts/story-fn59niix-1227114004691 The Australian: Australian police in DNA access deal with British counterparts (5th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2014/nov/06/australian-and-british-police-to-share-their-dna-databases The Guardian: Australian and British police to share their DNA databases (5th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://online.wsj.com/articles/spain-threatens-u-k-s-inclusion-in-eu-justice-cooperation-1412881174 Spain Threatens U.K.’s Inclusion in EU Justice Cooperation (9th October 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/09/30/scrap_human_rights_act_chris_grayling_privacy_freedom_expression/ The Register: Scrapping the Human Rights Act: What about privacy and freedom of expression? (30th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2767453/DNA-blunders-mean-murderers-rapists-convictions-overturned-Home-Office-admits-misleading-evidence-presented-juries.html Daily Mail: DNA blunders mean murderers and rapists could have convictions overturned: Home Office admits misleading evidence has been presented to juries (24th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/european-convention-on-human-rights-what-has-it-ever-done-for-us-9773928.html The Independent: European Convention on Human Rights: What has it ever done for us? (3rd October 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201409/guidelines-for-uk-police-chiefs-on-applications-to-retain-use-biometrics Guidelines for UK police chiefs on applications to retain & use biometric material (29th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.scotsman.com/news/how-dna-fingerprint-left-its-mark-on-justice-1-3533752 The Scotsman: How DNA fingerprint left its mark on justice (8th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/11382557.Commissioner_helps_to_speed_DNA_checks/?ref=rss Lancashire Telegraph: Commissioner helps to speed DNA checks (1st August 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2708277/DNA-testing-crime-scene-investigations-soon-identify-criminals-matter-HOURS.html DNA-testing for crime scene investigations will soon identify criminals in a matter of HOURS (28th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/crime-courts/police-storing-dna-samples-of-children-as-young-as-10-x.24764874 Herald: Police storing DNA samples of children as young as 10 (16th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.heraldscotland.com/comment/herald-view/storing-childrens-dna-and-issue-of-civil-liberties.24733748 Herald: Storing children's DNA and issue of civil liberties (16th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2689894/Police-plea-share-DNA-clues-EU-foreign-criminals.html Daily Mail: Police in plea to share DNA clues with EU - because we have so many foreign criminals (12th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.scotsman.com/news/uk/eu-set-for-more-policing-powers-1-3467441 The Scotsman: EU set for ‘more policing’ powers (8th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/486945/Cameron-could-give-more-police-powers-to-Brussels-DNA-database The Express: Now David Cameron 'considers giving POLICING powers to Brussels', leaked documents reveal (5th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/05/david-cameron-eu-talks-police-cooperation The Guardian: David Cameron in talks with EU leaders over international DNA database (5th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-28130767 BBC: Marion Crofts murder: Tony Jasinskyj's appeal refused(2nd July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.labmate-online.com/articles/laboratory-products/3/tracy_alexander/dna_collection_and_interpretation/1590/ Labmate: DNA: Collection and Interpretation (12th March 2014)]<br />
**[http://ampp3d.mirror.co.uk/2014/01/15/nearly-6-million-of-us-are-on-the-dna-database-does-it-make-you-feel-any-safer/ Nearly 6 million of us are on the DNA database. Does it make you feel any safer? (15th January 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.nottinghampost.com/Ex-offender-74-wins-right-provide-sample-DNA/story-19891968-detail/story.html Nottingham Post: Ex-offender from Nottingham wins right not to provide a sample of his DNA (5th October 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24207612 BBC: Operation Nutmeg: Court could force police to destroy DNA (24th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24224506 BBC: Court rejects ex-prisoner's DNA sample challenge (24th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24224506 The Guardian: Ex-prisoner fails to halt police DNA-collection programme (24th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2429637/One-year-old-baby-thousands-children-DNA-taken-police.html Daily Mail: One-year-old baby among thousands of children who have had their DNA taken by police (22nd September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-police-take-dna-samples-6073851 Wales Online: Welsh police take DNA samples from more than 5,500 children (22nd September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/police-take-dna-children-criminal-2259291 Mirror: Police take DNA from children in criminal investigations (8th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://esciencenews.com/articles/2013/08/14/forensic.familial.search.methods.carry.risk.certain.false.matches e! Science News: Forensic familial search methods carry risk of certain false matches (14th August 2013)] There is a video abstract and general public explanation video available for this research.<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-23683910 BBC: University of Leicester cat DNA database to be used for solving crime (14th August 2013)]<br />
** [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23436303 BBC: Forensics upheaval 'threat to justice', MPs warn (25th July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2013/jul/08/britain-european-arrest-warrant-reform The Guardian: Britain to keep European arrest warrant but try to reform it (8th July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/police-told-to-explain-use-of-unregulated-dna-database-8651380.html The Independent: Police told to explain use of unregulated DNA database (9th June 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2013/may/20/police-retain-dna-thousands-children The Guardian: Police retain DNA from thousands of children (20th May 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22595835 BBC: Police swabbing of child DNA excessive, says charity (20th May 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/police-bosses-tell-cops-don%E2%80%99t-target-gays-dna-roundup180113 GayStarNews: Police bosses tell cops: don’t target gays in DNA roundup (18th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.eadt.co.uk/news/ipswich_victory_after_man_s_six_year_battle_to_have_dna_records_removed_from_police_records_1_1796207 EADT24: Ipswich: Victory after man’s six-year battle to have DNA records removed from police records (18th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.politics.co.uk/news/2013/01/17/outrage-grows-over-gay-dna-witchhunt Politics.co.uk: Outrage grows over gay DNA witchhunt (17th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2261239/Stephen-Close-Police-demand-DNA-sample-soldier-gay-relationship-Army.html?ITO=1490&ns_mchannel=rss&ns_campaign=1490 Daily Mail: Police demand DNA sample from former soldier because he had gay relationship in the Army 30 years ago (12th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2259319/EU-demands-access-details-UK-drivers-Orwellian-hand-personal-information-foreign-police-forces.html?ito=feeds-newsxml Daily Mail: EU demands access to details of all UK drivers: ‘Orwellian’ move to hand out personal information to foreign police forces (9th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/9628235/Rapists-feared-still-at-large-as-police-fail-to-update-DNA-database.html The Telegraph: Rapists feared still at large as police fail to update DNA database (23rd October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2211365/Adam-Scott-Innocent-man-spent-FIVE-MONTHS-prison-forensics-mix-meant-falsely-accused-rape.html Daily Mail: Innocent man spent FIVE MONTHS in prison after forensics mix-up meant he was falsely accused of rape (1st October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19782917 BBC: DNA rape sample procedures ‘not adequate’ (1st October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.littlehamptongazette.co.uk/news/sussex-police-collect-ex-cons-dna-for-national-database-1-4321532 Littlehampton Gazette: Sussex Police collect ex-cons’ DNA for national database (1st October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2012/sep/27/ex-offenders-targeted-dna-database The Guardian: Thousands of ex-offenders targeted in drive to add to DNA database (27th September 2012)]<br />
**[http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1588993_police-order-thousands-of-dna-samples-from-ex-convicts-in-greater-manchester Manchester Evening News: Police order thousands of DNA samples from ex-convicts in Greater Manchester (18th September 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.zdnet.com/blog/london/london-police-8216hack-suspects-phones-a-major-blow-to-human-rights/4775 ZDNet: London police ‘hack’ suspects’ phones: A major blow to human rights (18th May 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/privatisation-is-a-catastrophe-warns-godfather-of-forensics-7606789.html The Independent: Privatisation is a catastrophe, warns godfather of forensics (2nd April 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2114252/Teenager-spends-months-bars-DNA-blunder-fingers-rape-city-visited.html Daily Mail: DNA database in doubt after teenager spends three months behind bars for rape in city he has never even visited because gene samples were mixed up (13th March 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2012/mar/08/forensics-blunder-convictions The Guardian: Forensics blunder ‘may endanger convictions’ (8th March 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.economist.com/node/21543121 The Economist: Ignorance is bliss (21st January 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21128285.500-euro-dna-treaty-risks-false-positives.html?DCMP=OTC-rss&nsref=online-news#.UebhRG3OB0M New Scientist: DNA super-network increases risk of mix-ups (5th September 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13440012 BBC Online: DNA and fingerprint guidelines ‘unlawful’ (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/guidelines-on-dna-samples-unlawful-2285712.html The Independent: Guidelines on DNA samples unlawful (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.publicservice.co.uk/news_story.asp?id=15673 Public Service: Police DNA retention policy ‘unlawful’ (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://ukhumanrightsblog.com/2011/05/18/retention-of-dna-breaches-article-8-says-supreme-court/ UK Human Rights blog: Retention of DNA breaches human right to privacy, says Supreme Court (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/libertycentral/2011/may/18/dna-retention-supreme-court-police The Guardian: DNA retention judgment won’t see discriminatory policy destroyed (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/03/03/ico_freedoms_bill/ The Register: Supreme Court: DNA database retention regs are unlawful (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/may/18/police-dna-database-supreme-court The Guardian: Police breaking law by keeping DNA of the innocent, supreme court rules (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/mar/05/dna-rules-will-restore-trust The Guardian: New DNA rules will restore public trust [Letter] (5th March 2011])<br />
**[http://www.publicservice.co.uk/news_story.asp?id=15673 Public Service: Government store DNA of over 6 million (4th March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/05/18/supreme_court_dna_database_ruling/ The Register: ICO evidence raises Freedoms Bill data worries (3rd March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-12536138 BBC: How Protection of Freedoms Bill will work (1st March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=18987 ITN: Government to curb DNA database (1st March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=18987 The Voice: Innocent black Brits may get their DNA removed from database (22nd February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/columnists/philipjohnston/8324874/The-Coalitions-Freedom-Bill-is-a-blow-against-the-snoopers-and-clampers.html The Telegraph: The coalition’s Freedom Bill is a blow against the snoopers and clampers (15th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.24dash.com/blogs/lynne_featherstone_mp/2011/02/13/Freedoms-Bill/ 24dash.com: Freedoms Bill (13th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12433116 BBC: DNA profiles to be deleted from police database (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1356198/DNA-database-purge-Victory-Mail-records-1m-innocent-people-removed.html#ixzz1DsbppVHm Daily Mail: DNA database purge: Victory for the Mail as records of 1m innocent people removed (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/8318900/DNA-of-up-to-a-million-to-be-wiped-under-Freedom-Bill.html The Telegraph: DNA of up to a million to be wiped under Freedom Bill (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/feb/11/dna-profiles-deleted-police-database The Guardian: DNA profiles to be deleted from police database (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.dailyexpress.co.uk/posts/view/228588/At-last-victory-over-Labour-s-army-of-snoops/ Daily Express: At last, victory over Labour’s army of snoops (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2011/feb/11/criminal-checks-eased-freedom-bill The Guardian: Criminal checks on people working with children to be eased (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-a-victory-for-civil-liberties-ndash-and-a-challenge-for-labour-2209670.html Independent: A victory for civil liberties – and a challenge for Labour (10th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/8317257/Nick-Clegg-were-restoring-hard-won-British-liberties.html The Telegraph: Nick Clegg; we’re restoring hard won British liberties (10th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/id-cards-go-up-in-flames-in-first-step-to-tackle-database-state-2209936.html The Independent: ID cards go up in flames in first step to tackle ‘database state’ (10th February 2010)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8691753.stm BBC: Deputy Prime Minister’s Reform Speech (19th May 2010)]<br />
**[http://www.publicservice.co.uk/news_story.asp?id=15673 Public Service: Government store DNA of over 6 million (4th March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20527424.700-unreliable-evidence-time-to-open-up-dna-databases.html?full=true New Scientist: Unreliable evidence? Time to open up DNA Databases (6th January 2010)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8434713.stm BBC Online: Innocent people face DNA database ‘shambles’ (31st December 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1877525.ece The Times: From schoolboy squabble to DNA database in one easy step – if you’re black (24th November 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8375567.stm BBC Online: New safeguards urged over routine police DNA tests (24th November 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1223688/DNA-innocents-kept-database-years.html The Daily Mail: DNA of innocents will be kept on database for six years (29th October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/oct/28/dna-database-innocent-profiles The Guardian: Innocent suspects’ profiles still reaching DNA database (28th October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1877336.ece The Times: Record number of DNA samples taken but crimes solved with them are down (22nd October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/6399228/Crimes-solved-by-DNA-drop-by-a-fifth.html The Telegraph: Crimes solved by DNA drop by a fifth (22nd October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/oct/21/dna-database-convictions-fall The Guardian: Detections using DNA database fall despite huge rise in profiles (21st October)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/oct/19/innocent-dna-database The Guardian: Home Office climbs down over keeping DNA records of innocent (19th October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/6056725/Tory-MP-Damian-Green-has-DNA-profile-deleted-from-database.html The Telegraph: Tory MP Damian Green has DNA profile deleted from database (20th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/18/science/18dna.html?_r=2&hp New York Times: DNA evidence can be fabricated, scientists show (17th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=16083 The Voice: DNA database is damaging race relations, says expert (17th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1205867/300-children-day-added-DNA-database-400-000-15s-Big-Brother-roll.html Daily Mail: 300 children a day added to DNA database (12th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/aug/09/police-dna-database-black-children The Observer: ‘Racist bias’ blamed for disparity in police DNA database (9th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/aug/07/dna-database-police-advice The Guardian: Police told to ignore human rights ruling over database (7th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/5990033/Equality-watchdog-warns-DNA-plans-break-law.html The Telegraph: Equality watchdog warns DNA plans break law (7th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/5444332/Police-arrest-innocent-youths-for-their-DNA-officer-claims.html The Telegraph: Police arrest innocent youths for the DNA, officer claims (4th June 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1185060/Driver-thrown-police-cell-DVLA-office-blunder-wrong-shade-green-MOT-certificate.html Daily Mail: Driver thrown in police cell after DVLA office blunder (21st May 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/apr/17/damian-green-arrest-jacqui-smith The Guardian: DPP’s verdict on papers leaked in Damian Green affair – Not a threat to security (17th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/apr/15/jeffreys-dna-database-human-rights-police The Guardian: DNA pioneer Alec Jeffreys: drop innocent from database (15th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/5109248/Police-will-be-banned-from-keeping-DNA-of-innocent-people-pledge-Tories.html The Telegraph: Police will be banned from keeping DNA of innocent people, pledge Tories (6th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.politics.co.uk/news/legal-and-constitutional/tories-promise-to-reform-dna-database-$1285967.htm Politics.co.uk: Tories promise to reform DNA database (6th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.crosbyherald.co.uk/news/crosby-news/2009/04/02/teenager-arrested-by-southport-police-for-handing-in-mobile-phone-68459-23291295/ The Crosby Herald: Teen arrested by police for handing in phone (2nd April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/5078599/Five-million-people-now-on-DNA-database.html The Telegraph: Five million people now on database (31st March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.computing.co.uk/computing/news/2239421/dna-database-grows-per-cent-two Computing: DNA database grows by 38 per cent in two years (30th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7966641.stm BBC Online: ‘DNA bungle’ haunts German police (28th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/the_daily_politics/7968121.stm BBC Politics Show: Time for a universal DNA database? (27th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/the_daily_politics/7968054.stm BBC Politics Show: MP’s battle over DNA database (27th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.thisisplymouth.co.uk/news/know-feel-Truman/article-848720-detail/article.html The Plymouth Herald: I know how you feel, Mr Truman (26th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/the-big-question-are-there-illegal-government-databases-and-what-can-we-do-about-it-1652623.html The Independent: The Big Question: Are there illegal Government databases and what can we do about it? (24th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-1164291/ROSS-CLARK-As-report-condemns-government-databases--Big-Brother-wasting-billions.html The Daily Mail: As report condemns Government databases…Big Brother is wasting your billions (24th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7955205.stm BBC Online: Call to scrap ‘illegal’ databases (23rd March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/mar/19/dna-database-comment The Guardian: Mark Thomas: How I got my genes deleted (19th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/libertycentral/2009/mar/16/dna-database-civil-liberties The Guardian: Question Eight: DNA Database (16th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/4966168/DNA-of-one-year-old-baby-stored-on-national-database.html The Telegraph: DNA of one-year-old baby stored on national database (10th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/03/02/dna_dbase_stalling/ The Register: Three months on, you still can’t get off the DNA Database (2nd March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/feb/27/dna-database-justice The Guardian: Government plans to keep DNA samples of innocent (27th February 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/feb/27/dna-database-children-criminal-record The Guardian: DNA details of 1.1m children on database (27th February 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1137022/Banish-Big-Brother-The-states-surveillance-powers-curbed-say-Lords.html The Daily Mail: Banish Big Brother: The state’s surveillance powers must be curbed, say Lords (6th February 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/12/17/david_mery_reclaim_your_dna/ The Register: Don’t delay: Delete your DNA (17th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-1094963/JAMES-SLACK-The-EUs-Big-Brother-database-poses-threat-liberties.html Daily Mail: The EU’s Big Brother database poses a threat to our liberties (16th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-a-victory-for-civil-liberties-ndash-but-the-larger-war-still-rages-1052547.html The Independent: A victory for civil liberties – but the larger war still rages (5th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1091880/One-million-innocent-people-profiles-wiped-Britains-DNA-database-court-ruling.html The Daily Mail: One million innocent people could have their profiles wiped from Britain’s ‘Orwellian’ DNA database after court ruling (5th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7765484.stm BBC Online: Europe DNA ruling resonates in UK (4th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/3547773/DNA-database-Campaigners-welcome-ruling-that-DNA-holding-breaches-human-rights.html The Telegraph: Campaigners welcome ruling that DNA-holding breaches human rights (4th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/liverpool-news/regional-news/2008/11/19/police-order-child-s-dna-to-be-removed-from-database-64375-22290909/ Liverpool Daily Post: Police order child’s DNA to be removed from database (19th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/3473483/More-than-one-million-added-to-the-DNA-database-as-children.html The Telegraph: More than one million added to the DNA database as children (17th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/3418649/Crimes-solved-by-DNA-evidence-fall-despite-millions-being-added-to-database.html The Telegraph: Crimes solved by DNA evidence fall despite millions being added to database (10th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/11/06/dna_database_special/page2.html The Register: The DNA Database and You (6th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/north-wales-news/2008/10/30/one-in-11-from-north-wales-on-dna-file-55578-22148188/ Daily Post North Wales: One in 11 from North Wales on DNA file (30th October 2008) 30th October 2008]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1078821/New-law-allow-police-collect-DNA-secret-teacups.html The Daily Mail: New law to allow police to collect DNA in secret from teacups (19th October 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.christiantoday.com/article/black.church.leaders.concerned.over.criminal.dna.database/20635.htm Christian Today: Black church leaders concerned over criminal DNA database (18th July 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/06/29/brown_dna_database_innocent_genewatch/ The Register: Gordo’s DNA database claims branded ‘ridiculous’ (29th June 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=/opinion/2008/06/09/do0902.xml The Telegraph: MPs must act now to set limits on snooping (9th June 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.vision.org/visionmedia/article.aspx?id=4824 Reuters: Watchdog criticises plan to share DNA data (15th May 2008)]<br />
**[http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/joepublic/2008/05/the_scandal_of_criminalising_m.html The Guardian: The scandal of ‘criminalising’ mental health patients (12th May 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1929849/DNA-bank-solves-one-crime-per-800-profiles.html The Telegraph: DNA bank solves one crime per 800 profiles (6th May 2008)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7341251.stm BBC Online: DNA technique ‘fit for purpose’ (11th April 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.sundaymirror.co.uk/news/sunday/2008/04/06/40-000-kids-put-on-dna-crimes-list-98487-20373651/ The Sunday Mirror: 40,000 kids put on DNA crimes list (6th April 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/mar/16/youthjustice.children The Observer: Put young children on DNA list urge police (16th March 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=528857&in_page_id=1770 The Daily Mail: 1.5m children will have DNA taken next year amid claims of universal database ‘by stealth’ (9th March 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.computing.co.uk/computing/news/2211158/met-police-chief-calls-european Computing: Met police chief calls for European DNA database (5th March 2008)]<br />
**[http://blackmentalhealth.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=281&Itemid=117 Black Mental Health UK: Sarah Teather tells House of Commons DNA database discriminates (1st March 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/feb/28/ukcrime.forensicscience The Guardian: Mixed results (28th February)]<br />
**[http://www.newstatesman.com/200802280017 New Statesman: Spare pairs of genes (28th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article3448837.ece The Times: CCTV and DNA advances add to bills but minister calls rises unacceptable (28th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/technology/technology.html?in_article_id=519568&in_page_id=1965 The Daily Mail: One in eight samples filed under innocent names in Government blunder (27th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.publictechnology.net/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=14351 Public Technology: Home Office Minister rejects call for a national citizen DNA database (25th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=518416&in_page_id=1770 The Daily Mail: Police in retreat after public backlash over their demands for a DNA database (25th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=518151&in_page_id=1770 The Daily Mail; Home Office retreat from plans to extend ‘nation of suspects’ DNA database to include litterbugs (24th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article3423450.ece The Sunday Times: Should Britain have a compulsory DNA database? (24th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theherald.co.uk/news/news/display.var.2067932.0.Police_we_must_keep_DNA_of_everyone_arrested.php The Glasgow Herald: Police: we must keep DNA of everyone arrested (23rd February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2008/feb/23/ukcrime The Guardian: Calls for compulsory DNA database rejected (23rd February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2008/feb/21/conservatives.police The Guardian: Inquiry as Tories attack DNA failure (21st February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article3401745.ece The Times: Gordon Brown admits assaults committed while DNA data disc lost (20th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article3399712.ece The Times: Disc listing foreign criminals lost for a year (20th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2008/feb/13/ukguns.police The Guardian: Stop! Armed police! Put down your MP3 player (13th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7230487.stm BBC Online: Clegg attacks surveillance UK (6th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/01/07/delete_your_dna_profile/print.html The Register: How to delete your DNA Profile (7th January 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=491714&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Big Brother UK: Police now hold DNA ‘fingerprints’ of 4.5 million Britons (5th November 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/11/04/ndna104.xml The Telegraph: Police retain DNA of ‘petty crime suspects’ (5th November 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/law/article2210263.ece The Times: Police told to erase ‘irrelevant’ crime records (1st November 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/health/advice/article1790236.ece The Times: Policing the gene pool (29th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9867324 The Economist: Learning to live with Big Brother (27th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7161/full/449377b.html Nature: Genome abuse (26th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1873220.ece The Times: DNA database ‘puts innocent under suspicion’ (18th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/09/17/dna_purge/ The Register: Innocent ‘terror techie’ purges DNA records (17th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/europe/article2595861.ece The Times: Inside the world where experts try to unlock DNA clues (15th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23412351-details/Outrage%20as%20DNA%20profile%20of%20seven-month-old%20baby%20is%20added%20to%20register/article.do Evening Standard: Outrage as DNA profile of seven-month old baby is added to DNA database (15th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=482410&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Innocent people’s DNA ‘must not be kept on national database’ (10th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2007/09/11/226664/dna-plan-would-require-san-the-size-of-belgium.htm Computer Weekly: DNA plan would require SAN the size of Belgium (11th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.scotsman.com/politics.cfm?id=1419912007 The Scotsman: Judge opens hornets’ nest with call for everyone’s DNA to go on record (6th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6979138.stm BBC Online: All UK ‘must be on DNA database’ (5th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23411070-details/Top+minister+backs+judge%27s+calls+for+DNA+database+registration+for+all/article.do Evening Standard: Ministers accused of trying to build DNA database by stealth (5th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6979490.stm BBC Online: DNA database call prompts concern (5th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23406663-details/Beware:+Minor+offences+could+land+you+on+DNA+database...for+life/article.do Evening Standard: Speeding drivers face DNA swabs under Big Brother powers (1st August 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1873007.ece The Times: Police want DNA from speeding drivers and litterbugs on database (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/08/02/ndna102.xml The Telegraph: Litter lout DNA samples a step too far (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2826207.ece The Independent: Police DNA database ‘risks criminalising non-offenders’ (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=472544&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Government accused on DNA samples (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://politics.guardian.co.uk/homeaffairs/story/0,,2139675,00.html The Guardian: Police may be given powers to take DNA samples on the street (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://politics.guardian.co.uk/homeaffairs/story/0,,2089265,00.html The Observer: Civil rights fears over DNA for everyone (27th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=457046&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Police put 100,000 innocent children on DNA Database (23rd May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/23/ndna23.xml The Telegraph: DNA file on 100,000 innocent children]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/humanrights/story/0,,2084290,00.html The Guardian: ‘Orwellian’ CCTV in shires alarms senior police officer (21st May 2001)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/crime/article/0,,2084659,00.html The Guardian: Plan to identify potential offenders condemned (21st May)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/19/ncrime19.xml The Telegraph: DNA police revisit high profile murder cases (19th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2556459.ece The Independent: DNA database blunder ‘could have resulted in 200 crimes’ (18th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/localnews/display.var.1404197.0.youths_warned_not_to_use_fake_id.php The Argus: Youths warned not to use fake ID (17th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisisthenortheast.co.uk/display.var.1404576.0.peer_calls_for_babies_dna_to_stored.php The Northern Echo: Peer calls for babies’ DNA to be stored (17th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6665267.stm BBC Online: DNA failings ‘missed 183 crimes’ (17th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/story/0,,2079721,00.html The Guardian: A database of prejudice (15th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://new.edp24.co.uk/content/news/story.aspx?brand=EDPOnline&category=News&tBrand=EDPOnline&tCategory=news&itemid=NOED10%20May%202007%2008%3A09%3A49%3A133 EDP-24 (Norfolk): Car crime victims must foot the bill (10th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=453739&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Fears over innocent Britons’ DNA being given to European police forces (9th May)]<br />
**[http://www.blink.org.uk/pdescription.asp?key=14682&grp=30&cat=138 Black Information Link: Chained by our genes (3rd May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.computerworlduk.com/technology/applications/databases/news/index.cfm?newsid=2669 Computer World: EU police data-sharing plan draws criticism (19th April 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=445902&in_page_id=1766&in_a_source=&ito=1490 Mail on Sunday: Five civil servants suspended over ‘DNA espionage’ (1st April 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.yorkshiretoday.co.uk/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleID=2194926&SectionID=55 Yorkshire Post: Yorkshire cases to test DNA sampling policy (31st March 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/crime/article/0,,2044296,00.html?gusrc=rss&feed=11 The Guardian: Every child to be screened for risk of turning criminal under Blair justice plan (28th March 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/uk/6452795.stm BBC Online: ‘Retail jails’ could ease police burden (15th March 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml;jsessionid=GAUE2T1MP0CL5QFIQMGCFGGAVCBQUIV0?xml=/news/2007/02/16/ndna16.xml The Telegraph: DNA data deal ‘will create big brother Europe’ (18th February 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=10830 The Voice: Mayor urged to support DNA profiling curb (9th February 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/article209046.ece The Sunday Times: Reid ‘buries’ news that police hold DNA of 1m innocent people (17th December 2006)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/south_yorkshire/6174877.stm BBC: New DNA clue in 1964 murder hunt (13th December 2006)]<br />
**[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2016134.ece The Independent: DNA of suspects’ families to be held on police files (26th November 2006)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/11/05/nrace05.xml The Telegraph: Three in four young black men on the DNA database (5th November 2006)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6104876.stm BBC Online: Fear that DNA use ‘gone too far’ (1st November 2006)]<br />
**[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,1821676,00.html The Observer: Police DNA database is ‘spiraling out of control’(16th July 2006)]<br />
**[http://www.lookingglassnews.org/viewstory.php?storyid=5722 The Independent: More Britons have DNA held by police than rest of world (14th April 2006)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/01/09/ndna09.xml The Telegraph: Huge rise in juvenile DNA samples kept by the police]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/frontpage/story/0,16518,1678168,00.html The Guardian: DNA of 37% of black men held by police]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/01/09/ndna09.xml The Telegraph: Freedom fears as the DNA database expands]<br />
**[http://news.scotsman.com/scitech.cfm?id=680402005 The Scotsman article: Keep DNA of innocent and guilty alike]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=6549 The Voice: 1 in 3 black men are DNA profiled]<br />
**[http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18624944.900 New Scientist: Will DNA profiling fuel prejudice?]<br />
**[http://newswww.bbc.net.uk/1/low/uk_politics/4166559.stm BBC Online: DNA database Big Brother warning]<br />
<br />
== Detailed Analysis ==<br />
'''Note: This section has not yet been updated to include the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012.'''<br />
<br />
Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984 and amendments to PACE : Criminal Justice and Public Order Act (CJPOA) 1994;Criminal Evidence.<br />
<br />
<br />
(Amendment) Act 1997;Criminal Justice and Police Act (CJPA) 001;Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 2003. Changes in the Data Protection Act (DPA) 1998, the Human Rights Act (HRA) 1998 and case law.<ref name="ftn0">E.U. 9445/1/06 at 9.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
Persons convicted of any recordable offence, arrested for any recordable offense, and all crime scene stains<ref name="ftn7">See EU Current Practices at 80-81.</ref> The Counter-Terrorism Act 2008 (c.28) increased police powers for the stated purpose of countering terrorism. It allows speculative searches against DNA profiles held on behalf of the Security Service or Secret Intelligence Service and allows matches to be used “for purposes related to the identification . . . of the person from whom the material came.” In other words, a valid match can be obtained from a reference sample that did not originate from a crime scene.<br />
<br />
<br />
For Scotland: Persons convicted of any recordable offence, arrested for any recordable offense, and all crime scene stains<ref name="ftn6">See EU Current Practices at 81-83.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
England & Wales: The Justice and Public Order Act 1994 allows for the entry of the DNA profiles of all individuals who are charged with any recordable offence or who are convicted of such an offence. All DNA profiles that are derived from crime scene stains are also stored in the NDNAD.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: The Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 allows for the entry of the DNA profiles of those arrested of any recordable offence or who are convicted of such an offence. All DNA profiles that are derived from unidentified crime scene stains are also stored in the database.<br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>England & Wales: Whereas the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) allowed for the coercive taking of ‘non-intimate samples’ such as hair shafts, the Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (JPOA) changed the definition of ‘non-intimate samples’ to include buccal swabs by which police sampling powers were seriously extended. [4]</nowiki><ref name="ftn5">JPOA (1994), § 58.</ref> This provision applies to both crime suspects and convicted offenders who are arrested or convicted of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn4">Id. at § 55.</ref> The police are allowed to take a DNA sample from minors who have reached the age of ten and from mentally ill persons. There are no restrictions to the collection of crime scene samples.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: A constable or a police custody and security officer at a constable’s direction can collect a mouth swab from those arrested of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn8">Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2003, Art. 55, § 2</ref> They may use reasonable force in exercising this power.<ref name="ftn3">Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, Art. 18, § 7.</ref> A constable or a police custody and security officer at a constable’s direction can also coercively collect a mouth swab from those convicted of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn2">Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2003, Art. 55, § 3.</ref> They are allowed to take a DNA sample from minors who have reached the age of ten and from mentally ill persons. There are no restrictions to the collection of unidentified crime scene samples.<br />
<br />
<br />
Convicted persons’ and suspects’ profiles are retained indefinitely and crime scene stains are kept until they have been identified<ref name="ftn1">See EU Current Practices at 81.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
For Scotland: Convicted persons’ profiles are retained indefinitely, suspects’ profiles are retained until the underlying proceeding is abandoned or the individual is acquitted, and crime scene stains are kept until they have been identified<ref name="ftn9">See EU Current Practices at 83.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
England & Wales: The Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 (CJPA) allows for the indefinite retention of the DNA profiles of both crime suspects and convicted offenders who are arrested or convicted of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn10">CJPA (2001), § 82.</ref> This provision also applies to crime suspects who are subsequently acquitted or freed of charges. The DNA profiles which are derived from unidentified crime scene stains are stored in the database until a match is found.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: The DNA profiles of those who are arrested of any recordable offence have to be removed from the database as soon as possible following the decision not to institute criminal proceedings against the person concerned or upon acquittal.<ref name="ftn11">Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, Art. 18, § 3.</ref> The DNA profiles of those convicted of any recordable offence can be retained indefinitely. The DNA profiles which are derived from unidentified crime scene stains are stored in the database until they are identified.<br />
<br />
<br />
All samples are retained indefinitely<ref name="ftn12">See EU Current Practices at 81.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
For Scotland: Convicted persons’ samples are retained indefinitely, but suspects’ samples must be destroyed upon their acquittal or when no criminal proceedings are initiated<ref name="ftn13">See EU Current Practices at 83.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
England & Wales: The CJPA 2001 allows for the indefinite retention of the DNA samples of both crime suspects and convicted offenders who are arrested or convicted of any recordable offence. This provision also applies to crime suspect who are subsequently acquitted or freed of charges.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: The DNA samples of those who are convicted of any recordable offence can be retained indefinitely. Those taken from persons who are arrested of any recordable offence have to be destroyed as soon as possible following the decision not to institute criminal proceedings against the person concerned or upon acquittal.<ref name="ftn15">Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, Art. 18, § 3.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
The Forensic Science Service, an Executive Designated staff employed by the Custodian Security clearance to Counter Terrorism Kingdom Agency of the Home Office, was responsible for the management of the National DNA Database since 1995, through the office of its Chief Scientist as Custodian of the Database, under a Memorandum of Understanding between the FSS and the Association of Chief Police Officers, revised in 2000, 2003 and again in 2005, and the oversight of the National DNA Database Board, chaired by ACPO. In July 2005, the Custodianship was transferred to the Home Office, then shortly thereafter to National Policing Improvement Agency.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: Although they can largely develop their own policies regarding the treatment of profiles and samples which are collected in the course of criminal investigations, it is not entirely correct to consider the databases of Scotland and England & Wales as two separate entities.<ref name="ftn16">P. Johnson & R. Williams, DNA and crime investigation: Scotland and the “UK National DNA Database,” 10 Scottish J. Crim. Justice Stds. 74 (2004).</ref> As Scotland exports all its profiles and unidentified crime scene stains to the NDNAD, the latter in fact contains nearly all UK profiles. As Scotland does not retain the profiles of suspects who are acquitted and against whom no criminal proceedings are instituted, these are the only profiles that stay in the custody of the Scottish police.<br />
<br />
<br />
Oracle platform with Loader (input) and Match reporting database (repository for match information) It is an Oracle 9i database. Profiles are loaded electronically but from CSV files submitted as a batch rather than messaging.<br />
<br />
<br />
All new profiles added to the Database are automatically searched on loading against all profiles held. The search regime uses 4 SGM discriminator loci to identify a matching sub-set which is then searched again using the remaining SGM Plus loci. Both exact and partial matches between Subject/crime scene and crime scene/crime scene are reported immediately (failed or rare alleles are treated as wild ‘cards’). Subject/subject matches are reported periodically.<br />
<br />
<br />
One-off ‘snapshot’ speculative searches of sample profiles that do not meet the criteria for loading to the Database are also carried out using the same search regime. ‘Familial searches’ are also carried out to help identify potential relatives of offenders whose profiles are not on the Database A monthly search is also carried out for ‘near matches’ that differ by only 1 allele; these are then investigated to see if there has been an error in the profiling.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/United_KingdomUnited Kingdom2021-04-28T09:28:24Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Overview ==<br />
The UK’s National DNA Database (NDNAD) was the first to be established, in 1995. Two changes in the law, made by the Blair Government in 2001 and 2003, led to a massive expansion of the database. DNA samples and records were collected routinely from everyone arrested for any recordable offence, from the age of ten, and retained indefinitely whether or not they were charged or convicted. However, the law on retention was reversed following public controversy and a successful challenge in the European Court of Human Rights.<br />
<br />
The 2008 Interpol survey reports that 329,660 crime scene DNA profiles and 5,093,145 individuals' profiles, plus 163 unknown/deceased DNA profiles were held in the UK at the time of the survey. According to Interpol, the UK's DNA database grew to 400,337 crime scene DNA profiles, 6,547,187 reference DNA profiles from individuals, 97 missing persons' DNA profiles, 35 unidentified human remains DNA profiles and 43,888 other DNA profiles in 2011. As at 31 March 2015, the NDNAD held 5,766,369 DNA profiles from individuals and 486,691 from crime scenes, following removal of DNA profiles from innocent people and some children convicted of minor offences. Removing these people from the database has not reduced crime detection rates. <br />
<br />
At 31st March 2020, the DNA database held 5,604,185 DNA profiles from individuals and 647,378 from crime scenes.<br />
<br />
Scotland rejected plans to retain DNA records from innocent people indefinitely in 2006. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, public opposition to keeping innocent people on the DNA database grew as more cases emerged of people falsely accused of minor offences who had their DNA stored.<br />
<br />
The European Court of Human Rights ruled that the law in England and Wales breached the European Convention on Human Rights in December 2008 (in the case of [http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-90051 S. and Marper v. the United Kingdom]).<br />
<br />
The UK’s Coalition Government adopted the Protection of Freedoms Act on 1st of May 2012, which came in to force at the end of October 2013. The DNA profiles and fingerprints of more than 1.7 million innocent people and children have been removed from police databases and more than 7.7 million DNA samples have also been destroyed.<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
*External links<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/forensic-information-databases-for-research-purposes-guidance Forensic information databases for research purposes: guidance (25th January 2021)] <br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-dna-and-fingerprint-exchange-policy-for-the-uk International DNA and fingerprint exchange policy for the UK (6th January 2021)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/biometrics-commissioner-interim-report-december-2020 Biometrics Commissioner: interim report December 2020]<br />
**[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/wfs2.1414 WIREs Forensic Science: The effectiveness of the current use of forensic DNA in criminal investigations in England and Wales (February 2021)] <br />
**[https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/1/2020/EN/COM-2020-857-F1-EN-ANNEX-1-PART-1.PDF European Commission: TRADE AND COOPERATION AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE EUROPEAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMUNITY, OF THE ONE PART, AND THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND, OF THE OTHER PART (25th December 2020)]<br />
**[https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_20_2532 European Commission: Questions & Answers: EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (24th December 2020)]<br />
** [https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/913011/NDNAD_Strategy_Board_AR_2018-2020_Web_Accessible.pdf Home Office: National DNA Database biennial report, 2018 to 2020 (2nd September 2020)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/niconsul2020-gw-fin.pdf GeneWatchUK response to the Department of Justice’s consultation on proposals to amend the legislation governing the retention of DNA and fingerprints in Northern Ireland (July 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.theyworkforyou.com/wms/?id=2020-06-15.HCWS290.h&s=DNA#gHCWS290.0 TheyWorkforYou: Prüm – Data Sharing Update (15th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/873640/dna-v4.0ext1.pdf Home Office: DNA policy guidance: Version 4.0 (16th March 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.scot/news/biometrics-commissioner/ Scottish Government: Biometrics Commissioner (10th March 2020)]<br />
**[http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-200817 European Court of Human Rights: CASE OF GAUGHRAN v. THE UNITED KINGDOM. Judgment, Strasbourg (13th February 2020)] Case regarding the disproportionate character of the indefinite retention of the DNA profile of a person convicted of minor offence.<br />
**[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmsctech/1970/1970.pdf House of Commons Science and Technology Committee: The work of the Biometrics Commissioner and the Forensic Science Regulator. Nineteenth Report of Session 2017–19 (17th July 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-dna-and-fingerprint-exchange-policy-for-the-uk Home Office: International DNA and fingerprint exchange policy for the UK (8th July 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-and-eu-law-enforcement-boost-co-operation-on-dna-databases Home Office: UK and EU law enforcement boost co-operation on DNA databases (14th June 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.scot/news/biometrics-commissioner-bill-published/ Scottish Government: Biometrics Commissioner (31st May 2019)]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/778065/National_DNA_Database_anuual_report_2017-18_print.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board Annual Report 2017/18]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dna-policy UK Government: DNA policy (immigration)]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/715318/FINDS-SB-P-002_-_Issue_1_-_FINDS_Strategy_Board_Policy_Access_and_Use_Po....pdf Forensic Information Databases Service (FINDS):The Forensic Information Databases Strategy Board Policy for Access and Use of DNA Samples, DNA Profiles, Fingerprint Images, and Associated Data (7th June 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.london.gov.uk/what-we-do/mayors-office-policing-and-crime-mopac/governance-and-decision-making/mopac-decisions-0/forensic-services-prum-dna-service-delivery-plan London: Forensic Services Prüm DNA Service Delivery Plan (10th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/biometrics-commissioner-annual-report-2017 Biometrics Commissioner: annual report 2017]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/713593/government_response_-_annual_report_2017.pdf Response to the Biometrics Commissioner's annual report 2017]<br />
**[http://assets.smartcdn.co.uk.s3-website-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/docs/3911_19012018095152.pdf Forensic Science Regulator: Annual Report: November 2016 - November 2017 (19th January 2018)]<br />
**[https://royalsociety.org/~/media/about-us/programmes/science-and-law/royal-society-forensic-dna-analysis-primer-for-courts.pdf Royal Society: Forensic DNA analysis: A Primer for Courts (November 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/594185/58714_Un-Num_Nat_DNA_DB_Accessible.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board Annual Report 2015/16]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/568554/Annual_Report_of_the_Ethics_Group_2015.pdf Annual Report of The Ethics Group: National DNA Database 2015 (16th November 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/526232/55843_BC_Report_ACCESSIBLE_01.pdf Further Report by the Biometrics Commissioner on Issues Raised in his 2015 Annual Report (April 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/507104/54496_Biometrics_Commissioners_Report_Print_Ready__3_.pdf Commissioner for the retention and use of biometric material: Annual Report December 2015]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/access-and-use-of-dna-samples-profiles-and-associated-data NDNAD Strategy Board policy for access and use of DNA samples, profiles and associated data: December 2015]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201516/cmselect/cmeuleg/342-xii/342xii.pdf House of Commons European Scunity Committee: Cross boarder law enforcement cooperation - UK participation in Prüm (4th December 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/484938/52921_NPCC_National_DNA_Database_print_ready.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board Annual Report 2014/15]. Confirms that removing innocent people's DNA profiles has had no adverse impact on solving crimes.<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-dna-exchange-policy-for-the-united-kingdom Policy Paper: International DNA exchange policy for the United Kingdom (23rd October 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/464648/2015_Prum_Business_Case.pdf Prum Business and Implementation Case (30th September 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/463466/ANNEX_H_Prum_Feasibility_Statistical_Analysis.pdf Principle Forensic Services: Prum Feasibility Project. Statistical Study: Report (September 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.pharmiweb.com/pressreleases/pressrel.asp?ROW_ID=124939#.VctwhPmYQxJ IntegenX: Rapid DNA Results Uploaded For First Time To United Kingdom’s National DNA Database (11th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.met.police.uk/foi/pdfs/other_information/corporate/early_deletion_process_2015.pdf Metropolitan Police: Early Deletion Requests - Consideration for the deletion of DNA profiles, Fingerprint, PNC Records and Photographic images. (22nd June 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dna-early-deletion-guidance-and-application-form Home Office: Record deletion guidance (27th May 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/publication-of-the-governments-response-to-the-biometrics-commissioners-first-annual-report UK Government response to the Biometrics Commissioner’s first annual report (13th May 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/circular-0092015-provisions-relating-to-dna-samples-in-the-police-amendment-regulations-2015-and-the-special-constabulary-amendment-regulations Circular 009/2015: provisions relating to DNA samples in the Police (Amendment) Regulations 2015 and the Special Constabulary (Amendment) Regulations 2015]<br />
**[http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/globalassets/documents/raise/deposited-papers/2015/dp1372.pdf: NORTHERN IRELAND DNA DATABASE GOVERNANCE BOARD REPORT 2012-14 (2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-dna-database-annual-report-2013-to-2014 National DNA Database: annual report, 2013 to 2014 (16th December 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/biometrics-commissioner-annual-report-2013-2014 Biometrics Commissioner: annual report 2013-2014 (16th December 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/applications-to-the-biometrics-commissioner-under-pace Home Office: Applications to the Biometrics Commissioner under PACE (26th September 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/358653/GuidanceApplicationstotheBC.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board: Applications to the Biometrics Commissioner under PACE (17th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.familylaw.co.uk/news_and_comment/re-z-application-for-release-of-dna-profiles-2014-ewhc-1999-fam#.U7wiU7Fhvqw Re Z(Application for Release of DNA Profiles) (2014) EWHC 1999 (Fam) (23rd June 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-dna-database-strategy-board-governance-rules National DNA Database strategy board: governance rules (13th June 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dna-early-deletion-guidance-and-application-form Home Office: DNA early deletion guidance and application form (20th January 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/helping-the-police-fight-crime-more-effectively/supporting-pages/national-dna-database National DNA Database]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/home-office/groups/national-dna-database-strategy-board National DNA Database Strategy Board]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/national-dna-database-ethics-group National DNA Database Ethics Group]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/forensic-science-regulator Forensic Science Regulator]<br />
**[https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/memberpage/united-kingdom-817 Europol: United Kingdom]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/254883/Access_And_Use_Of_DNA_Samples_Profiles.pdf Home Office: The NDNAD Strategy Board Policy for Access and Use of DNA Samples, Profiles and Associated Data (4th November 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-ethics-group-6th-annual-report-2013 NDNAD Ethics Group: 6th annual report (October 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/252678/NDNAD_Annual_Report_2012-13.pdf NATIONAL DNA DATABASE STRATEGY BOARD ANNUAL REPORT 2012-2013]<br />
**[http://www.forensicarchive.com/ Forensic Archive Ltd]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmselect/cmsctech/610/610.pdf House of Commons Science and Technology Committee; Forensic Science I (July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmselect/cmsctech/610/610vw.pdf House of Commons Science and Technology Committee: Forensic Science II (July 2013)]<br />
**[http://gizmonaut.net/blog/uk/2013/07/commencement_pofa_dna_provisions.html Gizmonaut: Commencement day of DNA provisions of the Protection of Freedom Act in October (22nd July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/1814/made The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2013] Commencement order for the provisions in the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 which relate to the destruction, retention and use of material including fingerprints, DNA samples and DNA profiles. Most provisions will come into force by 31st October 2013, with the destruction of copies coming into force by 31st January 2014.<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/1813/made The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (Destruction, Retention and Use of Biometric Data) (Transitional, Transitory and Saving Provisions) Order 2013]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/1814/made The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2013]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-annual-report-2011-to-2012 National DNA Database Annual Report: 2011-12]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-biennial-report-2009-to-2011 National DNA Database biennial report: 2009 to 2011]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/update-on-protection-of-freedoms-act-implementation-and-national-dna-database-annual-reports-2009-to-2012 Lord Taylor of Holbeach: Update on Protection of Freedoms Act implementation and National DNA Database annual reports 2009 to 2012 (20th May 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2012/9/pdfs/ukpga_20120009_en.pdf Protection of Freedoms Act 2012]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-dna-database-statistics National DNA Database statistics (23rd April 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/protection-of-freedoms-act-2012-dna-and-fingerprint-provisions/protection-of-freedoms-act-2012-how-dna-and-fingerprint-evidence-is-protected-in-law Home Office: Protection of Freedoms Act 2012: how DNA and fingerprint evidence is protected in law (4th April 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-strategy-board-minutes NDNAD Strategy Board minutes]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/equality-impact-assessment-of-the-national-dna-database Equality impact assessment of the National DNA Database (28th November 2012)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-annual-reports National DNA Database Annual Report 2006-07]<br />
**[http://www.statewatch.org/news/2009/nov/uk-dna-human-genetics-commission.pdf Human Genetics Commission: Nothing to hide, nothing to fear? Balancing individual rights and the public interest in the governance and use of the National DNA Database (24th November 2009)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/117784/ndnad-ann-report-2007-09.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2007-08]<br />
**[http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/Papers/database-state.pdf Rowntree Database State report (23rd March 2009)]<br />
**[https://rm.coe.int/168067d216 European Court of Human Rights: CASE OF S. AND MARPER v. THE UNITED KINGDOM (4th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmhaff/58/58ii.pdf Home Affairs Committee report: A Surveillance Society? (Vol II: Evidence)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmhaff/58/58i.pdf Home Affairs Committee Report: A Surveillance Society? (Vol I)]<br />
**[https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/l_to_o/low_copy_number_dna_testing/ Crown Prosecution Service: DNA: Low Copy Number DNA Testing in the Criminal Justice System (23rd January 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/sites/default/files/The%20forensic%20use%20of%20bioinformation%20-%20ethical%20issues.pdf Nuffield Council on Bioethics: The forensic use of bioinformation: ethical issues (September 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/DNA_report2005_06.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2005/06]<br />
**[http://www.acpo.police.uk/asp/policies/Data/NDNAD_AR_04_051.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2004/05]<br />
**[https://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/sass/WilliamsandJohnsonInterimReport2005-1.pdf Forensic DNA Databasing: A European Perspective – A report from Durham University (June 2005)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/NDNAD_AR_04_05.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2004/05]<br />
**[http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/about-us/corporate-publications-strategy/home-office-circulars/circulars-2004/058-2004/ Home Office Circular: Charges on Basis of Speculative Search Match on the National DNA Database (September 2004)]<br />
**[http://www.statewatch.org/news/2006/jan/uk-DNA-database.pdf DNA Expansion Programme 2000-2005: Reporting achievement]<br />
**[http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/10/PROPS Scottish Executive: Police Retention Of Prints and Samples]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmsctech/96/96i.pdf The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee’s report on forensics, 2005 (main report)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmsctech/96/96ii.pdf The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee’s report on forensics, 2005 (evidence)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/NDNAD_AR_3_4.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2003/04]<br />
**[http://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/sass/Williams_Johnson_Martin_NDNAD_report_2004.pdf Williams et al (2004) Genetic Information and Crime Investigation]<br />
**[https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/assets/uploads/files/lawyers%27%20DNA%20guide%20KSWilliams%20190208%20%28i%29.pdf Forensic Science Service: Guide to DNA for lawyers and investigating officers(2004)]<br />
**[https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/assets/uploads/files/pdf_000328%20-%20%20DNA%20Charging%20Guidance.pdf Crown Prosecution Service: Guidance on DNA Charging (16th July 2004)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/NDNAD_Annual_Report_02_03.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2002/03]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/sub-539478 GeneWatch UK: The UK Police National DNA Database]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1984/60/contents Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (as amended)] This law was amended by the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 in order to set up the UK National DNA Database in 1995 by allowing police to collect DNA samples and conduct searches of stored DNA profiles: it has been amended many times since 1994.<br />
<br />
*Press articles<br />
**[https://news.sky.com/story/home-secretary-must-take-responsibility-for-accidental-wiping-of-150-000-arrest-records-12188163 Sky News: 'Human error' blamed for wiping of thousands of police records (16th January 2021)]<br />
**[https://bylinetimes.com/2020/07/14/uk-deal-to-share-dna-and-fingerprints-evades-parliamentary-scrutiny/ UK Deal to Share DNA and Fingerprints Evades Parliamentary Scrutiny (14th July 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/proficiency-testing-guidance-dna-mixture-analysis-and-interpretation Forensic Science Regulator: Proficiency testing guidance: DNA mixture analysis and interpretation (29th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8424405/Privacy-row-erupts-plan-log-thousands-innocent-Britons-DNA-controversial-EU-database.html Daily Mail: Privacy row erupts over plan to log thousands of innocent Britons' DNA on controversial EU database (16th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.biometricupdate.com/202006/northern-ireland-police-agree-to-delete-biometric-records-after-human-rights-ruling Biometric Update: Northern Ireland police agree to delete biometric records after human rights ruling (4th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.ukauthority.com/articles/scotland-to-get-biometrics-commissioner/ UK Authority: Scotland to get biometrics commissioner (13th March 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8000053/European-Court-rule-Northern-Ireland-drink-driver-human-rights-breached-police-kept-fingerprints.html Daily Mail: Drink-driver's privacy rights were breached when police kept his DNA profile, fingerprints and photo indefinitely, European human rights judges rule (13th February 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/feb/13/police-keeping-drink-drivers-dna-breached-his-rights-judges-rule The Guardian: Police keeping drink-driver's DNA breached his rights, judges rule (13th February 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-49361260 BBC: Eurofins Scientific: Cyber-attack leads to backlog of 20,000 forensic samples (16th August 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.governmentcomputing.com/central-government/news/uk-eu-prum-framework Government Computing: UK, EU boost co-operation on DNA databases under Prüm framework (14th June 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-48459890 BBC: New plans to safeguard storage of DNA and fingerprint data (31st May 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.biometricupdate.com/201901/northern-ireland-police-agree-to-publish-biometric-data-retention-policy Biometric Update: Northern Ireland police agree to publish biometric data retention policy (11th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-46803999 BBC: PSNI to publish DNA retention policy after human rights case (9th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://amp.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/oct/25/sajid-javid-apologises-to-migrants-forced-to-give-dna-samples The Guardian: Sajid Javid apologises to immigration applicants forced to give DNA samples (25th October 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/home-office-dna-tests-policy-immigrants-letters-immigration-a8430271.html The Independent: Home Office forcing immigrants to take DNA tests in breach of government's own policy (4th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.governmentcomputing.com/applications/news/home-office-issues-tender-biometrics-development Government Computing: Home Office issues tender for biometrics development (14th May 2018)]<br />
**[https://police.community/topic/134543-police-pay-out-millions-after-collapse-of-forensics-firm/ Police Community: Police pay out millions after collapse of forensics firm (5th February 2018)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-42057009 BBC: UK judges to get scientific guides (22nd November 2017)]<br />
**[http://theconversation.com/dna-databases-its-still-far-from-clear-how-effective-they-are-in-fighting-crime-85137 The Conversation: DNA databases: it’s still far from clear how effective they are in fighting crime (10th October 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.belfastlive.co.uk/news/new-officers-register-dna-database-13733517 Belfast Live: New officers will have to register on a DNA database, PSNI reveals (8th October 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.piratefm.co.uk/news/latest-news/2289933/brothers-to-appeal-over-wadebridge-murders/ Pirate FM: Brothers to appeal over Wadebridge murders? (16th May 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/15213148.CSI_Strathclyde__how_university_forensic_experts_helped_solve_some_of_the_most_high_profile_crimes_of_the_past_fifty_years/ The Herald: CSI Strathclyde: how university forensic experts helped solve some of the most high-profile crimes of the past fifty years (9th April 017)]<br />
**[http://www.scunthorpetelegraph.co.uk/what-are-your-rights-if-police-arrest-you-the-key-questions-answered-from-handcuffs-to-charges/story-30253882-detail/story.html Scunthorpe Telegraph: What are your rights if police arrest you? The key questions answered, from handcuffs to charges (8th April 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/legal-updates/dna--an-unstoppable-march/5060258.article Law Gazette: DNA – an unstoppable march? (20th March 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.burtonmail.co.uk/forensics-expert-john-beckwith-lifts-the-lid-on-how-dna-has-solved-serious-historic-burton-crimes/story-30091644-detail/story.html Burton Mail: Forensics expert John Beckwith lifts the lid on how DNA has solved serious historic Burton crimes (1st March 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.policeoracle.com/news/police_it_and_technology/2017/Feb/23/dna-database-most-effective--since-records-began-_94218.html Police Oracle: DNA database most effective since records began (24th February 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.policeoracle.com/news/investigation/2017/Jan/13/Government-department-to-access-DNA-database-in-bid-to-close-fake-dads-paternity-loophole_93864.html Police Oracle: Government Department to access DNA database in bid to close 'fake dads' paternety loophole. (13th January 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-38527830 BBC: Forensic science standards 'at significant risk' (6th January 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/5180/desc/despite-brexit-uk-committed-to-eu-biometric-database/ Despite Brexit, UK committed to EU biometric database (2nd November 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jun/07/killer-dna-evidence-genetic-profiling-criminal-investigation The Guardian: Killer breakthrough – the day DNA evidence first nailed a murderer (7th June 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/27/dna-and-fingerprints-of-50000-repeat-teenage-offenders-deleted-a/ The Telegraph: DNA and fingerprints of 50,000 repeat teenage offenders deleted after software error by police (27th May 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.thequint.com/hot-wire/2016/05/27/dna-profiles-of-hundreds-of-terror-suspects-destroyed-in-uk The Quint: DNA Profiles of Hundreds of Terror Suspects Destroyed in UK (27th May 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/4530/desc/fears-in-uk-over-deletion-of-terror-suspects-biometric-profiles/ Planet Biometrics: Fears in UK over deletion of terror suspects’ biometric profiles (27th May 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/latest-news/507017/police-mix-DNA-evidence-errors-98-cases-Adam-Scott-case Daily Star: DNA divvies: Police errors result in evidence mix-ups in 98 cases last year (10th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201604/documents-reveal-uk-governments-out-of-court-settlements-over-unlawful-biometrics-storage Biometric Update: Documents reveal UK government’s out-of-court settlements over unlawful biometrics storage (9th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/04/05/home_office_settlements/ The Register: Home Office seeks secret settlements over unlawful DNA retention (5th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-35783475 BBC: Wiping of DNA and fingerprint records 'puts public safety at risk' (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/dna-profiles-and-fingerprints-of-7800-on-police-counterterrorism-database-34532285.html Belfast Telegraph: DNA profiles and fingerprints of 7,800 on police counter-terrorism database (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/mar/11/uk-police-hold-dna-profiles-of-7800-terrorism-suspects The Guardian: UK police hold DNA profiles of 7,800 terrorism suspects (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.rt.com/uk/335286-dna-profiles-terror-suspects/ RT: DNA profiles of 7,800 terror suspects held in police database (11th March, 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/03/11/potential_terrorists_roam_uk_while_police_lose_their_biometrics_details/ The Register: 7,800 people's biometric data held on police anti-terrorism database (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.ukauthority.com/news/6047/police-national-database-still-holds-illegal-photos UK Authority: Police National Database still holds 'illegal' photos (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=25632 Police Professionals: Failure to retain DNA records ‘risking public safety’, says Biometrics Commissioner (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/4270/desc/britains-biometrics-commissioner-in-dna-warning/ Planet Biometrics (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://home.bt.com/news/uk-news/dna-profiles-of-7800-people-on-police-counter-terrorism-database-11364045522485 BT: DNA profiles and prints of 7,800 people on police counter-terrorism database (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://thejusticegap.com/2016/03/12812/ The Justice Gap: Ministers need to reinstate a national forensic science service – and quickly (21st March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-35254521 BBC News: Paternity test dad Vernon Poppleton used brother's DNA (7th January, 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/conservative-berwick-mp-rebels-over-10575572 Chronicle Live: Conservative Berwick MP rebels over plans for UK to join EU crime database (10th December 2015)]<br />
**[https://uk.news.yahoo.com/eurosceptic-theresa-may-calls-mps-160727893.html#dABsF8p Yahoo News: Eurosceptic Theresa May calls for MPs to back EU DNA database in House of Commons debate (8th December 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.itv.com/news/2015-12-08/uk-to-decide-whether-to-join-bond-esque-eu-dna-database/ ITV: UK to decide whether to join Bond-esque EU DNA database (8th December 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/3818/desc/uk-mps-to-vote-on-joining-european-biometric-database/ Planet Biometrics: UK MPs to vote on joining European biometric, DNA database (30th November)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=24904 Police Professional: Home Office urges Prüm opt in (27th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/12019174/Britain-should-join-controversial-EU-crime-database-says-Government.html The Telegraph: Britain should join controversial EU crime database, says Government (26th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-34937158 BBC News: UK ministers outline case for joining EU DNA database scheme (26th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/nov/23/mps-vote-joining-european-police-dna-fingerprint-database The Guardian: MPs to vote on joining European police DNA database (23th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-attacks-france-calls-for-britain-to-give-european-police-access-to-dna-database-a6738471.html Independent: Paris attacks: France calls for Britain to give European police access to DNA database (17th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.information-age.com/technology/security/123460503/whos-more-likely-rob-britains-freedom-isis-or-conservative-party Information Age: Who’s more likely to rob Britain’s freedom: ISIS or the Conservative party? (16th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3318975/Big-Brother-tsar-demands-police-wipe-innocent-people-s-photos-database-18-MILLION-mugshots.html Daily Mail: 'Big Brother tsar' demands police wipe innocent people's photos from database of 18 MILLION mugshots (15th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.journalpioneer.com/Opinion/Columnists/2015-11-10/article-4339029/EASTERN-PASSAGES%3A-Hanged-by-a-thread/1 Journal Pioneer: Eastern passages: Hanged by a thread (10th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/11982516/British-police-face-deluge-of-foreign-DNA-requests-if-UK-joins-EU-crime-database-says-report.html The Telegraph: British police face deluge of foreign DNA requests if UK joins EU crime database, says report (8th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.itv.com/news/granada/2015-11-05/police-use-dna-to-track-down-diners-who-skipped-the-bill/ ITV: Police use DNA to track down diners who skipped the bill (5th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://news.sky.com/story/1572942/rapist-jailed-after-needle-in-a-haystack-hunt Sky News: Rapist Jailed After 'Needle In A Haystack' Hunt (20th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://findbiometrics.com/rapidhit-dna-uk-police-210135/ Find Biometrics: RapidHIT DNA Identification a Hit with UK Police (13th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/3635/desc/biometrics-commissioner-raises-police-face-database-fears/ Planet Biometrics: Biometrics Commissioner raises police face database fears (13th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201510/key-forensic-services-purchases-rapid-dna-system-from-integenx Biometric Update: Key Forensic Services purchases rapid DNA system from IntegenX (4th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/3587/desc/uks-key-forensic-services-buys-rapid-dna-system/ Planet Biometrics: UK’s Key Forensic Services buys Rapid DNA system (1st October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.computerworlduk.com/it-leadership/police-ict-company-ceo-on-austerity-transformation-plans-save-millions-3624427/ Computer World UK: Police ICT Company CEO Martin Wyke on austerity, transformation and plans to save millions (2nd September 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.labnews.co.uk/features/building-case-27-08-2015/ Laboratory News: Building a case: (27th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://finance.yahoo.com/news/rapidhit-dna-profile-uploaded-uk-100000828.html BusinessWire: RapidHIT DNA Profile Uploaded to UK National DNA Database Identifies Dangerous Sex Offender While Suspect in Custody (24th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201508/rapid-dna-results-uploaded-for-the-first-time-to-uks-dna-database Biometric Update: Rapid DNA results uploaded for the first time to UK’s DNA database (19th August 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.policeoracle.com/news/police_it_and_technology/2015/Aug/13/breakthrough-machine-now-being-used-to-upload-genetic-profiles-onto-database_89231.html Police Oracle: Breakthrough machine now being used to upload genetic profiles to database (13th August 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-33784571 BBC: DNA samples copied and held for Troubles investigations (5th August 2015)] Reports retention of DNA profiles in Northern Ireland.<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3174798/Deadbeat-dads-refuse-pay-offspring-face-DNA-database-checks.html Daily Mail: 'Deadbeat dads' who refuse to pay for their offspring face DNA database checks in child maintenance crackdown (26th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=21781 Police Professional: PSNI DNA retention lawful (14th May 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/may/13/retention-of-offenders-dna-does-not-breach-privacy-supreme-court-rules The Guardian: Retention of offenders' DNA profiles not illegal, supreme court rules (13th May 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.bristolpost.co.uk/Avon-Somerset-Police-s-forensic-spending-falls-40/story-26457785-detail/story.html Avon and Somerset Police's forensic spending falls by 40 per cent in seven years (8th May 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/unease-over-police-trial-of-hitech-dna-machines-amid-fears-that-civil-liberties-could-be-infringed-10193791.html The Independent: Unease over police trial of hi-tech DNA machines amid fears that civil liberties could be infringed (21st April 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.littlehamptongazette.co.uk/news/regional/murder-police-dna-screening-plea-1-6675562 Littlehampton Gazette: Murder police DNA screening plea(7th April 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.computing.co.uk/ctg/news/2398702/government-has-failed-to-provide-guidelines-on-use-of-biometric-data-warn-mps Government has failed to provide guidelines on use of biometric data, warn MPs (9th March 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/britain-criticised-for-dna-hold-up-keeping-an-innocent-man-locked-up-in-spanish-prison-10031429.html The Independent: Britain criticised for DNA hold up keeping an innocent man locked up in Spanish prison (8th February 2015)]<br />
**[http://thejusticegap.com/2015/01/police-forensics-risk-criminal-cases-nao-warns/ Police forensics ‘a risk’ to criminal cases, spending watchdog warns (26th January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=20204 Police Professional: Police spending on forensics 'inconsistent' (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/privatisation-of-forensic-services-a-threat-to-justice-and-putting-the-work-in-police-hands-would-be-disastrous-warn-experts-9991356.html The Independent: Privatisation of forensic services 'threat to justice' and putting the work in police hands would be 'disastrous,' warn experts (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-30909722 BBC: Warning by spending watchdog over forensic science work (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://news.stv.tv/scotland/307287-mass-voluntary-dna-screening-in-case-of-valerie-graves-in-bosham/ STV: Mass voluntary DNA screening to find killer of house-sitting Scot (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2914932/The-DNA-photofit-Amazing-breakthrough-means-police-tell-suspect-s-colour-height-age-tiny-speck-blood.html The DNA photofit: Amazing breakthrough means police can tell suspect's colour, height and even age – from a tiny speck of blood (17th January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thedetail.tv/articles/genetic-profile-of-123-000-people-on-ni-s-dna-database Genetic profile of 123,000 people on NI's DNA database (14th January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/dec/16/foreogn-criminals-data-police-records-biometrics The Guardian: Foreign criminals’ data taken off police records (16th December 2014)]<br />
**[http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/572081/20141107/australia-uk-dna-polce-usa-canada.htm#.VGHb2cnvaSo International Business Times: Australia and UK Sign Pact For DNA Database Sharing Among Police Forces To Check Serious Crimes (7th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://rt.com/uk/202919-uk-australia-dna-database/ RT: UK, Australia to share DNA database to aid international crime solving (6th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/australian-police-in-dna-access-deal-with-british-counterparts/story-fn59niix-1227114004691 The Australian: Australian police in DNA access deal with British counterparts (5th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2014/nov/06/australian-and-british-police-to-share-their-dna-databases The Guardian: Australian and British police to share their DNA databases (5th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://online.wsj.com/articles/spain-threatens-u-k-s-inclusion-in-eu-justice-cooperation-1412881174 Spain Threatens U.K.’s Inclusion in EU Justice Cooperation (9th October 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/09/30/scrap_human_rights_act_chris_grayling_privacy_freedom_expression/ The Register: Scrapping the Human Rights Act: What about privacy and freedom of expression? (30th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2767453/DNA-blunders-mean-murderers-rapists-convictions-overturned-Home-Office-admits-misleading-evidence-presented-juries.html Daily Mail: DNA blunders mean murderers and rapists could have convictions overturned: Home Office admits misleading evidence has been presented to juries (24th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/european-convention-on-human-rights-what-has-it-ever-done-for-us-9773928.html The Independent: European Convention on Human Rights: What has it ever done for us? (3rd October 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201409/guidelines-for-uk-police-chiefs-on-applications-to-retain-use-biometrics Guidelines for UK police chiefs on applications to retain & use biometric material (29th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.scotsman.com/news/how-dna-fingerprint-left-its-mark-on-justice-1-3533752 The Scotsman: How DNA fingerprint left its mark on justice (8th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/11382557.Commissioner_helps_to_speed_DNA_checks/?ref=rss Lancashire Telegraph: Commissioner helps to speed DNA checks (1st August 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2708277/DNA-testing-crime-scene-investigations-soon-identify-criminals-matter-HOURS.html DNA-testing for crime scene investigations will soon identify criminals in a matter of HOURS (28th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/crime-courts/police-storing-dna-samples-of-children-as-young-as-10-x.24764874 Herald: Police storing DNA samples of children as young as 10 (16th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.heraldscotland.com/comment/herald-view/storing-childrens-dna-and-issue-of-civil-liberties.24733748 Herald: Storing children's DNA and issue of civil liberties (16th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2689894/Police-plea-share-DNA-clues-EU-foreign-criminals.html Daily Mail: Police in plea to share DNA clues with EU - because we have so many foreign criminals (12th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.scotsman.com/news/uk/eu-set-for-more-policing-powers-1-3467441 The Scotsman: EU set for ‘more policing’ powers (8th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/486945/Cameron-could-give-more-police-powers-to-Brussels-DNA-database The Express: Now David Cameron 'considers giving POLICING powers to Brussels', leaked documents reveal (5th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/05/david-cameron-eu-talks-police-cooperation The Guardian: David Cameron in talks with EU leaders over international DNA database (5th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-28130767 BBC: Marion Crofts murder: Tony Jasinskyj's appeal refused(2nd July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.labmate-online.com/articles/laboratory-products/3/tracy_alexander/dna_collection_and_interpretation/1590/ Labmate: DNA: Collection and Interpretation (12th March 2014)]<br />
**[http://ampp3d.mirror.co.uk/2014/01/15/nearly-6-million-of-us-are-on-the-dna-database-does-it-make-you-feel-any-safer/ Nearly 6 million of us are on the DNA database. Does it make you feel any safer? (15th January 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.nottinghampost.com/Ex-offender-74-wins-right-provide-sample-DNA/story-19891968-detail/story.html Nottingham Post: Ex-offender from Nottingham wins right not to provide a sample of his DNA (5th October 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24207612 BBC: Operation Nutmeg: Court could force police to destroy DNA (24th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24224506 BBC: Court rejects ex-prisoner's DNA sample challenge (24th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24224506 The Guardian: Ex-prisoner fails to halt police DNA-collection programme (24th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2429637/One-year-old-baby-thousands-children-DNA-taken-police.html Daily Mail: One-year-old baby among thousands of children who have had their DNA taken by police (22nd September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-police-take-dna-samples-6073851 Wales Online: Welsh police take DNA samples from more than 5,500 children (22nd September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/police-take-dna-children-criminal-2259291 Mirror: Police take DNA from children in criminal investigations (8th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://esciencenews.com/articles/2013/08/14/forensic.familial.search.methods.carry.risk.certain.false.matches e! Science News: Forensic familial search methods carry risk of certain false matches (14th August 2013)] There is a video abstract and general public explanation video available for this research.<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-23683910 BBC: University of Leicester cat DNA database to be used for solving crime (14th August 2013)]<br />
** [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23436303 BBC: Forensics upheaval 'threat to justice', MPs warn (25th July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2013/jul/08/britain-european-arrest-warrant-reform The Guardian: Britain to keep European arrest warrant but try to reform it (8th July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/police-told-to-explain-use-of-unregulated-dna-database-8651380.html The Independent: Police told to explain use of unregulated DNA database (9th June 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2013/may/20/police-retain-dna-thousands-children The Guardian: Police retain DNA from thousands of children (20th May 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22595835 BBC: Police swabbing of child DNA excessive, says charity (20th May 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/police-bosses-tell-cops-don%E2%80%99t-target-gays-dna-roundup180113 GayStarNews: Police bosses tell cops: don’t target gays in DNA roundup (18th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.eadt.co.uk/news/ipswich_victory_after_man_s_six_year_battle_to_have_dna_records_removed_from_police_records_1_1796207 EADT24: Ipswich: Victory after man’s six-year battle to have DNA records removed from police records (18th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.politics.co.uk/news/2013/01/17/outrage-grows-over-gay-dna-witchhunt Politics.co.uk: Outrage grows over gay DNA witchhunt (17th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2261239/Stephen-Close-Police-demand-DNA-sample-soldier-gay-relationship-Army.html?ITO=1490&ns_mchannel=rss&ns_campaign=1490 Daily Mail: Police demand DNA sample from former soldier because he had gay relationship in the Army 30 years ago (12th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2259319/EU-demands-access-details-UK-drivers-Orwellian-hand-personal-information-foreign-police-forces.html?ito=feeds-newsxml Daily Mail: EU demands access to details of all UK drivers: ‘Orwellian’ move to hand out personal information to foreign police forces (9th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/9628235/Rapists-feared-still-at-large-as-police-fail-to-update-DNA-database.html The Telegraph: Rapists feared still at large as police fail to update DNA database (23rd October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2211365/Adam-Scott-Innocent-man-spent-FIVE-MONTHS-prison-forensics-mix-meant-falsely-accused-rape.html Daily Mail: Innocent man spent FIVE MONTHS in prison after forensics mix-up meant he was falsely accused of rape (1st October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19782917 BBC: DNA rape sample procedures ‘not adequate’ (1st October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.littlehamptongazette.co.uk/news/sussex-police-collect-ex-cons-dna-for-national-database-1-4321532 Littlehampton Gazette: Sussex Police collect ex-cons’ DNA for national database (1st October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2012/sep/27/ex-offenders-targeted-dna-database The Guardian: Thousands of ex-offenders targeted in drive to add to DNA database (27th September 2012)]<br />
**[http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1588993_police-order-thousands-of-dna-samples-from-ex-convicts-in-greater-manchester Manchester Evening News: Police order thousands of DNA samples from ex-convicts in Greater Manchester (18th September 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.zdnet.com/blog/london/london-police-8216hack-suspects-phones-a-major-blow-to-human-rights/4775 ZDNet: London police ‘hack’ suspects’ phones: A major blow to human rights (18th May 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/privatisation-is-a-catastrophe-warns-godfather-of-forensics-7606789.html The Independent: Privatisation is a catastrophe, warns godfather of forensics (2nd April 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2114252/Teenager-spends-months-bars-DNA-blunder-fingers-rape-city-visited.html Daily Mail: DNA database in doubt after teenager spends three months behind bars for rape in city he has never even visited because gene samples were mixed up (13th March 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2012/mar/08/forensics-blunder-convictions The Guardian: Forensics blunder ‘may endanger convictions’ (8th March 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.economist.com/node/21543121 The Economist: Ignorance is bliss (21st January 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21128285.500-euro-dna-treaty-risks-false-positives.html?DCMP=OTC-rss&nsref=online-news#.UebhRG3OB0M New Scientist: DNA super-network increases risk of mix-ups (5th September 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13440012 BBC Online: DNA and fingerprint guidelines ‘unlawful’ (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/guidelines-on-dna-samples-unlawful-2285712.html The Independent: Guidelines on DNA samples unlawful (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.publicservice.co.uk/news_story.asp?id=15673 Public Service: Police DNA retention policy ‘unlawful’ (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://ukhumanrightsblog.com/2011/05/18/retention-of-dna-breaches-article-8-says-supreme-court/ UK Human Rights blog: Retention of DNA breaches human right to privacy, says Supreme Court (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/libertycentral/2011/may/18/dna-retention-supreme-court-police The Guardian: DNA retention judgment won’t see discriminatory policy destroyed (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/03/03/ico_freedoms_bill/ The Register: Supreme Court: DNA database retention regs are unlawful (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/may/18/police-dna-database-supreme-court The Guardian: Police breaking law by keeping DNA of the innocent, supreme court rules (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/mar/05/dna-rules-will-restore-trust The Guardian: New DNA rules will restore public trust [Letter] (5th March 2011])<br />
**[http://www.publicservice.co.uk/news_story.asp?id=15673 Public Service: Government store DNA of over 6 million (4th March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/05/18/supreme_court_dna_database_ruling/ The Register: ICO evidence raises Freedoms Bill data worries (3rd March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-12536138 BBC: How Protection of Freedoms Bill will work (1st March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=18987 ITN: Government to curb DNA database (1st March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=18987 The Voice: Innocent black Brits may get their DNA removed from database (22nd February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/columnists/philipjohnston/8324874/The-Coalitions-Freedom-Bill-is-a-blow-against-the-snoopers-and-clampers.html The Telegraph: The coalition’s Freedom Bill is a blow against the snoopers and clampers (15th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.24dash.com/blogs/lynne_featherstone_mp/2011/02/13/Freedoms-Bill/ 24dash.com: Freedoms Bill (13th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12433116 BBC: DNA profiles to be deleted from police database (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1356198/DNA-database-purge-Victory-Mail-records-1m-innocent-people-removed.html#ixzz1DsbppVHm Daily Mail: DNA database purge: Victory for the Mail as records of 1m innocent people removed (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/8318900/DNA-of-up-to-a-million-to-be-wiped-under-Freedom-Bill.html The Telegraph: DNA of up to a million to be wiped under Freedom Bill (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/feb/11/dna-profiles-deleted-police-database The Guardian: DNA profiles to be deleted from police database (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.dailyexpress.co.uk/posts/view/228588/At-last-victory-over-Labour-s-army-of-snoops/ Daily Express: At last, victory over Labour’s army of snoops (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2011/feb/11/criminal-checks-eased-freedom-bill The Guardian: Criminal checks on people working with children to be eased (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-a-victory-for-civil-liberties-ndash-and-a-challenge-for-labour-2209670.html Independent: A victory for civil liberties – and a challenge for Labour (10th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/8317257/Nick-Clegg-were-restoring-hard-won-British-liberties.html The Telegraph: Nick Clegg; we’re restoring hard won British liberties (10th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/id-cards-go-up-in-flames-in-first-step-to-tackle-database-state-2209936.html The Independent: ID cards go up in flames in first step to tackle ‘database state’ (10th February 2010)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8691753.stm BBC: Deputy Prime Minister’s Reform Speech (19th May 2010)]<br />
**[http://www.publicservice.co.uk/news_story.asp?id=15673 Public Service: Government store DNA of over 6 million (4th March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20527424.700-unreliable-evidence-time-to-open-up-dna-databases.html?full=true New Scientist: Unreliable evidence? Time to open up DNA Databases (6th January 2010)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8434713.stm BBC Online: Innocent people face DNA database ‘shambles’ (31st December 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1877525.ece The Times: From schoolboy squabble to DNA database in one easy step – if you’re black (24th November 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8375567.stm BBC Online: New safeguards urged over routine police DNA tests (24th November 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1223688/DNA-innocents-kept-database-years.html The Daily Mail: DNA of innocents will be kept on database for six years (29th October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/oct/28/dna-database-innocent-profiles The Guardian: Innocent suspects’ profiles still reaching DNA database (28th October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1877336.ece The Times: Record number of DNA samples taken but crimes solved with them are down (22nd October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/6399228/Crimes-solved-by-DNA-drop-by-a-fifth.html The Telegraph: Crimes solved by DNA drop by a fifth (22nd October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/oct/21/dna-database-convictions-fall The Guardian: Detections using DNA database fall despite huge rise in profiles (21st October)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/oct/19/innocent-dna-database The Guardian: Home Office climbs down over keeping DNA records of innocent (19th October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/6056725/Tory-MP-Damian-Green-has-DNA-profile-deleted-from-database.html The Telegraph: Tory MP Damian Green has DNA profile deleted from database (20th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/18/science/18dna.html?_r=2&hp New York Times: DNA evidence can be fabricated, scientists show (17th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=16083 The Voice: DNA database is damaging race relations, says expert (17th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1205867/300-children-day-added-DNA-database-400-000-15s-Big-Brother-roll.html Daily Mail: 300 children a day added to DNA database (12th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/aug/09/police-dna-database-black-children The Observer: ‘Racist bias’ blamed for disparity in police DNA database (9th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/aug/07/dna-database-police-advice The Guardian: Police told to ignore human rights ruling over database (7th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/5990033/Equality-watchdog-warns-DNA-plans-break-law.html The Telegraph: Equality watchdog warns DNA plans break law (7th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/5444332/Police-arrest-innocent-youths-for-their-DNA-officer-claims.html The Telegraph: Police arrest innocent youths for the DNA, officer claims (4th June 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1185060/Driver-thrown-police-cell-DVLA-office-blunder-wrong-shade-green-MOT-certificate.html Daily Mail: Driver thrown in police cell after DVLA office blunder (21st May 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/apr/17/damian-green-arrest-jacqui-smith The Guardian: DPP’s verdict on papers leaked in Damian Green affair – Not a threat to security (17th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/apr/15/jeffreys-dna-database-human-rights-police The Guardian: DNA pioneer Alec Jeffreys: drop innocent from database (15th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/5109248/Police-will-be-banned-from-keeping-DNA-of-innocent-people-pledge-Tories.html The Telegraph: Police will be banned from keeping DNA of innocent people, pledge Tories (6th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.politics.co.uk/news/legal-and-constitutional/tories-promise-to-reform-dna-database-$1285967.htm Politics.co.uk: Tories promise to reform DNA database (6th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.crosbyherald.co.uk/news/crosby-news/2009/04/02/teenager-arrested-by-southport-police-for-handing-in-mobile-phone-68459-23291295/ The Crosby Herald: Teen arrested by police for handing in phone (2nd April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/5078599/Five-million-people-now-on-DNA-database.html The Telegraph: Five million people now on database (31st March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.computing.co.uk/computing/news/2239421/dna-database-grows-per-cent-two Computing: DNA database grows by 38 per cent in two years (30th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7966641.stm BBC Online: ‘DNA bungle’ haunts German police (28th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/the_daily_politics/7968121.stm BBC Politics Show: Time for a universal DNA database? (27th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/the_daily_politics/7968054.stm BBC Politics Show: MP’s battle over DNA database (27th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.thisisplymouth.co.uk/news/know-feel-Truman/article-848720-detail/article.html The Plymouth Herald: I know how you feel, Mr Truman (26th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/the-big-question-are-there-illegal-government-databases-and-what-can-we-do-about-it-1652623.html The Independent: The Big Question: Are there illegal Government databases and what can we do about it? (24th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-1164291/ROSS-CLARK-As-report-condemns-government-databases--Big-Brother-wasting-billions.html The Daily Mail: As report condemns Government databases…Big Brother is wasting your billions (24th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7955205.stm BBC Online: Call to scrap ‘illegal’ databases (23rd March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/mar/19/dna-database-comment The Guardian: Mark Thomas: How I got my genes deleted (19th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/libertycentral/2009/mar/16/dna-database-civil-liberties The Guardian: Question Eight: DNA Database (16th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/4966168/DNA-of-one-year-old-baby-stored-on-national-database.html The Telegraph: DNA of one-year-old baby stored on national database (10th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/03/02/dna_dbase_stalling/ The Register: Three months on, you still can’t get off the DNA Database (2nd March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/feb/27/dna-database-justice The Guardian: Government plans to keep DNA samples of innocent (27th February 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/feb/27/dna-database-children-criminal-record The Guardian: DNA details of 1.1m children on database (27th February 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1137022/Banish-Big-Brother-The-states-surveillance-powers-curbed-say-Lords.html The Daily Mail: Banish Big Brother: The state’s surveillance powers must be curbed, say Lords (6th February 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/12/17/david_mery_reclaim_your_dna/ The Register: Don’t delay: Delete your DNA (17th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-1094963/JAMES-SLACK-The-EUs-Big-Brother-database-poses-threat-liberties.html Daily Mail: The EU’s Big Brother database poses a threat to our liberties (16th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-a-victory-for-civil-liberties-ndash-but-the-larger-war-still-rages-1052547.html The Independent: A victory for civil liberties – but the larger war still rages (5th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1091880/One-million-innocent-people-profiles-wiped-Britains-DNA-database-court-ruling.html The Daily Mail: One million innocent people could have their profiles wiped from Britain’s ‘Orwellian’ DNA database after court ruling (5th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7765484.stm BBC Online: Europe DNA ruling resonates in UK (4th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/3547773/DNA-database-Campaigners-welcome-ruling-that-DNA-holding-breaches-human-rights.html The Telegraph: Campaigners welcome ruling that DNA-holding breaches human rights (4th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/liverpool-news/regional-news/2008/11/19/police-order-child-s-dna-to-be-removed-from-database-64375-22290909/ Liverpool Daily Post: Police order child’s DNA to be removed from database (19th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/3473483/More-than-one-million-added-to-the-DNA-database-as-children.html The Telegraph: More than one million added to the DNA database as children (17th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/3418649/Crimes-solved-by-DNA-evidence-fall-despite-millions-being-added-to-database.html The Telegraph: Crimes solved by DNA evidence fall despite millions being added to database (10th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/11/06/dna_database_special/page2.html The Register: The DNA Database and You (6th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/north-wales-news/2008/10/30/one-in-11-from-north-wales-on-dna-file-55578-22148188/ Daily Post North Wales: One in 11 from North Wales on DNA file (30th October 2008) 30th October 2008]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1078821/New-law-allow-police-collect-DNA-secret-teacups.html The Daily Mail: New law to allow police to collect DNA in secret from teacups (19th October 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.christiantoday.com/article/black.church.leaders.concerned.over.criminal.dna.database/20635.htm Christian Today: Black church leaders concerned over criminal DNA database (18th July 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/06/29/brown_dna_database_innocent_genewatch/ The Register: Gordo’s DNA database claims branded ‘ridiculous’ (29th June 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=/opinion/2008/06/09/do0902.xml The Telegraph: MPs must act now to set limits on snooping (9th June 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.vision.org/visionmedia/article.aspx?id=4824 Reuters: Watchdog criticises plan to share DNA data (15th May 2008)]<br />
**[http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/joepublic/2008/05/the_scandal_of_criminalising_m.html The Guardian: The scandal of ‘criminalising’ mental health patients (12th May 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1929849/DNA-bank-solves-one-crime-per-800-profiles.html The Telegraph: DNA bank solves one crime per 800 profiles (6th May 2008)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7341251.stm BBC Online: DNA technique ‘fit for purpose’ (11th April 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.sundaymirror.co.uk/news/sunday/2008/04/06/40-000-kids-put-on-dna-crimes-list-98487-20373651/ The Sunday Mirror: 40,000 kids put on DNA crimes list (6th April 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/mar/16/youthjustice.children The Observer: Put young children on DNA list urge police (16th March 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=528857&in_page_id=1770 The Daily Mail: 1.5m children will have DNA taken next year amid claims of universal database ‘by stealth’ (9th March 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.computing.co.uk/computing/news/2211158/met-police-chief-calls-european Computing: Met police chief calls for European DNA database (5th March 2008)]<br />
**[http://blackmentalhealth.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=281&Itemid=117 Black Mental Health UK: Sarah Teather tells House of Commons DNA database discriminates (1st March 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/feb/28/ukcrime.forensicscience The Guardian: Mixed results (28th February)]<br />
**[http://www.newstatesman.com/200802280017 New Statesman: Spare pairs of genes (28th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article3448837.ece The Times: CCTV and DNA advances add to bills but minister calls rises unacceptable (28th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/technology/technology.html?in_article_id=519568&in_page_id=1965 The Daily Mail: One in eight samples filed under innocent names in Government blunder (27th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.publictechnology.net/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=14351 Public Technology: Home Office Minister rejects call for a national citizen DNA database (25th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=518416&in_page_id=1770 The Daily Mail: Police in retreat after public backlash over their demands for a DNA database (25th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=518151&in_page_id=1770 The Daily Mail; Home Office retreat from plans to extend ‘nation of suspects’ DNA database to include litterbugs (24th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article3423450.ece The Sunday Times: Should Britain have a compulsory DNA database? (24th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theherald.co.uk/news/news/display.var.2067932.0.Police_we_must_keep_DNA_of_everyone_arrested.php The Glasgow Herald: Police: we must keep DNA of everyone arrested (23rd February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2008/feb/23/ukcrime The Guardian: Calls for compulsory DNA database rejected (23rd February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2008/feb/21/conservatives.police The Guardian: Inquiry as Tories attack DNA failure (21st February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article3401745.ece The Times: Gordon Brown admits assaults committed while DNA data disc lost (20th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article3399712.ece The Times: Disc listing foreign criminals lost for a year (20th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2008/feb/13/ukguns.police The Guardian: Stop! Armed police! Put down your MP3 player (13th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7230487.stm BBC Online: Clegg attacks surveillance UK (6th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/01/07/delete_your_dna_profile/print.html The Register: How to delete your DNA Profile (7th January 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=491714&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Big Brother UK: Police now hold DNA ‘fingerprints’ of 4.5 million Britons (5th November 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/11/04/ndna104.xml The Telegraph: Police retain DNA of ‘petty crime suspects’ (5th November 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/law/article2210263.ece The Times: Police told to erase ‘irrelevant’ crime records (1st November 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/health/advice/article1790236.ece The Times: Policing the gene pool (29th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9867324 The Economist: Learning to live with Big Brother (27th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7161/full/449377b.html Nature: Genome abuse (26th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1873220.ece The Times: DNA database ‘puts innocent under suspicion’ (18th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/09/17/dna_purge/ The Register: Innocent ‘terror techie’ purges DNA records (17th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/europe/article2595861.ece The Times: Inside the world where experts try to unlock DNA clues (15th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23412351-details/Outrage%20as%20DNA%20profile%20of%20seven-month-old%20baby%20is%20added%20to%20register/article.do Evening Standard: Outrage as DNA profile of seven-month old baby is added to DNA database (15th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=482410&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Innocent people’s DNA ‘must not be kept on national database’ (10th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2007/09/11/226664/dna-plan-would-require-san-the-size-of-belgium.htm Computer Weekly: DNA plan would require SAN the size of Belgium (11th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.scotsman.com/politics.cfm?id=1419912007 The Scotsman: Judge opens hornets’ nest with call for everyone’s DNA to go on record (6th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6979138.stm BBC Online: All UK ‘must be on DNA database’ (5th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23411070-details/Top+minister+backs+judge%27s+calls+for+DNA+database+registration+for+all/article.do Evening Standard: Ministers accused of trying to build DNA database by stealth (5th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6979490.stm BBC Online: DNA database call prompts concern (5th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23406663-details/Beware:+Minor+offences+could+land+you+on+DNA+database...for+life/article.do Evening Standard: Speeding drivers face DNA swabs under Big Brother powers (1st August 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1873007.ece The Times: Police want DNA from speeding drivers and litterbugs on database (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/08/02/ndna102.xml The Telegraph: Litter lout DNA samples a step too far (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2826207.ece The Independent: Police DNA database ‘risks criminalising non-offenders’ (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=472544&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Government accused on DNA samples (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://politics.guardian.co.uk/homeaffairs/story/0,,2139675,00.html The Guardian: Police may be given powers to take DNA samples on the street (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://politics.guardian.co.uk/homeaffairs/story/0,,2089265,00.html The Observer: Civil rights fears over DNA for everyone (27th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=457046&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Police put 100,000 innocent children on DNA Database (23rd May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/23/ndna23.xml The Telegraph: DNA file on 100,000 innocent children]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/humanrights/story/0,,2084290,00.html The Guardian: ‘Orwellian’ CCTV in shires alarms senior police officer (21st May 2001)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/crime/article/0,,2084659,00.html The Guardian: Plan to identify potential offenders condemned (21st May)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/19/ncrime19.xml The Telegraph: DNA police revisit high profile murder cases (19th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2556459.ece The Independent: DNA database blunder ‘could have resulted in 200 crimes’ (18th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/localnews/display.var.1404197.0.youths_warned_not_to_use_fake_id.php The Argus: Youths warned not to use fake ID (17th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisisthenortheast.co.uk/display.var.1404576.0.peer_calls_for_babies_dna_to_stored.php The Northern Echo: Peer calls for babies’ DNA to be stored (17th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6665267.stm BBC Online: DNA failings ‘missed 183 crimes’ (17th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/story/0,,2079721,00.html The Guardian: A database of prejudice (15th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://new.edp24.co.uk/content/news/story.aspx?brand=EDPOnline&category=News&tBrand=EDPOnline&tCategory=news&itemid=NOED10%20May%202007%2008%3A09%3A49%3A133 EDP-24 (Norfolk): Car crime victims must foot the bill (10th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=453739&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Fears over innocent Britons’ DNA being given to European police forces (9th May)]<br />
**[http://www.blink.org.uk/pdescription.asp?key=14682&grp=30&cat=138 Black Information Link: Chained by our genes (3rd May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.computerworlduk.com/technology/applications/databases/news/index.cfm?newsid=2669 Computer World: EU police data-sharing plan draws criticism (19th April 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=445902&in_page_id=1766&in_a_source=&ito=1490 Mail on Sunday: Five civil servants suspended over ‘DNA espionage’ (1st April 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.yorkshiretoday.co.uk/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleID=2194926&SectionID=55 Yorkshire Post: Yorkshire cases to test DNA sampling policy (31st March 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/crime/article/0,,2044296,00.html?gusrc=rss&feed=11 The Guardian: Every child to be screened for risk of turning criminal under Blair justice plan (28th March 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/uk/6452795.stm BBC Online: ‘Retail jails’ could ease police burden (15th March 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml;jsessionid=GAUE2T1MP0CL5QFIQMGCFGGAVCBQUIV0?xml=/news/2007/02/16/ndna16.xml The Telegraph: DNA data deal ‘will create big brother Europe’ (18th February 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=10830 The Voice: Mayor urged to support DNA profiling curb (9th February 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/article209046.ece The Sunday Times: Reid ‘buries’ news that police hold DNA of 1m innocent people (17th December 2006)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/south_yorkshire/6174877.stm BBC: New DNA clue in 1964 murder hunt (13th December 2006)]<br />
**[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2016134.ece The Independent: DNA of suspects’ families to be held on police files (26th November 2006)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/11/05/nrace05.xml The Telegraph: Three in four young black men on the DNA database (5th November 2006)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6104876.stm BBC Online: Fear that DNA use ‘gone too far’ (1st November 2006)]<br />
**[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,1821676,00.html The Observer: Police DNA database is ‘spiraling out of control’(16th July 2006)]<br />
**[http://www.lookingglassnews.org/viewstory.php?storyid=5722 The Independent: More Britons have DNA held by police than rest of world (14th April 2006)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/01/09/ndna09.xml The Telegraph: Huge rise in juvenile DNA samples kept by the police]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/frontpage/story/0,16518,1678168,00.html The Guardian: DNA of 37% of black men held by police]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/01/09/ndna09.xml The Telegraph: Freedom fears as the DNA database expands]<br />
**[http://news.scotsman.com/scitech.cfm?id=680402005 The Scotsman article: Keep DNA of innocent and guilty alike]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=6549 The Voice: 1 in 3 black men are DNA profiled]<br />
**[http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18624944.900 New Scientist: Will DNA profiling fuel prejudice?]<br />
**[http://newswww.bbc.net.uk/1/low/uk_politics/4166559.stm BBC Online: DNA database Big Brother warning]<br />
<br />
== Detailed Analysis ==<br />
'''Note: This section has not yet been updated to include the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012.'''<br />
<br />
Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984 and amendments to PACE : Criminal Justice and Public Order Act (CJPOA) 1994;Criminal Evidence.<br />
<br />
<br />
(Amendment) Act 1997;Criminal Justice and Police Act (CJPA) 001;Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 2003. Changes in the Data Protection Act (DPA) 1998, the Human Rights Act (HRA) 1998 and case law.<ref name="ftn0">E.U. 9445/1/06 at 9.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
Persons convicted of any recordable offence, arrested for any recordable offense, and all crime scene stains<ref name="ftn7">See EU Current Practices at 80-81.</ref> The Counter-Terrorism Act 2008 (c.28) increased police powers for the stated purpose of countering terrorism. It allows speculative searches against DNA profiles held on behalf of the Security Service or Secret Intelligence Service and allows matches to be used “for purposes related to the identification . . . of the person from whom the material came.” In other words, a valid match can be obtained from a reference sample that did not originate from a crime scene.<br />
<br />
<br />
For Scotland: Persons convicted of any recordable offence, arrested for any recordable offense, and all crime scene stains<ref name="ftn6">See EU Current Practices at 81-83.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
England & Wales: The Justice and Public Order Act 1994 allows for the entry of the DNA profiles of all individuals who are charged with any recordable offence or who are convicted of such an offence. All DNA profiles that are derived from crime scene stains are also stored in the NDNAD.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: The Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 allows for the entry of the DNA profiles of those arrested of any recordable offence or who are convicted of such an offence. All DNA profiles that are derived from unidentified crime scene stains are also stored in the database.<br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>England & Wales: Whereas the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) allowed for the coercive taking of ‘non-intimate samples’ such as hair shafts, the Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (JPOA) changed the definition of ‘non-intimate samples’ to include buccal swabs by which police sampling powers were seriously extended. [4]</nowiki><ref name="ftn5">JPOA (1994), § 58.</ref> This provision applies to both crime suspects and convicted offenders who are arrested or convicted of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn4">Id. at § 55.</ref> The police are allowed to take a DNA sample from minors who have reached the age of ten and from mentally ill persons. There are no restrictions to the collection of crime scene samples.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: A constable or a police custody and security officer at a constable’s direction can collect a mouth swab from those arrested of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn8">Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2003, Art. 55, § 2</ref> They may use reasonable force in exercising this power.<ref name="ftn3">Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, Art. 18, § 7.</ref> A constable or a police custody and security officer at a constable’s direction can also coercively collect a mouth swab from those convicted of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn2">Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2003, Art. 55, § 3.</ref> They are allowed to take a DNA sample from minors who have reached the age of ten and from mentally ill persons. There are no restrictions to the collection of unidentified crime scene samples.<br />
<br />
<br />
Convicted persons’ and suspects’ profiles are retained indefinitely and crime scene stains are kept until they have been identified<ref name="ftn1">See EU Current Practices at 81.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
For Scotland: Convicted persons’ profiles are retained indefinitely, suspects’ profiles are retained until the underlying proceeding is abandoned or the individual is acquitted, and crime scene stains are kept until they have been identified<ref name="ftn9">See EU Current Practices at 83.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
England & Wales: The Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 (CJPA) allows for the indefinite retention of the DNA profiles of both crime suspects and convicted offenders who are arrested or convicted of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn10">CJPA (2001), § 82.</ref> This provision also applies to crime suspects who are subsequently acquitted or freed of charges. The DNA profiles which are derived from unidentified crime scene stains are stored in the database until a match is found.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: The DNA profiles of those who are arrested of any recordable offence have to be removed from the database as soon as possible following the decision not to institute criminal proceedings against the person concerned or upon acquittal.<ref name="ftn11">Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, Art. 18, § 3.</ref> The DNA profiles of those convicted of any recordable offence can be retained indefinitely. The DNA profiles which are derived from unidentified crime scene stains are stored in the database until they are identified.<br />
<br />
<br />
All samples are retained indefinitely<ref name="ftn12">See EU Current Practices at 81.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
For Scotland: Convicted persons’ samples are retained indefinitely, but suspects’ samples must be destroyed upon their acquittal or when no criminal proceedings are initiated<ref name="ftn13">See EU Current Practices at 83.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
England & Wales: The CJPA 2001 allows for the indefinite retention of the DNA samples of both crime suspects and convicted offenders who are arrested or convicted of any recordable offence. This provision also applies to crime suspect who are subsequently acquitted or freed of charges.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: The DNA samples of those who are convicted of any recordable offence can be retained indefinitely. Those taken from persons who are arrested of any recordable offence have to be destroyed as soon as possible following the decision not to institute criminal proceedings against the person concerned or upon acquittal.<ref name="ftn15">Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, Art. 18, § 3.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
The Forensic Science Service, an Executive Designated staff employed by the Custodian Security clearance to Counter Terrorism Kingdom Agency of the Home Office, was responsible for the management of the National DNA Database since 1995, through the office of its Chief Scientist as Custodian of the Database, under a Memorandum of Understanding between the FSS and the Association of Chief Police Officers, revised in 2000, 2003 and again in 2005, and the oversight of the National DNA Database Board, chaired by ACPO. In July 2005, the Custodianship was transferred to the Home Office, then shortly thereafter to National Policing Improvement Agency.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: Although they can largely develop their own policies regarding the treatment of profiles and samples which are collected in the course of criminal investigations, it is not entirely correct to consider the databases of Scotland and England & Wales as two separate entities.<ref name="ftn16">P. Johnson & R. Williams, DNA and crime investigation: Scotland and the “UK National DNA Database,” 10 Scottish J. Crim. Justice Stds. 74 (2004).</ref> As Scotland exports all its profiles and unidentified crime scene stains to the NDNAD, the latter in fact contains nearly all UK profiles. As Scotland does not retain the profiles of suspects who are acquitted and against whom no criminal proceedings are instituted, these are the only profiles that stay in the custody of the Scottish police.<br />
<br />
<br />
Oracle platform with Loader (input) and Match reporting database (repository for match information) It is an Oracle 9i database. Profiles are loaded electronically but from CSV files submitted as a batch rather than messaging.<br />
<br />
<br />
All new profiles added to the Database are automatically searched on loading against all profiles held. The search regime uses 4 SGM discriminator loci to identify a matching sub-set which is then searched again using the remaining SGM Plus loci. Both exact and partial matches between Subject/crime scene and crime scene/crime scene are reported immediately (failed or rare alleles are treated as wild ‘cards’). Subject/subject matches are reported periodically.<br />
<br />
<br />
One-off ‘snapshot’ speculative searches of sample profiles that do not meet the criteria for loading to the Database are also carried out using the same search regime. ‘Familial searches’ are also carried out to help identify potential relatives of offenders whose profiles are not on the Database A monthly search is also carried out for ‘near matches’ that differ by only 1 allele; these are then investigated to see if there has been an error in the profiling.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/United_KingdomUnited Kingdom2021-04-28T09:01:36Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Overview ==<br />
The UK’s National DNA Database (NDNAD) was the first to be established, in 1995. Two changes in the law, made by the Blair Government in 2001 and 2003, led to a massive expansion of the database. DNA samples and records were collected routinely from everyone arrested for any recordable offence, from the age of ten, and retained indefinitely whether or not they were charged or convicted. However, the law on retention was reversed following public controversy and a successful challenge in the European Court of Human Rights.<br />
<br />
The 2008 Interpol survey reports that 329,660 crime scene DNA profiles and 5,093,145 individuals' profiles, plus 163 unknown/deceased DNA profiles were held in the UK at the time of the survey. According to Interpol, the UK's DNA database grew to 400,337 crime scene DNA profiles, 6,547,187 reference DNA profiles from individuals, 97 missing persons' DNA profiles, 35 unidentified human remains DNA profiles and 43,888 other DNA profiles in 2011. As at 31 March 2015, the NDNAD held 5,766,369 DNA profiles from individuals and 486,691 from crime scenes, following removal of DNA profiles from innocent people and some children convicted of minor offences. Removing these people from the database has not reduced crime detection rates.<br />
<br />
Scotland rejected plans to retain DNA records from innocent people indefinitely in 2006. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, public opposition to keeping innocent people on the DNA database grew as more cases emerged of people falsely accused of minor offences who had their DNA stored.<br />
<br />
The European Court of Human Rights ruled that the law in England and Wales breached the European Convention on Human Rights in December 2008 (in the case of [http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-90051 S. and Marper v. the United Kingdom]).<br />
<br />
The UK’s Coalition Government adopted the Protection of Freedoms Act on 1st of May 2012, which came in to force at the end of October 2013. The DNA profiles and fingerprints of more than 1.7 million innocent people and children have been removed from police databases and more than 7.7 million DNA samples have also been destroyed.<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
*External links<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/forensic-information-databases-for-research-purposes-guidance Forensic information databases for research purposes: guidance (25th January 2021)] <br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-dna-and-fingerprint-exchange-policy-for-the-uk International DNA and fingerprint exchange policy for the UK (6th January 2021)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/biometrics-commissioner-interim-report-december-2020 Biometrics Commissioner: interim report December 2020]<br />
**[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/wfs2.1414 WIREs Forensic Science: The effectiveness of the current use of forensic DNA in criminal investigations in England and Wales (February 2021)] <br />
**[https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/1/2020/EN/COM-2020-857-F1-EN-ANNEX-1-PART-1.PDF European Commission: TRADE AND COOPERATION AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE EUROPEAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMUNITY, OF THE ONE PART, AND THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND, OF THE OTHER PART (25th December 2020)]<br />
**[https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_20_2532 European Commission: Questions & Answers: EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (24th December 2020)]<br />
** [https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/913011/NDNAD_Strategy_Board_AR_2018-2020_Web_Accessible.pdf Home Office: National DNA Database biennial report, 2018 to 2020 (2nd September 2020)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/niconsul2020-gw-fin.pdf GeneWatchUK response to the Department of Justice’s consultation on proposals to amend the legislation governing the retention of DNA and fingerprints in Northern Ireland (July 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.theyworkforyou.com/wms/?id=2020-06-15.HCWS290.h&s=DNA#gHCWS290.0 TheyWorkforYou: Prüm – Data Sharing Update (15th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/873640/dna-v4.0ext1.pdf Home Office: DNA policy guidance: Version 4.0 (16th March 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.scot/news/biometrics-commissioner/ Scottish Government: Biometrics Commissioner (10th March 2020)]<br />
**[http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-200817 European Court of Human Rights: CASE OF GAUGHRAN v. THE UNITED KINGDOM. Judgment, Strasbourg (13th February 2020)] Case regarding the disproportionate character of the indefinite retention of the DNA profile of a person convicted of minor offence.<br />
**[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmsctech/1970/1970.pdf House of Commons Science and Technology Committee: The work of the Biometrics Commissioner and the Forensic Science Regulator. Nineteenth Report of Session 2017–19 (17th July 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-dna-and-fingerprint-exchange-policy-for-the-uk Home Office: International DNA and fingerprint exchange policy for the UK (8th July 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-and-eu-law-enforcement-boost-co-operation-on-dna-databases Home Office: UK and EU law enforcement boost co-operation on DNA databases (14th June 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.scot/news/biometrics-commissioner-bill-published/ Scottish Government: Biometrics Commissioner (31st May 2019)]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/778065/National_DNA_Database_anuual_report_2017-18_print.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board Annual Report 2017/18]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dna-policy UK Government: DNA policy (immigration)]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/715318/FINDS-SB-P-002_-_Issue_1_-_FINDS_Strategy_Board_Policy_Access_and_Use_Po....pdf Forensic Information Databases Service (FINDS):The Forensic Information Databases Strategy Board Policy for Access and Use of DNA Samples, DNA Profiles, Fingerprint Images, and Associated Data (7th June 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.london.gov.uk/what-we-do/mayors-office-policing-and-crime-mopac/governance-and-decision-making/mopac-decisions-0/forensic-services-prum-dna-service-delivery-plan London: Forensic Services Prüm DNA Service Delivery Plan (10th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/biometrics-commissioner-annual-report-2017 Biometrics Commissioner: annual report 2017]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/713593/government_response_-_annual_report_2017.pdf Response to the Biometrics Commissioner's annual report 2017]<br />
**[http://assets.smartcdn.co.uk.s3-website-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/docs/3911_19012018095152.pdf Forensic Science Regulator: Annual Report: November 2016 - November 2017 (19th January 2018)]<br />
**[https://royalsociety.org/~/media/about-us/programmes/science-and-law/royal-society-forensic-dna-analysis-primer-for-courts.pdf Royal Society: Forensic DNA analysis: A Primer for Courts (November 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/594185/58714_Un-Num_Nat_DNA_DB_Accessible.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board Annual Report 2015/16]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/568554/Annual_Report_of_the_Ethics_Group_2015.pdf Annual Report of The Ethics Group: National DNA Database 2015 (16th November 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/526232/55843_BC_Report_ACCESSIBLE_01.pdf Further Report by the Biometrics Commissioner on Issues Raised in his 2015 Annual Report (April 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/507104/54496_Biometrics_Commissioners_Report_Print_Ready__3_.pdf Commissioner for the retention and use of biometric material: Annual Report December 2015]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/access-and-use-of-dna-samples-profiles-and-associated-data NDNAD Strategy Board policy for access and use of DNA samples, profiles and associated data: December 2015]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201516/cmselect/cmeuleg/342-xii/342xii.pdf House of Commons European Scunity Committee: Cross boarder law enforcement cooperation - UK participation in Prüm (4th December 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/484938/52921_NPCC_National_DNA_Database_print_ready.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board Annual Report 2014/15]. Confirms that removing innocent people's DNA profiles has had no adverse impact on solving crimes.<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-dna-exchange-policy-for-the-united-kingdom Policy Paper: International DNA exchange policy for the United Kingdom (23rd October 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/464648/2015_Prum_Business_Case.pdf Prum Business and Implementation Case (30th September 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/463466/ANNEX_H_Prum_Feasibility_Statistical_Analysis.pdf Principle Forensic Services: Prum Feasibility Project. Statistical Study: Report (September 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.pharmiweb.com/pressreleases/pressrel.asp?ROW_ID=124939#.VctwhPmYQxJ IntegenX: Rapid DNA Results Uploaded For First Time To United Kingdom’s National DNA Database (11th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.met.police.uk/foi/pdfs/other_information/corporate/early_deletion_process_2015.pdf Metropolitan Police: Early Deletion Requests - Consideration for the deletion of DNA profiles, Fingerprint, PNC Records and Photographic images. (22nd June 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dna-early-deletion-guidance-and-application-form Home Office: Record deletion guidance (27th May 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/publication-of-the-governments-response-to-the-biometrics-commissioners-first-annual-report UK Government response to the Biometrics Commissioner’s first annual report (13th May 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/circular-0092015-provisions-relating-to-dna-samples-in-the-police-amendment-regulations-2015-and-the-special-constabulary-amendment-regulations Circular 009/2015: provisions relating to DNA samples in the Police (Amendment) Regulations 2015 and the Special Constabulary (Amendment) Regulations 2015]<br />
**[http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/globalassets/documents/raise/deposited-papers/2015/dp1372.pdf: NORTHERN IRELAND DNA DATABASE GOVERNANCE BOARD REPORT 2012-14 (2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-dna-database-annual-report-2013-to-2014 National DNA Database: annual report, 2013 to 2014 (16th December 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/biometrics-commissioner-annual-report-2013-2014 Biometrics Commissioner: annual report 2013-2014 (16th December 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/applications-to-the-biometrics-commissioner-under-pace Home Office: Applications to the Biometrics Commissioner under PACE (26th September 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/358653/GuidanceApplicationstotheBC.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board: Applications to the Biometrics Commissioner under PACE (17th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.familylaw.co.uk/news_and_comment/re-z-application-for-release-of-dna-profiles-2014-ewhc-1999-fam#.U7wiU7Fhvqw Re Z(Application for Release of DNA Profiles) (2014) EWHC 1999 (Fam) (23rd June 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-dna-database-strategy-board-governance-rules National DNA Database strategy board: governance rules (13th June 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dna-early-deletion-guidance-and-application-form Home Office: DNA early deletion guidance and application form (20th January 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/helping-the-police-fight-crime-more-effectively/supporting-pages/national-dna-database National DNA Database]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/home-office/groups/national-dna-database-strategy-board National DNA Database Strategy Board]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/national-dna-database-ethics-group National DNA Database Ethics Group]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/forensic-science-regulator Forensic Science Regulator]<br />
**[https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/memberpage/united-kingdom-817 Europol: United Kingdom]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/254883/Access_And_Use_Of_DNA_Samples_Profiles.pdf Home Office: The NDNAD Strategy Board Policy for Access and Use of DNA Samples, Profiles and Associated Data (4th November 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-ethics-group-6th-annual-report-2013 NDNAD Ethics Group: 6th annual report (October 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/252678/NDNAD_Annual_Report_2012-13.pdf NATIONAL DNA DATABASE STRATEGY BOARD ANNUAL REPORT 2012-2013]<br />
**[http://www.forensicarchive.com/ Forensic Archive Ltd]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmselect/cmsctech/610/610.pdf House of Commons Science and Technology Committee; Forensic Science I (July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmselect/cmsctech/610/610vw.pdf House of Commons Science and Technology Committee: Forensic Science II (July 2013)]<br />
**[http://gizmonaut.net/blog/uk/2013/07/commencement_pofa_dna_provisions.html Gizmonaut: Commencement day of DNA provisions of the Protection of Freedom Act in October (22nd July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/1814/made The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2013] Commencement order for the provisions in the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 which relate to the destruction, retention and use of material including fingerprints, DNA samples and DNA profiles. Most provisions will come into force by 31st October 2013, with the destruction of copies coming into force by 31st January 2014.<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/1813/made The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (Destruction, Retention and Use of Biometric Data) (Transitional, Transitory and Saving Provisions) Order 2013]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/1814/made The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2013]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-annual-report-2011-to-2012 National DNA Database Annual Report: 2011-12]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-biennial-report-2009-to-2011 National DNA Database biennial report: 2009 to 2011]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/update-on-protection-of-freedoms-act-implementation-and-national-dna-database-annual-reports-2009-to-2012 Lord Taylor of Holbeach: Update on Protection of Freedoms Act implementation and National DNA Database annual reports 2009 to 2012 (20th May 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2012/9/pdfs/ukpga_20120009_en.pdf Protection of Freedoms Act 2012]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-dna-database-statistics National DNA Database statistics (23rd April 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/protection-of-freedoms-act-2012-dna-and-fingerprint-provisions/protection-of-freedoms-act-2012-how-dna-and-fingerprint-evidence-is-protected-in-law Home Office: Protection of Freedoms Act 2012: how DNA and fingerprint evidence is protected in law (4th April 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-strategy-board-minutes NDNAD Strategy Board minutes]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/equality-impact-assessment-of-the-national-dna-database Equality impact assessment of the National DNA Database (28th November 2012)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-annual-reports National DNA Database Annual Report 2006-07]<br />
**[http://www.statewatch.org/news/2009/nov/uk-dna-human-genetics-commission.pdf Human Genetics Commission: Nothing to hide, nothing to fear? Balancing individual rights and the public interest in the governance and use of the National DNA Database (24th November 2009)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/117784/ndnad-ann-report-2007-09.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2007-08]<br />
**[http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/Papers/database-state.pdf Rowntree Database State report (23rd March 2009)]<br />
**[https://rm.coe.int/168067d216 European Court of Human Rights: CASE OF S. AND MARPER v. THE UNITED KINGDOM (4th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmhaff/58/58ii.pdf Home Affairs Committee report: A Surveillance Society? (Vol II: Evidence)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmhaff/58/58i.pdf Home Affairs Committee Report: A Surveillance Society? (Vol I)]<br />
**[https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/l_to_o/low_copy_number_dna_testing/ Crown Prosecution Service: DNA: Low Copy Number DNA Testing in the Criminal Justice System (23rd January 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/sites/default/files/The%20forensic%20use%20of%20bioinformation%20-%20ethical%20issues.pdf Nuffield Council on Bioethics: The forensic use of bioinformation: ethical issues (September 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/DNA_report2005_06.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2005/06]<br />
**[http://www.acpo.police.uk/asp/policies/Data/NDNAD_AR_04_051.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2004/05]<br />
**[https://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/sass/WilliamsandJohnsonInterimReport2005-1.pdf Forensic DNA Databasing: A European Perspective – A report from Durham University (June 2005)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/NDNAD_AR_04_05.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2004/05]<br />
**[http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/about-us/corporate-publications-strategy/home-office-circulars/circulars-2004/058-2004/ Home Office Circular: Charges on Basis of Speculative Search Match on the National DNA Database (September 2004)]<br />
**[http://www.statewatch.org/news/2006/jan/uk-DNA-database.pdf DNA Expansion Programme 2000-2005: Reporting achievement]<br />
**[http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/10/PROPS Scottish Executive: Police Retention Of Prints and Samples]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmsctech/96/96i.pdf The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee’s report on forensics, 2005 (main report)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmsctech/96/96ii.pdf The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee’s report on forensics, 2005 (evidence)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/NDNAD_AR_3_4.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2003/04]<br />
**[http://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/sass/Williams_Johnson_Martin_NDNAD_report_2004.pdf Williams et al (2004) Genetic Information and Crime Investigation]<br />
**[https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/assets/uploads/files/lawyers%27%20DNA%20guide%20KSWilliams%20190208%20%28i%29.pdf Forensic Science Service: Guide to DNA for lawyers and investigating officers(2004)]<br />
**[https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/assets/uploads/files/pdf_000328%20-%20%20DNA%20Charging%20Guidance.pdf Crown Prosecution Service: Guidance on DNA Charging (16th July 2004)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/NDNAD_Annual_Report_02_03.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2002/03]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/sub-539478 GeneWatch UK: The UK Police National DNA Database]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1984/60/contents Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (as amended)] This law was amended by the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 in order to set up the UK National DNA Database in 1995 by allowing police to collect DNA samples and conduct searches of stored DNA profiles: it has been amended many times since 1994.<br />
<br />
*Press articles<br />
**[https://news.sky.com/story/home-secretary-must-take-responsibility-for-accidental-wiping-of-150-000-arrest-records-12188163 Sky News: 'Human error' blamed for wiping of thousands of police records (16th January 2021)]<br />
**[https://bylinetimes.com/2020/07/14/uk-deal-to-share-dna-and-fingerprints-evades-parliamentary-scrutiny/ UK Deal to Share DNA and Fingerprints Evades Parliamentary Scrutiny (14th July 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/proficiency-testing-guidance-dna-mixture-analysis-and-interpretation Forensic Science Regulator: Proficiency testing guidance: DNA mixture analysis and interpretation (29th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8424405/Privacy-row-erupts-plan-log-thousands-innocent-Britons-DNA-controversial-EU-database.html Daily Mail: Privacy row erupts over plan to log thousands of innocent Britons' DNA on controversial EU database (16th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.biometricupdate.com/202006/northern-ireland-police-agree-to-delete-biometric-records-after-human-rights-ruling Biometric Update: Northern Ireland police agree to delete biometric records after human rights ruling (4th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.ukauthority.com/articles/scotland-to-get-biometrics-commissioner/ UK Authority: Scotland to get biometrics commissioner (13th March 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8000053/European-Court-rule-Northern-Ireland-drink-driver-human-rights-breached-police-kept-fingerprints.html Daily Mail: Drink-driver's privacy rights were breached when police kept his DNA profile, fingerprints and photo indefinitely, European human rights judges rule (13th February 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/feb/13/police-keeping-drink-drivers-dna-breached-his-rights-judges-rule The Guardian: Police keeping drink-driver's DNA breached his rights, judges rule (13th February 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-49361260 BBC: Eurofins Scientific: Cyber-attack leads to backlog of 20,000 forensic samples (16th August 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.governmentcomputing.com/central-government/news/uk-eu-prum-framework Government Computing: UK, EU boost co-operation on DNA databases under Prüm framework (14th June 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-48459890 BBC: New plans to safeguard storage of DNA and fingerprint data (31st May 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.biometricupdate.com/201901/northern-ireland-police-agree-to-publish-biometric-data-retention-policy Biometric Update: Northern Ireland police agree to publish biometric data retention policy (11th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-46803999 BBC: PSNI to publish DNA retention policy after human rights case (9th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://amp.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/oct/25/sajid-javid-apologises-to-migrants-forced-to-give-dna-samples The Guardian: Sajid Javid apologises to immigration applicants forced to give DNA samples (25th October 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/home-office-dna-tests-policy-immigrants-letters-immigration-a8430271.html The Independent: Home Office forcing immigrants to take DNA tests in breach of government's own policy (4th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.governmentcomputing.com/applications/news/home-office-issues-tender-biometrics-development Government Computing: Home Office issues tender for biometrics development (14th May 2018)]<br />
**[https://police.community/topic/134543-police-pay-out-millions-after-collapse-of-forensics-firm/ Police Community: Police pay out millions after collapse of forensics firm (5th February 2018)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-42057009 BBC: UK judges to get scientific guides (22nd November 2017)]<br />
**[http://theconversation.com/dna-databases-its-still-far-from-clear-how-effective-they-are-in-fighting-crime-85137 The Conversation: DNA databases: it’s still far from clear how effective they are in fighting crime (10th October 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.belfastlive.co.uk/news/new-officers-register-dna-database-13733517 Belfast Live: New officers will have to register on a DNA database, PSNI reveals (8th October 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.piratefm.co.uk/news/latest-news/2289933/brothers-to-appeal-over-wadebridge-murders/ Pirate FM: Brothers to appeal over Wadebridge murders? (16th May 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/15213148.CSI_Strathclyde__how_university_forensic_experts_helped_solve_some_of_the_most_high_profile_crimes_of_the_past_fifty_years/ The Herald: CSI Strathclyde: how university forensic experts helped solve some of the most high-profile crimes of the past fifty years (9th April 017)]<br />
**[http://www.scunthorpetelegraph.co.uk/what-are-your-rights-if-police-arrest-you-the-key-questions-answered-from-handcuffs-to-charges/story-30253882-detail/story.html Scunthorpe Telegraph: What are your rights if police arrest you? The key questions answered, from handcuffs to charges (8th April 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/legal-updates/dna--an-unstoppable-march/5060258.article Law Gazette: DNA – an unstoppable march? (20th March 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.burtonmail.co.uk/forensics-expert-john-beckwith-lifts-the-lid-on-how-dna-has-solved-serious-historic-burton-crimes/story-30091644-detail/story.html Burton Mail: Forensics expert John Beckwith lifts the lid on how DNA has solved serious historic Burton crimes (1st March 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.policeoracle.com/news/police_it_and_technology/2017/Feb/23/dna-database-most-effective--since-records-began-_94218.html Police Oracle: DNA database most effective since records began (24th February 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.policeoracle.com/news/investigation/2017/Jan/13/Government-department-to-access-DNA-database-in-bid-to-close-fake-dads-paternity-loophole_93864.html Police Oracle: Government Department to access DNA database in bid to close 'fake dads' paternety loophole. (13th January 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-38527830 BBC: Forensic science standards 'at significant risk' (6th January 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/5180/desc/despite-brexit-uk-committed-to-eu-biometric-database/ Despite Brexit, UK committed to EU biometric database (2nd November 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jun/07/killer-dna-evidence-genetic-profiling-criminal-investigation The Guardian: Killer breakthrough – the day DNA evidence first nailed a murderer (7th June 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/27/dna-and-fingerprints-of-50000-repeat-teenage-offenders-deleted-a/ The Telegraph: DNA and fingerprints of 50,000 repeat teenage offenders deleted after software error by police (27th May 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.thequint.com/hot-wire/2016/05/27/dna-profiles-of-hundreds-of-terror-suspects-destroyed-in-uk The Quint: DNA Profiles of Hundreds of Terror Suspects Destroyed in UK (27th May 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/4530/desc/fears-in-uk-over-deletion-of-terror-suspects-biometric-profiles/ Planet Biometrics: Fears in UK over deletion of terror suspects’ biometric profiles (27th May 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/latest-news/507017/police-mix-DNA-evidence-errors-98-cases-Adam-Scott-case Daily Star: DNA divvies: Police errors result in evidence mix-ups in 98 cases last year (10th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201604/documents-reveal-uk-governments-out-of-court-settlements-over-unlawful-biometrics-storage Biometric Update: Documents reveal UK government’s out-of-court settlements over unlawful biometrics storage (9th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/04/05/home_office_settlements/ The Register: Home Office seeks secret settlements over unlawful DNA retention (5th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-35783475 BBC: Wiping of DNA and fingerprint records 'puts public safety at risk' (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/dna-profiles-and-fingerprints-of-7800-on-police-counterterrorism-database-34532285.html Belfast Telegraph: DNA profiles and fingerprints of 7,800 on police counter-terrorism database (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/mar/11/uk-police-hold-dna-profiles-of-7800-terrorism-suspects The Guardian: UK police hold DNA profiles of 7,800 terrorism suspects (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.rt.com/uk/335286-dna-profiles-terror-suspects/ RT: DNA profiles of 7,800 terror suspects held in police database (11th March, 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/03/11/potential_terrorists_roam_uk_while_police_lose_their_biometrics_details/ The Register: 7,800 people's biometric data held on police anti-terrorism database (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.ukauthority.com/news/6047/police-national-database-still-holds-illegal-photos UK Authority: Police National Database still holds 'illegal' photos (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=25632 Police Professionals: Failure to retain DNA records ‘risking public safety’, says Biometrics Commissioner (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/4270/desc/britains-biometrics-commissioner-in-dna-warning/ Planet Biometrics (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://home.bt.com/news/uk-news/dna-profiles-of-7800-people-on-police-counter-terrorism-database-11364045522485 BT: DNA profiles and prints of 7,800 people on police counter-terrorism database (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://thejusticegap.com/2016/03/12812/ The Justice Gap: Ministers need to reinstate a national forensic science service – and quickly (21st March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-35254521 BBC News: Paternity test dad Vernon Poppleton used brother's DNA (7th January, 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/conservative-berwick-mp-rebels-over-10575572 Chronicle Live: Conservative Berwick MP rebels over plans for UK to join EU crime database (10th December 2015)]<br />
**[https://uk.news.yahoo.com/eurosceptic-theresa-may-calls-mps-160727893.html#dABsF8p Yahoo News: Eurosceptic Theresa May calls for MPs to back EU DNA database in House of Commons debate (8th December 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.itv.com/news/2015-12-08/uk-to-decide-whether-to-join-bond-esque-eu-dna-database/ ITV: UK to decide whether to join Bond-esque EU DNA database (8th December 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/3818/desc/uk-mps-to-vote-on-joining-european-biometric-database/ Planet Biometrics: UK MPs to vote on joining European biometric, DNA database (30th November)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=24904 Police Professional: Home Office urges Prüm opt in (27th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/12019174/Britain-should-join-controversial-EU-crime-database-says-Government.html The Telegraph: Britain should join controversial EU crime database, says Government (26th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-34937158 BBC News: UK ministers outline case for joining EU DNA database scheme (26th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/nov/23/mps-vote-joining-european-police-dna-fingerprint-database The Guardian: MPs to vote on joining European police DNA database (23th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-attacks-france-calls-for-britain-to-give-european-police-access-to-dna-database-a6738471.html Independent: Paris attacks: France calls for Britain to give European police access to DNA database (17th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.information-age.com/technology/security/123460503/whos-more-likely-rob-britains-freedom-isis-or-conservative-party Information Age: Who’s more likely to rob Britain’s freedom: ISIS or the Conservative party? (16th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3318975/Big-Brother-tsar-demands-police-wipe-innocent-people-s-photos-database-18-MILLION-mugshots.html Daily Mail: 'Big Brother tsar' demands police wipe innocent people's photos from database of 18 MILLION mugshots (15th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.journalpioneer.com/Opinion/Columnists/2015-11-10/article-4339029/EASTERN-PASSAGES%3A-Hanged-by-a-thread/1 Journal Pioneer: Eastern passages: Hanged by a thread (10th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/11982516/British-police-face-deluge-of-foreign-DNA-requests-if-UK-joins-EU-crime-database-says-report.html The Telegraph: British police face deluge of foreign DNA requests if UK joins EU crime database, says report (8th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.itv.com/news/granada/2015-11-05/police-use-dna-to-track-down-diners-who-skipped-the-bill/ ITV: Police use DNA to track down diners who skipped the bill (5th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://news.sky.com/story/1572942/rapist-jailed-after-needle-in-a-haystack-hunt Sky News: Rapist Jailed After 'Needle In A Haystack' Hunt (20th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://findbiometrics.com/rapidhit-dna-uk-police-210135/ Find Biometrics: RapidHIT DNA Identification a Hit with UK Police (13th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/3635/desc/biometrics-commissioner-raises-police-face-database-fears/ Planet Biometrics: Biometrics Commissioner raises police face database fears (13th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201510/key-forensic-services-purchases-rapid-dna-system-from-integenx Biometric Update: Key Forensic Services purchases rapid DNA system from IntegenX (4th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/3587/desc/uks-key-forensic-services-buys-rapid-dna-system/ Planet Biometrics: UK’s Key Forensic Services buys Rapid DNA system (1st October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.computerworlduk.com/it-leadership/police-ict-company-ceo-on-austerity-transformation-plans-save-millions-3624427/ Computer World UK: Police ICT Company CEO Martin Wyke on austerity, transformation and plans to save millions (2nd September 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.labnews.co.uk/features/building-case-27-08-2015/ Laboratory News: Building a case: (27th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://finance.yahoo.com/news/rapidhit-dna-profile-uploaded-uk-100000828.html BusinessWire: RapidHIT DNA Profile Uploaded to UK National DNA Database Identifies Dangerous Sex Offender While Suspect in Custody (24th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201508/rapid-dna-results-uploaded-for-the-first-time-to-uks-dna-database Biometric Update: Rapid DNA results uploaded for the first time to UK’s DNA database (19th August 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.policeoracle.com/news/police_it_and_technology/2015/Aug/13/breakthrough-machine-now-being-used-to-upload-genetic-profiles-onto-database_89231.html Police Oracle: Breakthrough machine now being used to upload genetic profiles to database (13th August 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-33784571 BBC: DNA samples copied and held for Troubles investigations (5th August 2015)] Reports retention of DNA profiles in Northern Ireland.<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3174798/Deadbeat-dads-refuse-pay-offspring-face-DNA-database-checks.html Daily Mail: 'Deadbeat dads' who refuse to pay for their offspring face DNA database checks in child maintenance crackdown (26th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=21781 Police Professional: PSNI DNA retention lawful (14th May 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/may/13/retention-of-offenders-dna-does-not-breach-privacy-supreme-court-rules The Guardian: Retention of offenders' DNA profiles not illegal, supreme court rules (13th May 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.bristolpost.co.uk/Avon-Somerset-Police-s-forensic-spending-falls-40/story-26457785-detail/story.html Avon and Somerset Police's forensic spending falls by 40 per cent in seven years (8th May 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/unease-over-police-trial-of-hitech-dna-machines-amid-fears-that-civil-liberties-could-be-infringed-10193791.html The Independent: Unease over police trial of hi-tech DNA machines amid fears that civil liberties could be infringed (21st April 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.littlehamptongazette.co.uk/news/regional/murder-police-dna-screening-plea-1-6675562 Littlehampton Gazette: Murder police DNA screening plea(7th April 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.computing.co.uk/ctg/news/2398702/government-has-failed-to-provide-guidelines-on-use-of-biometric-data-warn-mps Government has failed to provide guidelines on use of biometric data, warn MPs (9th March 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/britain-criticised-for-dna-hold-up-keeping-an-innocent-man-locked-up-in-spanish-prison-10031429.html The Independent: Britain criticised for DNA hold up keeping an innocent man locked up in Spanish prison (8th February 2015)]<br />
**[http://thejusticegap.com/2015/01/police-forensics-risk-criminal-cases-nao-warns/ Police forensics ‘a risk’ to criminal cases, spending watchdog warns (26th January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=20204 Police Professional: Police spending on forensics 'inconsistent' (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/privatisation-of-forensic-services-a-threat-to-justice-and-putting-the-work-in-police-hands-would-be-disastrous-warn-experts-9991356.html The Independent: Privatisation of forensic services 'threat to justice' and putting the work in police hands would be 'disastrous,' warn experts (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-30909722 BBC: Warning by spending watchdog over forensic science work (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://news.stv.tv/scotland/307287-mass-voluntary-dna-screening-in-case-of-valerie-graves-in-bosham/ STV: Mass voluntary DNA screening to find killer of house-sitting Scot (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2914932/The-DNA-photofit-Amazing-breakthrough-means-police-tell-suspect-s-colour-height-age-tiny-speck-blood.html The DNA photofit: Amazing breakthrough means police can tell suspect's colour, height and even age – from a tiny speck of blood (17th January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thedetail.tv/articles/genetic-profile-of-123-000-people-on-ni-s-dna-database Genetic profile of 123,000 people on NI's DNA database (14th January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/dec/16/foreogn-criminals-data-police-records-biometrics The Guardian: Foreign criminals’ data taken off police records (16th December 2014)]<br />
**[http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/572081/20141107/australia-uk-dna-polce-usa-canada.htm#.VGHb2cnvaSo International Business Times: Australia and UK Sign Pact For DNA Database Sharing Among Police Forces To Check Serious Crimes (7th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://rt.com/uk/202919-uk-australia-dna-database/ RT: UK, Australia to share DNA database to aid international crime solving (6th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/australian-police-in-dna-access-deal-with-british-counterparts/story-fn59niix-1227114004691 The Australian: Australian police in DNA access deal with British counterparts (5th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2014/nov/06/australian-and-british-police-to-share-their-dna-databases The Guardian: Australian and British police to share their DNA databases (5th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://online.wsj.com/articles/spain-threatens-u-k-s-inclusion-in-eu-justice-cooperation-1412881174 Spain Threatens U.K.’s Inclusion in EU Justice Cooperation (9th October 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/09/30/scrap_human_rights_act_chris_grayling_privacy_freedom_expression/ The Register: Scrapping the Human Rights Act: What about privacy and freedom of expression? (30th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2767453/DNA-blunders-mean-murderers-rapists-convictions-overturned-Home-Office-admits-misleading-evidence-presented-juries.html Daily Mail: DNA blunders mean murderers and rapists could have convictions overturned: Home Office admits misleading evidence has been presented to juries (24th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/european-convention-on-human-rights-what-has-it-ever-done-for-us-9773928.html The Independent: European Convention on Human Rights: What has it ever done for us? (3rd October 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201409/guidelines-for-uk-police-chiefs-on-applications-to-retain-use-biometrics Guidelines for UK police chiefs on applications to retain & use biometric material (29th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.scotsman.com/news/how-dna-fingerprint-left-its-mark-on-justice-1-3533752 The Scotsman: How DNA fingerprint left its mark on justice (8th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/11382557.Commissioner_helps_to_speed_DNA_checks/?ref=rss Lancashire Telegraph: Commissioner helps to speed DNA checks (1st August 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2708277/DNA-testing-crime-scene-investigations-soon-identify-criminals-matter-HOURS.html DNA-testing for crime scene investigations will soon identify criminals in a matter of HOURS (28th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/crime-courts/police-storing-dna-samples-of-children-as-young-as-10-x.24764874 Herald: Police storing DNA samples of children as young as 10 (16th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.heraldscotland.com/comment/herald-view/storing-childrens-dna-and-issue-of-civil-liberties.24733748 Herald: Storing children's DNA and issue of civil liberties (16th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2689894/Police-plea-share-DNA-clues-EU-foreign-criminals.html Daily Mail: Police in plea to share DNA clues with EU - because we have so many foreign criminals (12th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.scotsman.com/news/uk/eu-set-for-more-policing-powers-1-3467441 The Scotsman: EU set for ‘more policing’ powers (8th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/486945/Cameron-could-give-more-police-powers-to-Brussels-DNA-database The Express: Now David Cameron 'considers giving POLICING powers to Brussels', leaked documents reveal (5th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/05/david-cameron-eu-talks-police-cooperation The Guardian: David Cameron in talks with EU leaders over international DNA database (5th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-28130767 BBC: Marion Crofts murder: Tony Jasinskyj's appeal refused(2nd July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.labmate-online.com/articles/laboratory-products/3/tracy_alexander/dna_collection_and_interpretation/1590/ Labmate: DNA: Collection and Interpretation (12th March 2014)]<br />
**[http://ampp3d.mirror.co.uk/2014/01/15/nearly-6-million-of-us-are-on-the-dna-database-does-it-make-you-feel-any-safer/ Nearly 6 million of us are on the DNA database. Does it make you feel any safer? (15th January 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.nottinghampost.com/Ex-offender-74-wins-right-provide-sample-DNA/story-19891968-detail/story.html Nottingham Post: Ex-offender from Nottingham wins right not to provide a sample of his DNA (5th October 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24207612 BBC: Operation Nutmeg: Court could force police to destroy DNA (24th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24224506 BBC: Court rejects ex-prisoner's DNA sample challenge (24th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24224506 The Guardian: Ex-prisoner fails to halt police DNA-collection programme (24th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2429637/One-year-old-baby-thousands-children-DNA-taken-police.html Daily Mail: One-year-old baby among thousands of children who have had their DNA taken by police (22nd September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-police-take-dna-samples-6073851 Wales Online: Welsh police take DNA samples from more than 5,500 children (22nd September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/police-take-dna-children-criminal-2259291 Mirror: Police take DNA from children in criminal investigations (8th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://esciencenews.com/articles/2013/08/14/forensic.familial.search.methods.carry.risk.certain.false.matches e! Science News: Forensic familial search methods carry risk of certain false matches (14th August 2013)] There is a video abstract and general public explanation video available for this research.<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-23683910 BBC: University of Leicester cat DNA database to be used for solving crime (14th August 2013)]<br />
** [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23436303 BBC: Forensics upheaval 'threat to justice', MPs warn (25th July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2013/jul/08/britain-european-arrest-warrant-reform The Guardian: Britain to keep European arrest warrant but try to reform it (8th July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/police-told-to-explain-use-of-unregulated-dna-database-8651380.html The Independent: Police told to explain use of unregulated DNA database (9th June 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2013/may/20/police-retain-dna-thousands-children The Guardian: Police retain DNA from thousands of children (20th May 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22595835 BBC: Police swabbing of child DNA excessive, says charity (20th May 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/police-bosses-tell-cops-don%E2%80%99t-target-gays-dna-roundup180113 GayStarNews: Police bosses tell cops: don’t target gays in DNA roundup (18th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.eadt.co.uk/news/ipswich_victory_after_man_s_six_year_battle_to_have_dna_records_removed_from_police_records_1_1796207 EADT24: Ipswich: Victory after man’s six-year battle to have DNA records removed from police records (18th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.politics.co.uk/news/2013/01/17/outrage-grows-over-gay-dna-witchhunt Politics.co.uk: Outrage grows over gay DNA witchhunt (17th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2261239/Stephen-Close-Police-demand-DNA-sample-soldier-gay-relationship-Army.html?ITO=1490&ns_mchannel=rss&ns_campaign=1490 Daily Mail: Police demand DNA sample from former soldier because he had gay relationship in the Army 30 years ago (12th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2259319/EU-demands-access-details-UK-drivers-Orwellian-hand-personal-information-foreign-police-forces.html?ito=feeds-newsxml Daily Mail: EU demands access to details of all UK drivers: ‘Orwellian’ move to hand out personal information to foreign police forces (9th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/9628235/Rapists-feared-still-at-large-as-police-fail-to-update-DNA-database.html The Telegraph: Rapists feared still at large as police fail to update DNA database (23rd October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2211365/Adam-Scott-Innocent-man-spent-FIVE-MONTHS-prison-forensics-mix-meant-falsely-accused-rape.html Daily Mail: Innocent man spent FIVE MONTHS in prison after forensics mix-up meant he was falsely accused of rape (1st October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19782917 BBC: DNA rape sample procedures ‘not adequate’ (1st October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.littlehamptongazette.co.uk/news/sussex-police-collect-ex-cons-dna-for-national-database-1-4321532 Littlehampton Gazette: Sussex Police collect ex-cons’ DNA for national database (1st October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2012/sep/27/ex-offenders-targeted-dna-database The Guardian: Thousands of ex-offenders targeted in drive to add to DNA database (27th September 2012)]<br />
**[http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1588993_police-order-thousands-of-dna-samples-from-ex-convicts-in-greater-manchester Manchester Evening News: Police order thousands of DNA samples from ex-convicts in Greater Manchester (18th September 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.zdnet.com/blog/london/london-police-8216hack-suspects-phones-a-major-blow-to-human-rights/4775 ZDNet: London police ‘hack’ suspects’ phones: A major blow to human rights (18th May 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/privatisation-is-a-catastrophe-warns-godfather-of-forensics-7606789.html The Independent: Privatisation is a catastrophe, warns godfather of forensics (2nd April 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2114252/Teenager-spends-months-bars-DNA-blunder-fingers-rape-city-visited.html Daily Mail: DNA database in doubt after teenager spends three months behind bars for rape in city he has never even visited because gene samples were mixed up (13th March 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2012/mar/08/forensics-blunder-convictions The Guardian: Forensics blunder ‘may endanger convictions’ (8th March 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.economist.com/node/21543121 The Economist: Ignorance is bliss (21st January 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21128285.500-euro-dna-treaty-risks-false-positives.html?DCMP=OTC-rss&nsref=online-news#.UebhRG3OB0M New Scientist: DNA super-network increases risk of mix-ups (5th September 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13440012 BBC Online: DNA and fingerprint guidelines ‘unlawful’ (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/guidelines-on-dna-samples-unlawful-2285712.html The Independent: Guidelines on DNA samples unlawful (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.publicservice.co.uk/news_story.asp?id=15673 Public Service: Police DNA retention policy ‘unlawful’ (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://ukhumanrightsblog.com/2011/05/18/retention-of-dna-breaches-article-8-says-supreme-court/ UK Human Rights blog: Retention of DNA breaches human right to privacy, says Supreme Court (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/libertycentral/2011/may/18/dna-retention-supreme-court-police The Guardian: DNA retention judgment won’t see discriminatory policy destroyed (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/03/03/ico_freedoms_bill/ The Register: Supreme Court: DNA database retention regs are unlawful (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/may/18/police-dna-database-supreme-court The Guardian: Police breaking law by keeping DNA of the innocent, supreme court rules (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/mar/05/dna-rules-will-restore-trust The Guardian: New DNA rules will restore public trust [Letter] (5th March 2011])<br />
**[http://www.publicservice.co.uk/news_story.asp?id=15673 Public Service: Government store DNA of over 6 million (4th March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/05/18/supreme_court_dna_database_ruling/ The Register: ICO evidence raises Freedoms Bill data worries (3rd March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-12536138 BBC: How Protection of Freedoms Bill will work (1st March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=18987 ITN: Government to curb DNA database (1st March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=18987 The Voice: Innocent black Brits may get their DNA removed from database (22nd February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/columnists/philipjohnston/8324874/The-Coalitions-Freedom-Bill-is-a-blow-against-the-snoopers-and-clampers.html The Telegraph: The coalition’s Freedom Bill is a blow against the snoopers and clampers (15th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.24dash.com/blogs/lynne_featherstone_mp/2011/02/13/Freedoms-Bill/ 24dash.com: Freedoms Bill (13th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12433116 BBC: DNA profiles to be deleted from police database (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1356198/DNA-database-purge-Victory-Mail-records-1m-innocent-people-removed.html#ixzz1DsbppVHm Daily Mail: DNA database purge: Victory for the Mail as records of 1m innocent people removed (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/8318900/DNA-of-up-to-a-million-to-be-wiped-under-Freedom-Bill.html The Telegraph: DNA of up to a million to be wiped under Freedom Bill (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/feb/11/dna-profiles-deleted-police-database The Guardian: DNA profiles to be deleted from police database (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.dailyexpress.co.uk/posts/view/228588/At-last-victory-over-Labour-s-army-of-snoops/ Daily Express: At last, victory over Labour’s army of snoops (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2011/feb/11/criminal-checks-eased-freedom-bill The Guardian: Criminal checks on people working with children to be eased (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-a-victory-for-civil-liberties-ndash-and-a-challenge-for-labour-2209670.html Independent: A victory for civil liberties – and a challenge for Labour (10th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/8317257/Nick-Clegg-were-restoring-hard-won-British-liberties.html The Telegraph: Nick Clegg; we’re restoring hard won British liberties (10th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/id-cards-go-up-in-flames-in-first-step-to-tackle-database-state-2209936.html The Independent: ID cards go up in flames in first step to tackle ‘database state’ (10th February 2010)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8691753.stm BBC: Deputy Prime Minister’s Reform Speech (19th May 2010)]<br />
**[http://www.publicservice.co.uk/news_story.asp?id=15673 Public Service: Government store DNA of over 6 million (4th March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20527424.700-unreliable-evidence-time-to-open-up-dna-databases.html?full=true New Scientist: Unreliable evidence? Time to open up DNA Databases (6th January 2010)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8434713.stm BBC Online: Innocent people face DNA database ‘shambles’ (31st December 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1877525.ece The Times: From schoolboy squabble to DNA database in one easy step – if you’re black (24th November 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8375567.stm BBC Online: New safeguards urged over routine police DNA tests (24th November 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1223688/DNA-innocents-kept-database-years.html The Daily Mail: DNA of innocents will be kept on database for six years (29th October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/oct/28/dna-database-innocent-profiles The Guardian: Innocent suspects’ profiles still reaching DNA database (28th October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1877336.ece The Times: Record number of DNA samples taken but crimes solved with them are down (22nd October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/6399228/Crimes-solved-by-DNA-drop-by-a-fifth.html The Telegraph: Crimes solved by DNA drop by a fifth (22nd October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/oct/21/dna-database-convictions-fall The Guardian: Detections using DNA database fall despite huge rise in profiles (21st October)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/oct/19/innocent-dna-database The Guardian: Home Office climbs down over keeping DNA records of innocent (19th October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/6056725/Tory-MP-Damian-Green-has-DNA-profile-deleted-from-database.html The Telegraph: Tory MP Damian Green has DNA profile deleted from database (20th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/18/science/18dna.html?_r=2&hp New York Times: DNA evidence can be fabricated, scientists show (17th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=16083 The Voice: DNA database is damaging race relations, says expert (17th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1205867/300-children-day-added-DNA-database-400-000-15s-Big-Brother-roll.html Daily Mail: 300 children a day added to DNA database (12th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/aug/09/police-dna-database-black-children The Observer: ‘Racist bias’ blamed for disparity in police DNA database (9th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/aug/07/dna-database-police-advice The Guardian: Police told to ignore human rights ruling over database (7th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/5990033/Equality-watchdog-warns-DNA-plans-break-law.html The Telegraph: Equality watchdog warns DNA plans break law (7th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/5444332/Police-arrest-innocent-youths-for-their-DNA-officer-claims.html The Telegraph: Police arrest innocent youths for the DNA, officer claims (4th June 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1185060/Driver-thrown-police-cell-DVLA-office-blunder-wrong-shade-green-MOT-certificate.html Daily Mail: Driver thrown in police cell after DVLA office blunder (21st May 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/apr/17/damian-green-arrest-jacqui-smith The Guardian: DPP’s verdict on papers leaked in Damian Green affair – Not a threat to security (17th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/apr/15/jeffreys-dna-database-human-rights-police The Guardian: DNA pioneer Alec Jeffreys: drop innocent from database (15th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/5109248/Police-will-be-banned-from-keeping-DNA-of-innocent-people-pledge-Tories.html The Telegraph: Police will be banned from keeping DNA of innocent people, pledge Tories (6th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.politics.co.uk/news/legal-and-constitutional/tories-promise-to-reform-dna-database-$1285967.htm Politics.co.uk: Tories promise to reform DNA database (6th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.crosbyherald.co.uk/news/crosby-news/2009/04/02/teenager-arrested-by-southport-police-for-handing-in-mobile-phone-68459-23291295/ The Crosby Herald: Teen arrested by police for handing in phone (2nd April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/5078599/Five-million-people-now-on-DNA-database.html The Telegraph: Five million people now on database (31st March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.computing.co.uk/computing/news/2239421/dna-database-grows-per-cent-two Computing: DNA database grows by 38 per cent in two years (30th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7966641.stm BBC Online: ‘DNA bungle’ haunts German police (28th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/the_daily_politics/7968121.stm BBC Politics Show: Time for a universal DNA database? (27th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/the_daily_politics/7968054.stm BBC Politics Show: MP’s battle over DNA database (27th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.thisisplymouth.co.uk/news/know-feel-Truman/article-848720-detail/article.html The Plymouth Herald: I know how you feel, Mr Truman (26th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/the-big-question-are-there-illegal-government-databases-and-what-can-we-do-about-it-1652623.html The Independent: The Big Question: Are there illegal Government databases and what can we do about it? (24th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-1164291/ROSS-CLARK-As-report-condemns-government-databases--Big-Brother-wasting-billions.html The Daily Mail: As report condemns Government databases…Big Brother is wasting your billions (24th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7955205.stm BBC Online: Call to scrap ‘illegal’ databases (23rd March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/mar/19/dna-database-comment The Guardian: Mark Thomas: How I got my genes deleted (19th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/libertycentral/2009/mar/16/dna-database-civil-liberties The Guardian: Question Eight: DNA Database (16th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/4966168/DNA-of-one-year-old-baby-stored-on-national-database.html The Telegraph: DNA of one-year-old baby stored on national database (10th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/03/02/dna_dbase_stalling/ The Register: Three months on, you still can’t get off the DNA Database (2nd March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/feb/27/dna-database-justice The Guardian: Government plans to keep DNA samples of innocent (27th February 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/feb/27/dna-database-children-criminal-record The Guardian: DNA details of 1.1m children on database (27th February 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1137022/Banish-Big-Brother-The-states-surveillance-powers-curbed-say-Lords.html The Daily Mail: Banish Big Brother: The state’s surveillance powers must be curbed, say Lords (6th February 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/12/17/david_mery_reclaim_your_dna/ The Register: Don’t delay: Delete your DNA (17th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-1094963/JAMES-SLACK-The-EUs-Big-Brother-database-poses-threat-liberties.html Daily Mail: The EU’s Big Brother database poses a threat to our liberties (16th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-a-victory-for-civil-liberties-ndash-but-the-larger-war-still-rages-1052547.html The Independent: A victory for civil liberties – but the larger war still rages (5th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1091880/One-million-innocent-people-profiles-wiped-Britains-DNA-database-court-ruling.html The Daily Mail: One million innocent people could have their profiles wiped from Britain’s ‘Orwellian’ DNA database after court ruling (5th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7765484.stm BBC Online: Europe DNA ruling resonates in UK (4th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/3547773/DNA-database-Campaigners-welcome-ruling-that-DNA-holding-breaches-human-rights.html The Telegraph: Campaigners welcome ruling that DNA-holding breaches human rights (4th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/liverpool-news/regional-news/2008/11/19/police-order-child-s-dna-to-be-removed-from-database-64375-22290909/ Liverpool Daily Post: Police order child’s DNA to be removed from database (19th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/3473483/More-than-one-million-added-to-the-DNA-database-as-children.html The Telegraph: More than one million added to the DNA database as children (17th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/3418649/Crimes-solved-by-DNA-evidence-fall-despite-millions-being-added-to-database.html The Telegraph: Crimes solved by DNA evidence fall despite millions being added to database (10th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/11/06/dna_database_special/page2.html The Register: The DNA Database and You (6th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/north-wales-news/2008/10/30/one-in-11-from-north-wales-on-dna-file-55578-22148188/ Daily Post North Wales: One in 11 from North Wales on DNA file (30th October 2008) 30th October 2008]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1078821/New-law-allow-police-collect-DNA-secret-teacups.html The Daily Mail: New law to allow police to collect DNA in secret from teacups (19th October 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.christiantoday.com/article/black.church.leaders.concerned.over.criminal.dna.database/20635.htm Christian Today: Black church leaders concerned over criminal DNA database (18th July 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/06/29/brown_dna_database_innocent_genewatch/ The Register: Gordo’s DNA database claims branded ‘ridiculous’ (29th June 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=/opinion/2008/06/09/do0902.xml The Telegraph: MPs must act now to set limits on snooping (9th June 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.vision.org/visionmedia/article.aspx?id=4824 Reuters: Watchdog criticises plan to share DNA data (15th May 2008)]<br />
**[http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/joepublic/2008/05/the_scandal_of_criminalising_m.html The Guardian: The scandal of ‘criminalising’ mental health patients (12th May 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1929849/DNA-bank-solves-one-crime-per-800-profiles.html The Telegraph: DNA bank solves one crime per 800 profiles (6th May 2008)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7341251.stm BBC Online: DNA technique ‘fit for purpose’ (11th April 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.sundaymirror.co.uk/news/sunday/2008/04/06/40-000-kids-put-on-dna-crimes-list-98487-20373651/ The Sunday Mirror: 40,000 kids put on DNA crimes list (6th April 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/mar/16/youthjustice.children The Observer: Put young children on DNA list urge police (16th March 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=528857&in_page_id=1770 The Daily Mail: 1.5m children will have DNA taken next year amid claims of universal database ‘by stealth’ (9th March 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.computing.co.uk/computing/news/2211158/met-police-chief-calls-european Computing: Met police chief calls for European DNA database (5th March 2008)]<br />
**[http://blackmentalhealth.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=281&Itemid=117 Black Mental Health UK: Sarah Teather tells House of Commons DNA database discriminates (1st March 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/feb/28/ukcrime.forensicscience The Guardian: Mixed results (28th February)]<br />
**[http://www.newstatesman.com/200802280017 New Statesman: Spare pairs of genes (28th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article3448837.ece The Times: CCTV and DNA advances add to bills but minister calls rises unacceptable (28th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/technology/technology.html?in_article_id=519568&in_page_id=1965 The Daily Mail: One in eight samples filed under innocent names in Government blunder (27th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.publictechnology.net/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=14351 Public Technology: Home Office Minister rejects call for a national citizen DNA database (25th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=518416&in_page_id=1770 The Daily Mail: Police in retreat after public backlash over their demands for a DNA database (25th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=518151&in_page_id=1770 The Daily Mail; Home Office retreat from plans to extend ‘nation of suspects’ DNA database to include litterbugs (24th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article3423450.ece The Sunday Times: Should Britain have a compulsory DNA database? (24th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theherald.co.uk/news/news/display.var.2067932.0.Police_we_must_keep_DNA_of_everyone_arrested.php The Glasgow Herald: Police: we must keep DNA of everyone arrested (23rd February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2008/feb/23/ukcrime The Guardian: Calls for compulsory DNA database rejected (23rd February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2008/feb/21/conservatives.police The Guardian: Inquiry as Tories attack DNA failure (21st February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article3401745.ece The Times: Gordon Brown admits assaults committed while DNA data disc lost (20th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article3399712.ece The Times: Disc listing foreign criminals lost for a year (20th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2008/feb/13/ukguns.police The Guardian: Stop! Armed police! Put down your MP3 player (13th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7230487.stm BBC Online: Clegg attacks surveillance UK (6th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/01/07/delete_your_dna_profile/print.html The Register: How to delete your DNA Profile (7th January 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=491714&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Big Brother UK: Police now hold DNA ‘fingerprints’ of 4.5 million Britons (5th November 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/11/04/ndna104.xml The Telegraph: Police retain DNA of ‘petty crime suspects’ (5th November 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/law/article2210263.ece The Times: Police told to erase ‘irrelevant’ crime records (1st November 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/health/advice/article1790236.ece The Times: Policing the gene pool (29th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9867324 The Economist: Learning to live with Big Brother (27th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7161/full/449377b.html Nature: Genome abuse (26th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1873220.ece The Times: DNA database ‘puts innocent under suspicion’ (18th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/09/17/dna_purge/ The Register: Innocent ‘terror techie’ purges DNA records (17th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/europe/article2595861.ece The Times: Inside the world where experts try to unlock DNA clues (15th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23412351-details/Outrage%20as%20DNA%20profile%20of%20seven-month-old%20baby%20is%20added%20to%20register/article.do Evening Standard: Outrage as DNA profile of seven-month old baby is added to DNA database (15th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=482410&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Innocent people’s DNA ‘must not be kept on national database’ (10th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2007/09/11/226664/dna-plan-would-require-san-the-size-of-belgium.htm Computer Weekly: DNA plan would require SAN the size of Belgium (11th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.scotsman.com/politics.cfm?id=1419912007 The Scotsman: Judge opens hornets’ nest with call for everyone’s DNA to go on record (6th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6979138.stm BBC Online: All UK ‘must be on DNA database’ (5th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23411070-details/Top+minister+backs+judge%27s+calls+for+DNA+database+registration+for+all/article.do Evening Standard: Ministers accused of trying to build DNA database by stealth (5th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6979490.stm BBC Online: DNA database call prompts concern (5th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23406663-details/Beware:+Minor+offences+could+land+you+on+DNA+database...for+life/article.do Evening Standard: Speeding drivers face DNA swabs under Big Brother powers (1st August 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1873007.ece The Times: Police want DNA from speeding drivers and litterbugs on database (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/08/02/ndna102.xml The Telegraph: Litter lout DNA samples a step too far (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2826207.ece The Independent: Police DNA database ‘risks criminalising non-offenders’ (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=472544&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Government accused on DNA samples (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://politics.guardian.co.uk/homeaffairs/story/0,,2139675,00.html The Guardian: Police may be given powers to take DNA samples on the street (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://politics.guardian.co.uk/homeaffairs/story/0,,2089265,00.html The Observer: Civil rights fears over DNA for everyone (27th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=457046&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Police put 100,000 innocent children on DNA Database (23rd May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/23/ndna23.xml The Telegraph: DNA file on 100,000 innocent children]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/humanrights/story/0,,2084290,00.html The Guardian: ‘Orwellian’ CCTV in shires alarms senior police officer (21st May 2001)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/crime/article/0,,2084659,00.html The Guardian: Plan to identify potential offenders condemned (21st May)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/19/ncrime19.xml The Telegraph: DNA police revisit high profile murder cases (19th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2556459.ece The Independent: DNA database blunder ‘could have resulted in 200 crimes’ (18th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/localnews/display.var.1404197.0.youths_warned_not_to_use_fake_id.php The Argus: Youths warned not to use fake ID (17th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisisthenortheast.co.uk/display.var.1404576.0.peer_calls_for_babies_dna_to_stored.php The Northern Echo: Peer calls for babies’ DNA to be stored (17th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6665267.stm BBC Online: DNA failings ‘missed 183 crimes’ (17th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/story/0,,2079721,00.html The Guardian: A database of prejudice (15th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://new.edp24.co.uk/content/news/story.aspx?brand=EDPOnline&category=News&tBrand=EDPOnline&tCategory=news&itemid=NOED10%20May%202007%2008%3A09%3A49%3A133 EDP-24 (Norfolk): Car crime victims must foot the bill (10th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=453739&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Fears over innocent Britons’ DNA being given to European police forces (9th May)]<br />
**[http://www.blink.org.uk/pdescription.asp?key=14682&grp=30&cat=138 Black Information Link: Chained by our genes (3rd May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.computerworlduk.com/technology/applications/databases/news/index.cfm?newsid=2669 Computer World: EU police data-sharing plan draws criticism (19th April 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=445902&in_page_id=1766&in_a_source=&ito=1490 Mail on Sunday: Five civil servants suspended over ‘DNA espionage’ (1st April 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.yorkshiretoday.co.uk/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleID=2194926&SectionID=55 Yorkshire Post: Yorkshire cases to test DNA sampling policy (31st March 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/crime/article/0,,2044296,00.html?gusrc=rss&feed=11 The Guardian: Every child to be screened for risk of turning criminal under Blair justice plan (28th March 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/uk/6452795.stm BBC Online: ‘Retail jails’ could ease police burden (15th March 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml;jsessionid=GAUE2T1MP0CL5QFIQMGCFGGAVCBQUIV0?xml=/news/2007/02/16/ndna16.xml The Telegraph: DNA data deal ‘will create big brother Europe’ (18th February 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=10830 The Voice: Mayor urged to support DNA profiling curb (9th February 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/article209046.ece The Sunday Times: Reid ‘buries’ news that police hold DNA of 1m innocent people (17th December 2006)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/south_yorkshire/6174877.stm BBC: New DNA clue in 1964 murder hunt (13th December 2006)]<br />
**[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2016134.ece The Independent: DNA of suspects’ families to be held on police files (26th November 2006)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/11/05/nrace05.xml The Telegraph: Three in four young black men on the DNA database (5th November 2006)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6104876.stm BBC Online: Fear that DNA use ‘gone too far’ (1st November 2006)]<br />
**[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,1821676,00.html The Observer: Police DNA database is ‘spiraling out of control’(16th July 2006)]<br />
**[http://www.lookingglassnews.org/viewstory.php?storyid=5722 The Independent: More Britons have DNA held by police than rest of world (14th April 2006)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/01/09/ndna09.xml The Telegraph: Huge rise in juvenile DNA samples kept by the police]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/frontpage/story/0,16518,1678168,00.html The Guardian: DNA of 37% of black men held by police]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/01/09/ndna09.xml The Telegraph: Freedom fears as the DNA database expands]<br />
**[http://news.scotsman.com/scitech.cfm?id=680402005 The Scotsman article: Keep DNA of innocent and guilty alike]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=6549 The Voice: 1 in 3 black men are DNA profiled]<br />
**[http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18624944.900 New Scientist: Will DNA profiling fuel prejudice?]<br />
**[http://newswww.bbc.net.uk/1/low/uk_politics/4166559.stm BBC Online: DNA database Big Brother warning]<br />
<br />
== Detailed Analysis ==<br />
'''Note: This section has not yet been updated to include the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012.'''<br />
<br />
Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984 and amendments to PACE : Criminal Justice and Public Order Act (CJPOA) 1994;Criminal Evidence.<br />
<br />
<br />
(Amendment) Act 1997;Criminal Justice and Police Act (CJPA) 001;Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 2003. Changes in the Data Protection Act (DPA) 1998, the Human Rights Act (HRA) 1998 and case law.<ref name="ftn0">E.U. 9445/1/06 at 9.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
Persons convicted of any recordable offence, arrested for any recordable offense, and all crime scene stains<ref name="ftn7">See EU Current Practices at 80-81.</ref> The Counter-Terrorism Act 2008 (c.28) increased police powers for the stated purpose of countering terrorism. It allows speculative searches against DNA profiles held on behalf of the Security Service or Secret Intelligence Service and allows matches to be used “for purposes related to the identification . . . of the person from whom the material came.” In other words, a valid match can be obtained from a reference sample that did not originate from a crime scene.<br />
<br />
<br />
For Scotland: Persons convicted of any recordable offence, arrested for any recordable offense, and all crime scene stains<ref name="ftn6">See EU Current Practices at 81-83.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
England & Wales: The Justice and Public Order Act 1994 allows for the entry of the DNA profiles of all individuals who are charged with any recordable offence or who are convicted of such an offence. All DNA profiles that are derived from crime scene stains are also stored in the NDNAD.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: The Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 allows for the entry of the DNA profiles of those arrested of any recordable offence or who are convicted of such an offence. All DNA profiles that are derived from unidentified crime scene stains are also stored in the database.<br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>England & Wales: Whereas the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) allowed for the coercive taking of ‘non-intimate samples’ such as hair shafts, the Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (JPOA) changed the definition of ‘non-intimate samples’ to include buccal swabs by which police sampling powers were seriously extended. [4]</nowiki><ref name="ftn5">JPOA (1994), § 58.</ref> This provision applies to both crime suspects and convicted offenders who are arrested or convicted of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn4">Id. at § 55.</ref> The police are allowed to take a DNA sample from minors who have reached the age of ten and from mentally ill persons. There are no restrictions to the collection of crime scene samples.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: A constable or a police custody and security officer at a constable’s direction can collect a mouth swab from those arrested of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn8">Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2003, Art. 55, § 2</ref> They may use reasonable force in exercising this power.<ref name="ftn3">Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, Art. 18, § 7.</ref> A constable or a police custody and security officer at a constable’s direction can also coercively collect a mouth swab from those convicted of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn2">Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2003, Art. 55, § 3.</ref> They are allowed to take a DNA sample from minors who have reached the age of ten and from mentally ill persons. There are no restrictions to the collection of unidentified crime scene samples.<br />
<br />
<br />
Convicted persons’ and suspects’ profiles are retained indefinitely and crime scene stains are kept until they have been identified<ref name="ftn1">See EU Current Practices at 81.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
For Scotland: Convicted persons’ profiles are retained indefinitely, suspects’ profiles are retained until the underlying proceeding is abandoned or the individual is acquitted, and crime scene stains are kept until they have been identified<ref name="ftn9">See EU Current Practices at 83.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
England & Wales: The Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 (CJPA) allows for the indefinite retention of the DNA profiles of both crime suspects and convicted offenders who are arrested or convicted of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn10">CJPA (2001), § 82.</ref> This provision also applies to crime suspects who are subsequently acquitted or freed of charges. The DNA profiles which are derived from unidentified crime scene stains are stored in the database until a match is found.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: The DNA profiles of those who are arrested of any recordable offence have to be removed from the database as soon as possible following the decision not to institute criminal proceedings against the person concerned or upon acquittal.<ref name="ftn11">Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, Art. 18, § 3.</ref> The DNA profiles of those convicted of any recordable offence can be retained indefinitely. The DNA profiles which are derived from unidentified crime scene stains are stored in the database until they are identified.<br />
<br />
<br />
All samples are retained indefinitely<ref name="ftn12">See EU Current Practices at 81.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
For Scotland: Convicted persons’ samples are retained indefinitely, but suspects’ samples must be destroyed upon their acquittal or when no criminal proceedings are initiated<ref name="ftn13">See EU Current Practices at 83.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
England & Wales: The CJPA 2001 allows for the indefinite retention of the DNA samples of both crime suspects and convicted offenders who are arrested or convicted of any recordable offence. This provision also applies to crime suspect who are subsequently acquitted or freed of charges.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: The DNA samples of those who are convicted of any recordable offence can be retained indefinitely. Those taken from persons who are arrested of any recordable offence have to be destroyed as soon as possible following the decision not to institute criminal proceedings against the person concerned or upon acquittal.<ref name="ftn15">Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, Art. 18, § 3.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
The Forensic Science Service, an Executive Designated staff employed by the Custodian Security clearance to Counter Terrorism Kingdom Agency of the Home Office, was responsible for the management of the National DNA Database since 1995, through the office of its Chief Scientist as Custodian of the Database, under a Memorandum of Understanding between the FSS and the Association of Chief Police Officers, revised in 2000, 2003 and again in 2005, and the oversight of the National DNA Database Board, chaired by ACPO. In July 2005, the Custodianship was transferred to the Home Office, then shortly thereafter to National Policing Improvement Agency.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: Although they can largely develop their own policies regarding the treatment of profiles and samples which are collected in the course of criminal investigations, it is not entirely correct to consider the databases of Scotland and England & Wales as two separate entities.<ref name="ftn16">P. Johnson & R. Williams, DNA and crime investigation: Scotland and the “UK National DNA Database,” 10 Scottish J. Crim. Justice Stds. 74 (2004).</ref> As Scotland exports all its profiles and unidentified crime scene stains to the NDNAD, the latter in fact contains nearly all UK profiles. As Scotland does not retain the profiles of suspects who are acquitted and against whom no criminal proceedings are instituted, these are the only profiles that stay in the custody of the Scottish police.<br />
<br />
<br />
Oracle platform with Loader (input) and Match reporting database (repository for match information) It is an Oracle 9i database. Profiles are loaded electronically but from CSV files submitted as a batch rather than messaging.<br />
<br />
<br />
All new profiles added to the Database are automatically searched on loading against all profiles held. The search regime uses 4 SGM discriminator loci to identify a matching sub-set which is then searched again using the remaining SGM Plus loci. Both exact and partial matches between Subject/crime scene and crime scene/crime scene are reported immediately (failed or rare alleles are treated as wild ‘cards’). Subject/subject matches are reported periodically.<br />
<br />
<br />
One-off ‘snapshot’ speculative searches of sample profiles that do not meet the criteria for loading to the Database are also carried out using the same search regime. ‘Familial searches’ are also carried out to help identify potential relatives of offenders whose profiles are not on the Database A monthly search is also carried out for ‘near matches’ that differ by only 1 allele; these are then investigated to see if there has been an error in the profiling.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/United_KingdomUnited Kingdom2021-04-27T14:19:30Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Overview ==<br />
The UK’s National DNA Database (NDNAD) was the first to be established, in 1995. Two changes in the law, made by the Blair Government in 2001 and 2003, led to a massive expansion of the database. DNA samples and records were collected routinely from everyone arrested for any recordable offence, from the age of ten, and retained indefinitely whether or not they were charged or convicted. However, the law on retention was reversed following public controversy and a successful challenge in the European Court of Human Rights.<br />
<br />
The 2008 Interpol survey reports that 329,660 crime scene DNA profiles and 5,093,145 individuals' profiles, plus 163 unknown/deceased DNA profiles were held in the UK at the time of the survey. According to Interpol, the UK's DNA database grew to 400,337 crime scene DNA profiles, 6,547,187 reference DNA profiles from individuals, 97 missing persons' DNA profiles, 35 unidentified human remains DNA profiles and 43,888 other DNA profiles in 2011. As at 31 March 2015, the NDNAD held 5,766,369 DNA profiles from individuals and 486,691 from crime scenes, following removal of DNA profiles from innocent people and some children convicted of minor offences. Removing these people from the database has not reduced crime detection rates.<br />
<br />
Scotland rejected plans to retain DNA records from innocent people indefinitely in 2006. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, public opposition to keeping innocent people on the DNA database grew as more cases emerged of people falsely accused of minor offences who had their DNA stored.<br />
<br />
The European Court of Human Rights ruled that the law in England and Wales breached the European Convention on Human Rights in December 2008 (in the case of [http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-90051 S. and Marper v. the United Kingdom]).<br />
<br />
The UK’s Coalition Government adopted the Protection of Freedoms Act on 1st of May 2012, which came in to force at the end of October 2013. The DNA profiles and fingerprints of more than 1.7 million innocent people and children have been removed from police databases and more than 7.7 million DNA samples have also been destroyed.<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
*External links<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/forensic-information-databases-for-research-purposes-guidance Forensic information databases for research purposes: guidance (25th January 2021)] <br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-dna-and-fingerprint-exchange-policy-for-the-uk International DNA and fingerprint exchange policy for the UK (6th January 2021)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/biometrics-commissioner-interim-report-december-2020 Biometrics Commissioner: interim report December 2020]<br />
**[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/wfs2.1414 WIREs Forensic Science: The effectiveness of the current use of forensic DNA in criminal investigations in England and Wales (February 2021)] <br />
**[https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/1/2020/EN/COM-2020-857-F1-EN-ANNEX-1-PART-1.PDF European Commission: TRADE AND COOPERATION AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE EUROPEAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMUNITY, OF THE ONE PART, AND THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND, OF THE OTHER PART (25th December 2020)]<br />
**[https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_20_2532 European Commission: Questions & Answers: EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (24th December 2020)]<br />
** [https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/913011/NDNAD_Strategy_Board_AR_2018-2020_Web_Accessible.pdf Home Office: National DNA Database biennial report, 2018 to 2020 (2nd September 2020)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/niconsul2020-gw-fin.pdf GeneWatchUK response to the Department of Justice’s consultation on proposals to amend the legislation governing the retention of DNA and fingerprints in Northern Ireland (July 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.theyworkforyou.com/wms/?id=2020-06-15.HCWS290.h&s=DNA#gHCWS290.0 TheyWorkforYou: Prüm – Data Sharing Update (15th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/873640/dna-v4.0ext1.pdf Home Office: DNA policy guidance: Version 4.0 (16th March 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.scot/news/biometrics-commissioner/ Scottish Government: Biometrics Commissioner (10th March 2020)]<br />
**[http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-200817 European Court of Human Rights: CASE OF GAUGHRAN v. THE UNITED KINGDOM. Judgment, Strasbourg (13th February 2020)] Case regarding the disproportionate character of the indefinite retention of the DNA profile of a person convicted of minor offence.<br />
**[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmsctech/1970/1970.pdf House of Commons Science and Technology Committee: The work of the Biometrics Commissioner and the Forensic Science Regulator. Nineteenth Report of Session 2017–19 (17th July 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-dna-and-fingerprint-exchange-policy-for-the-uk Home Office: International DNA and fingerprint exchange policy for the UK (8th July 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-and-eu-law-enforcement-boost-co-operation-on-dna-databases Home Office: UK and EU law enforcement boost co-operation on DNA databases (14th June 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.scot/news/biometrics-commissioner-bill-published/ Scottish Government: Biometrics Commissioner (31st May 2019)]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/778065/National_DNA_Database_anuual_report_2017-18_print.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board Annual Report 2017/18]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dna-policy UK Government: DNA policy (immigration)]<br />
**[https://www.london.gov.uk/what-we-do/mayors-office-policing-and-crime-mopac/governance-and-decision-making/mopac-decisions-0/forensic-services-prum-dna-service-delivery-plan London: Forensic Services Prüm DNA Service Delivery Plan (10th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/biometrics-commissioner-annual-report-2017 Biometrics Commissioner: annual report 2017]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/713593/government_response_-_annual_report_2017.pdf Response to the Biometrics Commissioner's annual report 2017]<br />
**[http://assets.smartcdn.co.uk.s3-website-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/docs/3911_19012018095152.pdf Forensic Science Regulator: Annual Report: November 2016 - November 2017 (19th January 2018)]<br />
**[https://royalsociety.org/~/media/about-us/programmes/science-and-law/royal-society-forensic-dna-analysis-primer-for-courts.pdf Royal Society: Forensic DNA analysis: A Primer for Courts (November 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/594185/58714_Un-Num_Nat_DNA_DB_Accessible.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board Annual Report 2015/16]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/568554/Annual_Report_of_the_Ethics_Group_2015.pdf Annual Report of The Ethics Group: National DNA Database 2015 (16th November 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/526232/55843_BC_Report_ACCESSIBLE_01.pdf Further Report by the Biometrics Commissioner on Issues Raised in his 2015 Annual Report (April 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/507104/54496_Biometrics_Commissioners_Report_Print_Ready__3_.pdf Commissioner for the retention and use of biometric material: Annual Report December 2015]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/access-and-use-of-dna-samples-profiles-and-associated-data NDNAD Strategy Board policy for access and use of DNA samples, profiles and associated data: December 2015]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201516/cmselect/cmeuleg/342-xii/342xii.pdf House of Commons European Scunity Committee: Cross boarder law enforcement cooperation - UK participation in Prüm (4th December 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/484938/52921_NPCC_National_DNA_Database_print_ready.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board Annual Report 2014/15]. Confirms that removing innocent people's DNA profiles has had no adverse impact on solving crimes.<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-dna-exchange-policy-for-the-united-kingdom Policy Paper: International DNA exchange policy for the United Kingdom (23rd October 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/464648/2015_Prum_Business_Case.pdf Prum Business and Implementation Case (30th September 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/463466/ANNEX_H_Prum_Feasibility_Statistical_Analysis.pdf Principle Forensic Services: Prum Feasibility Project. Statistical Study: Report (September 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.pharmiweb.com/pressreleases/pressrel.asp?ROW_ID=124939#.VctwhPmYQxJ IntegenX: Rapid DNA Results Uploaded For First Time To United Kingdom’s National DNA Database (11th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.met.police.uk/foi/pdfs/other_information/corporate/early_deletion_process_2015.pdf Metropolitan Police: Early Deletion Requests - Consideration for the deletion of DNA profiles, Fingerprint, PNC Records and Photographic images. (22nd June 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dna-early-deletion-guidance-and-application-form Home Office: Record deletion guidance (27th May 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/publication-of-the-governments-response-to-the-biometrics-commissioners-first-annual-report UK Government response to the Biometrics Commissioner’s first annual report (13th May 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/circular-0092015-provisions-relating-to-dna-samples-in-the-police-amendment-regulations-2015-and-the-special-constabulary-amendment-regulations Circular 009/2015: provisions relating to DNA samples in the Police (Amendment) Regulations 2015 and the Special Constabulary (Amendment) Regulations 2015]<br />
**[http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/globalassets/documents/raise/deposited-papers/2015/dp1372.pdf: NORTHERN IRELAND DNA DATABASE GOVERNANCE BOARD REPORT 2012-14 (2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-dna-database-annual-report-2013-to-2014 National DNA Database: annual report, 2013 to 2014 (16th December 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/biometrics-commissioner-annual-report-2013-2014 Biometrics Commissioner: annual report 2013-2014 (16th December 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/applications-to-the-biometrics-commissioner-under-pace Home Office: Applications to the Biometrics Commissioner under PACE (26th September 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/358653/GuidanceApplicationstotheBC.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board: Applications to the Biometrics Commissioner under PACE (17th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.familylaw.co.uk/news_and_comment/re-z-application-for-release-of-dna-profiles-2014-ewhc-1999-fam#.U7wiU7Fhvqw Re Z(Application for Release of DNA Profiles) (2014) EWHC 1999 (Fam) (23rd June 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-dna-database-strategy-board-governance-rules National DNA Database strategy board: governance rules (13th June 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dna-early-deletion-guidance-and-application-form Home Office: DNA early deletion guidance and application form (20th January 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/helping-the-police-fight-crime-more-effectively/supporting-pages/national-dna-database National DNA Database]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/home-office/groups/national-dna-database-strategy-board National DNA Database Strategy Board]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/national-dna-database-ethics-group National DNA Database Ethics Group]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/forensic-science-regulator Forensic Science Regulator]<br />
**[https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/memberpage/united-kingdom-817 Europol: United Kingdom]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/254883/Access_And_Use_Of_DNA_Samples_Profiles.pdf Home Office: The NDNAD Strategy Board Policy for Access and Use of DNA Samples, Profiles and Associated Data (4th November 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-ethics-group-6th-annual-report-2013 NDNAD Ethics Group: 6th annual report (October 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/252678/NDNAD_Annual_Report_2012-13.pdf NATIONAL DNA DATABASE STRATEGY BOARD ANNUAL REPORT 2012-2013]<br />
**[http://www.forensicarchive.com/ Forensic Archive Ltd]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmselect/cmsctech/610/610.pdf House of Commons Science and Technology Committee; Forensic Science I (July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmselect/cmsctech/610/610vw.pdf House of Commons Science and Technology Committee: Forensic Science II (July 2013)]<br />
**[http://gizmonaut.net/blog/uk/2013/07/commencement_pofa_dna_provisions.html Gizmonaut: Commencement day of DNA provisions of the Protection of Freedom Act in October (22nd July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/1814/made The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2013] Commencement order for the provisions in the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 which relate to the destruction, retention and use of material including fingerprints, DNA samples and DNA profiles. Most provisions will come into force by 31st October 2013, with the destruction of copies coming into force by 31st January 2014.<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/1813/made The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (Destruction, Retention and Use of Biometric Data) (Transitional, Transitory and Saving Provisions) Order 2013]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/1814/made The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2013]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-annual-report-2011-to-2012 National DNA Database Annual Report: 2011-12]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-biennial-report-2009-to-2011 National DNA Database biennial report: 2009 to 2011]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/update-on-protection-of-freedoms-act-implementation-and-national-dna-database-annual-reports-2009-to-2012 Lord Taylor of Holbeach: Update on Protection of Freedoms Act implementation and National DNA Database annual reports 2009 to 2012 (20th May 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2012/9/pdfs/ukpga_20120009_en.pdf Protection of Freedoms Act 2012]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-dna-database-statistics National DNA Database statistics (23rd April 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/protection-of-freedoms-act-2012-dna-and-fingerprint-provisions/protection-of-freedoms-act-2012-how-dna-and-fingerprint-evidence-is-protected-in-law Home Office: Protection of Freedoms Act 2012: how DNA and fingerprint evidence is protected in law (4th April 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-strategy-board-minutes NDNAD Strategy Board minutes]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/equality-impact-assessment-of-the-national-dna-database Equality impact assessment of the National DNA Database (28th November 2012)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-annual-reports National DNA Database Annual Report 2006-07]<br />
**[http://www.statewatch.org/news/2009/nov/uk-dna-human-genetics-commission.pdf Human Genetics Commission: Nothing to hide, nothing to fear? Balancing individual rights and the public interest in the governance and use of the National DNA Database (24th November 2009)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/117784/ndnad-ann-report-2007-09.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2007-08]<br />
**[http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/Papers/database-state.pdf Rowntree Database State report (23rd March 2009)]<br />
**[https://rm.coe.int/168067d216 European Court of Human Rights: CASE OF S. AND MARPER v. THE UNITED KINGDOM (4th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmhaff/58/58ii.pdf Home Affairs Committee report: A Surveillance Society? (Vol II: Evidence)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmhaff/58/58i.pdf Home Affairs Committee Report: A Surveillance Society? (Vol I)]<br />
**[https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/l_to_o/low_copy_number_dna_testing/ Crown Prosecution Service: DNA: Low Copy Number DNA Testing in the Criminal Justice System (23rd January 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/sites/default/files/The%20forensic%20use%20of%20bioinformation%20-%20ethical%20issues.pdf Nuffield Council on Bioethics: The forensic use of bioinformation: ethical issues (September 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/DNA_report2005_06.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2005/06]<br />
**[http://www.acpo.police.uk/asp/policies/Data/NDNAD_AR_04_051.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2004/05]<br />
**[https://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/sass/WilliamsandJohnsonInterimReport2005-1.pdf Forensic DNA Databasing: A European Perspective – A report from Durham University (June 2005)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/NDNAD_AR_04_05.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2004/05]<br />
**[http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/about-us/corporate-publications-strategy/home-office-circulars/circulars-2004/058-2004/ Home Office Circular: Charges on Basis of Speculative Search Match on the National DNA Database (September 2004)]<br />
**[http://www.statewatch.org/news/2006/jan/uk-DNA-database.pdf DNA Expansion Programme 2000-2005: Reporting achievement]<br />
**[http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/10/PROPS Scottish Executive: Police Retention Of Prints and Samples]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmsctech/96/96i.pdf The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee’s report on forensics, 2005 (main report)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmsctech/96/96ii.pdf The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee’s report on forensics, 2005 (evidence)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/NDNAD_AR_3_4.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2003/04]<br />
**[http://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/sass/Williams_Johnson_Martin_NDNAD_report_2004.pdf Williams et al (2004) Genetic Information and Crime Investigation]<br />
**[https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/assets/uploads/files/lawyers%27%20DNA%20guide%20KSWilliams%20190208%20%28i%29.pdf Forensic Science Service: Guide to DNA for lawyers and investigating officers(2004)]<br />
**[https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/assets/uploads/files/pdf_000328%20-%20%20DNA%20Charging%20Guidance.pdf Crown Prosecution Service: Guidance on DNA Charging (16th July 2004)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/NDNAD_Annual_Report_02_03.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2002/03]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/sub-539478 GeneWatch UK: The UK Police National DNA Database]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1984/60/contents Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (as amended)] This law was amended by the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 in order to set up the UK National DNA Database in 1995 by allowing police to collect DNA samples and conduct searches of stored DNA profiles: it has been amended many times since 1994.<br />
<br />
*Press articles<br />
**[https://news.sky.com/story/home-secretary-must-take-responsibility-for-accidental-wiping-of-150-000-arrest-records-12188163 Sky News: 'Human error' blamed for wiping of thousands of police records (16th January 2021)]<br />
**[https://bylinetimes.com/2020/07/14/uk-deal-to-share-dna-and-fingerprints-evades-parliamentary-scrutiny/ UK Deal to Share DNA and Fingerprints Evades Parliamentary Scrutiny (14th July 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/proficiency-testing-guidance-dna-mixture-analysis-and-interpretation Forensic Science Regulator: Proficiency testing guidance: DNA mixture analysis and interpretation (29th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8424405/Privacy-row-erupts-plan-log-thousands-innocent-Britons-DNA-controversial-EU-database.html Daily Mail: Privacy row erupts over plan to log thousands of innocent Britons' DNA on controversial EU database (16th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.biometricupdate.com/202006/northern-ireland-police-agree-to-delete-biometric-records-after-human-rights-ruling Biometric Update: Northern Ireland police agree to delete biometric records after human rights ruling (4th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.ukauthority.com/articles/scotland-to-get-biometrics-commissioner/ UK Authority: Scotland to get biometrics commissioner (13th March 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8000053/European-Court-rule-Northern-Ireland-drink-driver-human-rights-breached-police-kept-fingerprints.html Daily Mail: Drink-driver's privacy rights were breached when police kept his DNA profile, fingerprints and photo indefinitely, European human rights judges rule (13th February 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/feb/13/police-keeping-drink-drivers-dna-breached-his-rights-judges-rule The Guardian: Police keeping drink-driver's DNA breached his rights, judges rule (13th February 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-49361260 BBC: Eurofins Scientific: Cyber-attack leads to backlog of 20,000 forensic samples (16th August 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.governmentcomputing.com/central-government/news/uk-eu-prum-framework Government Computing: UK, EU boost co-operation on DNA databases under Prüm framework (14th June 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-48459890 BBC: New plans to safeguard storage of DNA and fingerprint data (31st May 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.biometricupdate.com/201901/northern-ireland-police-agree-to-publish-biometric-data-retention-policy Biometric Update: Northern Ireland police agree to publish biometric data retention policy (11th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-46803999 BBC: PSNI to publish DNA retention policy after human rights case (9th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://amp.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/oct/25/sajid-javid-apologises-to-migrants-forced-to-give-dna-samples The Guardian: Sajid Javid apologises to immigration applicants forced to give DNA samples (25th October 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/home-office-dna-tests-policy-immigrants-letters-immigration-a8430271.html The Independent: Home Office forcing immigrants to take DNA tests in breach of government's own policy (4th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.governmentcomputing.com/applications/news/home-office-issues-tender-biometrics-development Government Computing: Home Office issues tender for biometrics development (14th May 2018)]<br />
**[https://police.community/topic/134543-police-pay-out-millions-after-collapse-of-forensics-firm/ Police Community: Police pay out millions after collapse of forensics firm (5th February 2018)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-42057009 BBC: UK judges to get scientific guides (22nd November 2017)]<br />
**[http://theconversation.com/dna-databases-its-still-far-from-clear-how-effective-they-are-in-fighting-crime-85137 The Conversation: DNA databases: it’s still far from clear how effective they are in fighting crime (10th October 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.belfastlive.co.uk/news/new-officers-register-dna-database-13733517 Belfast Live: New officers will have to register on a DNA database, PSNI reveals (8th October 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.piratefm.co.uk/news/latest-news/2289933/brothers-to-appeal-over-wadebridge-murders/ Pirate FM: Brothers to appeal over Wadebridge murders? (16th May 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/15213148.CSI_Strathclyde__how_university_forensic_experts_helped_solve_some_of_the_most_high_profile_crimes_of_the_past_fifty_years/ The Herald: CSI Strathclyde: how university forensic experts helped solve some of the most high-profile crimes of the past fifty years (9th April 017)]<br />
**[http://www.scunthorpetelegraph.co.uk/what-are-your-rights-if-police-arrest-you-the-key-questions-answered-from-handcuffs-to-charges/story-30253882-detail/story.html Scunthorpe Telegraph: What are your rights if police arrest you? The key questions answered, from handcuffs to charges (8th April 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/legal-updates/dna--an-unstoppable-march/5060258.article Law Gazette: DNA – an unstoppable march? (20th March 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.burtonmail.co.uk/forensics-expert-john-beckwith-lifts-the-lid-on-how-dna-has-solved-serious-historic-burton-crimes/story-30091644-detail/story.html Burton Mail: Forensics expert John Beckwith lifts the lid on how DNA has solved serious historic Burton crimes (1st March 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.policeoracle.com/news/police_it_and_technology/2017/Feb/23/dna-database-most-effective--since-records-began-_94218.html Police Oracle: DNA database most effective since records began (24th February 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.policeoracle.com/news/investigation/2017/Jan/13/Government-department-to-access-DNA-database-in-bid-to-close-fake-dads-paternity-loophole_93864.html Police Oracle: Government Department to access DNA database in bid to close 'fake dads' paternety loophole. (13th January 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-38527830 BBC: Forensic science standards 'at significant risk' (6th January 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/5180/desc/despite-brexit-uk-committed-to-eu-biometric-database/ Despite Brexit, UK committed to EU biometric database (2nd November 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jun/07/killer-dna-evidence-genetic-profiling-criminal-investigation The Guardian: Killer breakthrough – the day DNA evidence first nailed a murderer (7th June 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/27/dna-and-fingerprints-of-50000-repeat-teenage-offenders-deleted-a/ The Telegraph: DNA and fingerprints of 50,000 repeat teenage offenders deleted after software error by police (27th May 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.thequint.com/hot-wire/2016/05/27/dna-profiles-of-hundreds-of-terror-suspects-destroyed-in-uk The Quint: DNA Profiles of Hundreds of Terror Suspects Destroyed in UK (27th May 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/4530/desc/fears-in-uk-over-deletion-of-terror-suspects-biometric-profiles/ Planet Biometrics: Fears in UK over deletion of terror suspects’ biometric profiles (27th May 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/latest-news/507017/police-mix-DNA-evidence-errors-98-cases-Adam-Scott-case Daily Star: DNA divvies: Police errors result in evidence mix-ups in 98 cases last year (10th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201604/documents-reveal-uk-governments-out-of-court-settlements-over-unlawful-biometrics-storage Biometric Update: Documents reveal UK government’s out-of-court settlements over unlawful biometrics storage (9th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/04/05/home_office_settlements/ The Register: Home Office seeks secret settlements over unlawful DNA retention (5th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-35783475 BBC: Wiping of DNA and fingerprint records 'puts public safety at risk' (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/dna-profiles-and-fingerprints-of-7800-on-police-counterterrorism-database-34532285.html Belfast Telegraph: DNA profiles and fingerprints of 7,800 on police counter-terrorism database (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/mar/11/uk-police-hold-dna-profiles-of-7800-terrorism-suspects The Guardian: UK police hold DNA profiles of 7,800 terrorism suspects (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.rt.com/uk/335286-dna-profiles-terror-suspects/ RT: DNA profiles of 7,800 terror suspects held in police database (11th March, 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/03/11/potential_terrorists_roam_uk_while_police_lose_their_biometrics_details/ The Register: 7,800 people's biometric data held on police anti-terrorism database (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.ukauthority.com/news/6047/police-national-database-still-holds-illegal-photos UK Authority: Police National Database still holds 'illegal' photos (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=25632 Police Professionals: Failure to retain DNA records ‘risking public safety’, says Biometrics Commissioner (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/4270/desc/britains-biometrics-commissioner-in-dna-warning/ Planet Biometrics (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://home.bt.com/news/uk-news/dna-profiles-of-7800-people-on-police-counter-terrorism-database-11364045522485 BT: DNA profiles and prints of 7,800 people on police counter-terrorism database (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://thejusticegap.com/2016/03/12812/ The Justice Gap: Ministers need to reinstate a national forensic science service – and quickly (21st March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-35254521 BBC News: Paternity test dad Vernon Poppleton used brother's DNA (7th January, 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/conservative-berwick-mp-rebels-over-10575572 Chronicle Live: Conservative Berwick MP rebels over plans for UK to join EU crime database (10th December 2015)]<br />
**[https://uk.news.yahoo.com/eurosceptic-theresa-may-calls-mps-160727893.html#dABsF8p Yahoo News: Eurosceptic Theresa May calls for MPs to back EU DNA database in House of Commons debate (8th December 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.itv.com/news/2015-12-08/uk-to-decide-whether-to-join-bond-esque-eu-dna-database/ ITV: UK to decide whether to join Bond-esque EU DNA database (8th December 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/3818/desc/uk-mps-to-vote-on-joining-european-biometric-database/ Planet Biometrics: UK MPs to vote on joining European biometric, DNA database (30th November)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=24904 Police Professional: Home Office urges Prüm opt in (27th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/12019174/Britain-should-join-controversial-EU-crime-database-says-Government.html The Telegraph: Britain should join controversial EU crime database, says Government (26th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-34937158 BBC News: UK ministers outline case for joining EU DNA database scheme (26th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/nov/23/mps-vote-joining-european-police-dna-fingerprint-database The Guardian: MPs to vote on joining European police DNA database (23th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-attacks-france-calls-for-britain-to-give-european-police-access-to-dna-database-a6738471.html Independent: Paris attacks: France calls for Britain to give European police access to DNA database (17th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.information-age.com/technology/security/123460503/whos-more-likely-rob-britains-freedom-isis-or-conservative-party Information Age: Who’s more likely to rob Britain’s freedom: ISIS or the Conservative party? (16th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3318975/Big-Brother-tsar-demands-police-wipe-innocent-people-s-photos-database-18-MILLION-mugshots.html Daily Mail: 'Big Brother tsar' demands police wipe innocent people's photos from database of 18 MILLION mugshots (15th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.journalpioneer.com/Opinion/Columnists/2015-11-10/article-4339029/EASTERN-PASSAGES%3A-Hanged-by-a-thread/1 Journal Pioneer: Eastern passages: Hanged by a thread (10th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/11982516/British-police-face-deluge-of-foreign-DNA-requests-if-UK-joins-EU-crime-database-says-report.html The Telegraph: British police face deluge of foreign DNA requests if UK joins EU crime database, says report (8th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.itv.com/news/granada/2015-11-05/police-use-dna-to-track-down-diners-who-skipped-the-bill/ ITV: Police use DNA to track down diners who skipped the bill (5th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://news.sky.com/story/1572942/rapist-jailed-after-needle-in-a-haystack-hunt Sky News: Rapist Jailed After 'Needle In A Haystack' Hunt (20th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://findbiometrics.com/rapidhit-dna-uk-police-210135/ Find Biometrics: RapidHIT DNA Identification a Hit with UK Police (13th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/3635/desc/biometrics-commissioner-raises-police-face-database-fears/ Planet Biometrics: Biometrics Commissioner raises police face database fears (13th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201510/key-forensic-services-purchases-rapid-dna-system-from-integenx Biometric Update: Key Forensic Services purchases rapid DNA system from IntegenX (4th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/3587/desc/uks-key-forensic-services-buys-rapid-dna-system/ Planet Biometrics: UK’s Key Forensic Services buys Rapid DNA system (1st October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.computerworlduk.com/it-leadership/police-ict-company-ceo-on-austerity-transformation-plans-save-millions-3624427/ Computer World UK: Police ICT Company CEO Martin Wyke on austerity, transformation and plans to save millions (2nd September 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.labnews.co.uk/features/building-case-27-08-2015/ Laboratory News: Building a case: (27th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://finance.yahoo.com/news/rapidhit-dna-profile-uploaded-uk-100000828.html BusinessWire: RapidHIT DNA Profile Uploaded to UK National DNA Database Identifies Dangerous Sex Offender While Suspect in Custody (24th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201508/rapid-dna-results-uploaded-for-the-first-time-to-uks-dna-database Biometric Update: Rapid DNA results uploaded for the first time to UK’s DNA database (19th August 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.policeoracle.com/news/police_it_and_technology/2015/Aug/13/breakthrough-machine-now-being-used-to-upload-genetic-profiles-onto-database_89231.html Police Oracle: Breakthrough machine now being used to upload genetic profiles to database (13th August 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-33784571 BBC: DNA samples copied and held for Troubles investigations (5th August 2015)] Reports retention of DNA profiles in Northern Ireland.<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3174798/Deadbeat-dads-refuse-pay-offspring-face-DNA-database-checks.html Daily Mail: 'Deadbeat dads' who refuse to pay for their offspring face DNA database checks in child maintenance crackdown (26th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=21781 Police Professional: PSNI DNA retention lawful (14th May 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/may/13/retention-of-offenders-dna-does-not-breach-privacy-supreme-court-rules The Guardian: Retention of offenders' DNA profiles not illegal, supreme court rules (13th May 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.bristolpost.co.uk/Avon-Somerset-Police-s-forensic-spending-falls-40/story-26457785-detail/story.html Avon and Somerset Police's forensic spending falls by 40 per cent in seven years (8th May 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/unease-over-police-trial-of-hitech-dna-machines-amid-fears-that-civil-liberties-could-be-infringed-10193791.html The Independent: Unease over police trial of hi-tech DNA machines amid fears that civil liberties could be infringed (21st April 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.littlehamptongazette.co.uk/news/regional/murder-police-dna-screening-plea-1-6675562 Littlehampton Gazette: Murder police DNA screening plea(7th April 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.computing.co.uk/ctg/news/2398702/government-has-failed-to-provide-guidelines-on-use-of-biometric-data-warn-mps Government has failed to provide guidelines on use of biometric data, warn MPs (9th March 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/britain-criticised-for-dna-hold-up-keeping-an-innocent-man-locked-up-in-spanish-prison-10031429.html The Independent: Britain criticised for DNA hold up keeping an innocent man locked up in Spanish prison (8th February 2015)]<br />
**[http://thejusticegap.com/2015/01/police-forensics-risk-criminal-cases-nao-warns/ Police forensics ‘a risk’ to criminal cases, spending watchdog warns (26th January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=20204 Police Professional: Police spending on forensics 'inconsistent' (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/privatisation-of-forensic-services-a-threat-to-justice-and-putting-the-work-in-police-hands-would-be-disastrous-warn-experts-9991356.html The Independent: Privatisation of forensic services 'threat to justice' and putting the work in police hands would be 'disastrous,' warn experts (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-30909722 BBC: Warning by spending watchdog over forensic science work (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://news.stv.tv/scotland/307287-mass-voluntary-dna-screening-in-case-of-valerie-graves-in-bosham/ STV: Mass voluntary DNA screening to find killer of house-sitting Scot (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2914932/The-DNA-photofit-Amazing-breakthrough-means-police-tell-suspect-s-colour-height-age-tiny-speck-blood.html The DNA photofit: Amazing breakthrough means police can tell suspect's colour, height and even age – from a tiny speck of blood (17th January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thedetail.tv/articles/genetic-profile-of-123-000-people-on-ni-s-dna-database Genetic profile of 123,000 people on NI's DNA database (14th January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/dec/16/foreogn-criminals-data-police-records-biometrics The Guardian: Foreign criminals’ data taken off police records (16th December 2014)]<br />
**[http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/572081/20141107/australia-uk-dna-polce-usa-canada.htm#.VGHb2cnvaSo International Business Times: Australia and UK Sign Pact For DNA Database Sharing Among Police Forces To Check Serious Crimes (7th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://rt.com/uk/202919-uk-australia-dna-database/ RT: UK, Australia to share DNA database to aid international crime solving (6th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/australian-police-in-dna-access-deal-with-british-counterparts/story-fn59niix-1227114004691 The Australian: Australian police in DNA access deal with British counterparts (5th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2014/nov/06/australian-and-british-police-to-share-their-dna-databases The Guardian: Australian and British police to share their DNA databases (5th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://online.wsj.com/articles/spain-threatens-u-k-s-inclusion-in-eu-justice-cooperation-1412881174 Spain Threatens U.K.’s Inclusion in EU Justice Cooperation (9th October 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/09/30/scrap_human_rights_act_chris_grayling_privacy_freedom_expression/ The Register: Scrapping the Human Rights Act: What about privacy and freedom of expression? (30th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2767453/DNA-blunders-mean-murderers-rapists-convictions-overturned-Home-Office-admits-misleading-evidence-presented-juries.html Daily Mail: DNA blunders mean murderers and rapists could have convictions overturned: Home Office admits misleading evidence has been presented to juries (24th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/european-convention-on-human-rights-what-has-it-ever-done-for-us-9773928.html The Independent: European Convention on Human Rights: What has it ever done for us? (3rd October 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201409/guidelines-for-uk-police-chiefs-on-applications-to-retain-use-biometrics Guidelines for UK police chiefs on applications to retain & use biometric material (29th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.scotsman.com/news/how-dna-fingerprint-left-its-mark-on-justice-1-3533752 The Scotsman: How DNA fingerprint left its mark on justice (8th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/11382557.Commissioner_helps_to_speed_DNA_checks/?ref=rss Lancashire Telegraph: Commissioner helps to speed DNA checks (1st August 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2708277/DNA-testing-crime-scene-investigations-soon-identify-criminals-matter-HOURS.html DNA-testing for crime scene investigations will soon identify criminals in a matter of HOURS (28th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/crime-courts/police-storing-dna-samples-of-children-as-young-as-10-x.24764874 Herald: Police storing DNA samples of children as young as 10 (16th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.heraldscotland.com/comment/herald-view/storing-childrens-dna-and-issue-of-civil-liberties.24733748 Herald: Storing children's DNA and issue of civil liberties (16th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2689894/Police-plea-share-DNA-clues-EU-foreign-criminals.html Daily Mail: Police in plea to share DNA clues with EU - because we have so many foreign criminals (12th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.scotsman.com/news/uk/eu-set-for-more-policing-powers-1-3467441 The Scotsman: EU set for ‘more policing’ powers (8th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/486945/Cameron-could-give-more-police-powers-to-Brussels-DNA-database The Express: Now David Cameron 'considers giving POLICING powers to Brussels', leaked documents reveal (5th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/05/david-cameron-eu-talks-police-cooperation The Guardian: David Cameron in talks with EU leaders over international DNA database (5th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-28130767 BBC: Marion Crofts murder: Tony Jasinskyj's appeal refused(2nd July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.labmate-online.com/articles/laboratory-products/3/tracy_alexander/dna_collection_and_interpretation/1590/ Labmate: DNA: Collection and Interpretation (12th March 2014)]<br />
**[http://ampp3d.mirror.co.uk/2014/01/15/nearly-6-million-of-us-are-on-the-dna-database-does-it-make-you-feel-any-safer/ Nearly 6 million of us are on the DNA database. Does it make you feel any safer? (15th January 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.nottinghampost.com/Ex-offender-74-wins-right-provide-sample-DNA/story-19891968-detail/story.html Nottingham Post: Ex-offender from Nottingham wins right not to provide a sample of his DNA (5th October 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24207612 BBC: Operation Nutmeg: Court could force police to destroy DNA (24th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24224506 BBC: Court rejects ex-prisoner's DNA sample challenge (24th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24224506 The Guardian: Ex-prisoner fails to halt police DNA-collection programme (24th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2429637/One-year-old-baby-thousands-children-DNA-taken-police.html Daily Mail: One-year-old baby among thousands of children who have had their DNA taken by police (22nd September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-police-take-dna-samples-6073851 Wales Online: Welsh police take DNA samples from more than 5,500 children (22nd September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/police-take-dna-children-criminal-2259291 Mirror: Police take DNA from children in criminal investigations (8th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://esciencenews.com/articles/2013/08/14/forensic.familial.search.methods.carry.risk.certain.false.matches e! Science News: Forensic familial search methods carry risk of certain false matches (14th August 2013)] There is a video abstract and general public explanation video available for this research.<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-23683910 BBC: University of Leicester cat DNA database to be used for solving crime (14th August 2013)]<br />
** [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23436303 BBC: Forensics upheaval 'threat to justice', MPs warn (25th July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2013/jul/08/britain-european-arrest-warrant-reform The Guardian: Britain to keep European arrest warrant but try to reform it (8th July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/police-told-to-explain-use-of-unregulated-dna-database-8651380.html The Independent: Police told to explain use of unregulated DNA database (9th June 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2013/may/20/police-retain-dna-thousands-children The Guardian: Police retain DNA from thousands of children (20th May 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22595835 BBC: Police swabbing of child DNA excessive, says charity (20th May 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/police-bosses-tell-cops-don%E2%80%99t-target-gays-dna-roundup180113 GayStarNews: Police bosses tell cops: don’t target gays in DNA roundup (18th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.eadt.co.uk/news/ipswich_victory_after_man_s_six_year_battle_to_have_dna_records_removed_from_police_records_1_1796207 EADT24: Ipswich: Victory after man’s six-year battle to have DNA records removed from police records (18th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.politics.co.uk/news/2013/01/17/outrage-grows-over-gay-dna-witchhunt Politics.co.uk: Outrage grows over gay DNA witchhunt (17th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2261239/Stephen-Close-Police-demand-DNA-sample-soldier-gay-relationship-Army.html?ITO=1490&ns_mchannel=rss&ns_campaign=1490 Daily Mail: Police demand DNA sample from former soldier because he had gay relationship in the Army 30 years ago (12th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2259319/EU-demands-access-details-UK-drivers-Orwellian-hand-personal-information-foreign-police-forces.html?ito=feeds-newsxml Daily Mail: EU demands access to details of all UK drivers: ‘Orwellian’ move to hand out personal information to foreign police forces (9th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/9628235/Rapists-feared-still-at-large-as-police-fail-to-update-DNA-database.html The Telegraph: Rapists feared still at large as police fail to update DNA database (23rd October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2211365/Adam-Scott-Innocent-man-spent-FIVE-MONTHS-prison-forensics-mix-meant-falsely-accused-rape.html Daily Mail: Innocent man spent FIVE MONTHS in prison after forensics mix-up meant he was falsely accused of rape (1st October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19782917 BBC: DNA rape sample procedures ‘not adequate’ (1st October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.littlehamptongazette.co.uk/news/sussex-police-collect-ex-cons-dna-for-national-database-1-4321532 Littlehampton Gazette: Sussex Police collect ex-cons’ DNA for national database (1st October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2012/sep/27/ex-offenders-targeted-dna-database The Guardian: Thousands of ex-offenders targeted in drive to add to DNA database (27th September 2012)]<br />
**[http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1588993_police-order-thousands-of-dna-samples-from-ex-convicts-in-greater-manchester Manchester Evening News: Police order thousands of DNA samples from ex-convicts in Greater Manchester (18th September 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.zdnet.com/blog/london/london-police-8216hack-suspects-phones-a-major-blow-to-human-rights/4775 ZDNet: London police ‘hack’ suspects’ phones: A major blow to human rights (18th May 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/privatisation-is-a-catastrophe-warns-godfather-of-forensics-7606789.html The Independent: Privatisation is a catastrophe, warns godfather of forensics (2nd April 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2114252/Teenager-spends-months-bars-DNA-blunder-fingers-rape-city-visited.html Daily Mail: DNA database in doubt after teenager spends three months behind bars for rape in city he has never even visited because gene samples were mixed up (13th March 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2012/mar/08/forensics-blunder-convictions The Guardian: Forensics blunder ‘may endanger convictions’ (8th March 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.economist.com/node/21543121 The Economist: Ignorance is bliss (21st January 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21128285.500-euro-dna-treaty-risks-false-positives.html?DCMP=OTC-rss&nsref=online-news#.UebhRG3OB0M New Scientist: DNA super-network increases risk of mix-ups (5th September 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13440012 BBC Online: DNA and fingerprint guidelines ‘unlawful’ (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/guidelines-on-dna-samples-unlawful-2285712.html The Independent: Guidelines on DNA samples unlawful (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.publicservice.co.uk/news_story.asp?id=15673 Public Service: Police DNA retention policy ‘unlawful’ (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://ukhumanrightsblog.com/2011/05/18/retention-of-dna-breaches-article-8-says-supreme-court/ UK Human Rights blog: Retention of DNA breaches human right to privacy, says Supreme Court (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/libertycentral/2011/may/18/dna-retention-supreme-court-police The Guardian: DNA retention judgment won’t see discriminatory policy destroyed (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/03/03/ico_freedoms_bill/ The Register: Supreme Court: DNA database retention regs are unlawful (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/may/18/police-dna-database-supreme-court The Guardian: Police breaking law by keeping DNA of the innocent, supreme court rules (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/mar/05/dna-rules-will-restore-trust The Guardian: New DNA rules will restore public trust [Letter] (5th March 2011])<br />
**[http://www.publicservice.co.uk/news_story.asp?id=15673 Public Service: Government store DNA of over 6 million (4th March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/05/18/supreme_court_dna_database_ruling/ The Register: ICO evidence raises Freedoms Bill data worries (3rd March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-12536138 BBC: How Protection of Freedoms Bill will work (1st March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=18987 ITN: Government to curb DNA database (1st March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=18987 The Voice: Innocent black Brits may get their DNA removed from database (22nd February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/columnists/philipjohnston/8324874/The-Coalitions-Freedom-Bill-is-a-blow-against-the-snoopers-and-clampers.html The Telegraph: The coalition’s Freedom Bill is a blow against the snoopers and clampers (15th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.24dash.com/blogs/lynne_featherstone_mp/2011/02/13/Freedoms-Bill/ 24dash.com: Freedoms Bill (13th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12433116 BBC: DNA profiles to be deleted from police database (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1356198/DNA-database-purge-Victory-Mail-records-1m-innocent-people-removed.html#ixzz1DsbppVHm Daily Mail: DNA database purge: Victory for the Mail as records of 1m innocent people removed (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/8318900/DNA-of-up-to-a-million-to-be-wiped-under-Freedom-Bill.html The Telegraph: DNA of up to a million to be wiped under Freedom Bill (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/feb/11/dna-profiles-deleted-police-database The Guardian: DNA profiles to be deleted from police database (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.dailyexpress.co.uk/posts/view/228588/At-last-victory-over-Labour-s-army-of-snoops/ Daily Express: At last, victory over Labour’s army of snoops (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2011/feb/11/criminal-checks-eased-freedom-bill The Guardian: Criminal checks on people working with children to be eased (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-a-victory-for-civil-liberties-ndash-and-a-challenge-for-labour-2209670.html Independent: A victory for civil liberties – and a challenge for Labour (10th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/8317257/Nick-Clegg-were-restoring-hard-won-British-liberties.html The Telegraph: Nick Clegg; we’re restoring hard won British liberties (10th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/id-cards-go-up-in-flames-in-first-step-to-tackle-database-state-2209936.html The Independent: ID cards go up in flames in first step to tackle ‘database state’ (10th February 2010)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8691753.stm BBC: Deputy Prime Minister’s Reform Speech (19th May 2010)]<br />
**[http://www.publicservice.co.uk/news_story.asp?id=15673 Public Service: Government store DNA of over 6 million (4th March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20527424.700-unreliable-evidence-time-to-open-up-dna-databases.html?full=true New Scientist: Unreliable evidence? Time to open up DNA Databases (6th January 2010)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8434713.stm BBC Online: Innocent people face DNA database ‘shambles’ (31st December 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1877525.ece The Times: From schoolboy squabble to DNA database in one easy step – if you’re black (24th November 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8375567.stm BBC Online: New safeguards urged over routine police DNA tests (24th November 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1223688/DNA-innocents-kept-database-years.html The Daily Mail: DNA of innocents will be kept on database for six years (29th October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/oct/28/dna-database-innocent-profiles The Guardian: Innocent suspects’ profiles still reaching DNA database (28th October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1877336.ece The Times: Record number of DNA samples taken but crimes solved with them are down (22nd October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/6399228/Crimes-solved-by-DNA-drop-by-a-fifth.html The Telegraph: Crimes solved by DNA drop by a fifth (22nd October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/oct/21/dna-database-convictions-fall The Guardian: Detections using DNA database fall despite huge rise in profiles (21st October)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/oct/19/innocent-dna-database The Guardian: Home Office climbs down over keeping DNA records of innocent (19th October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/6056725/Tory-MP-Damian-Green-has-DNA-profile-deleted-from-database.html The Telegraph: Tory MP Damian Green has DNA profile deleted from database (20th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/18/science/18dna.html?_r=2&hp New York Times: DNA evidence can be fabricated, scientists show (17th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=16083 The Voice: DNA database is damaging race relations, says expert (17th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1205867/300-children-day-added-DNA-database-400-000-15s-Big-Brother-roll.html Daily Mail: 300 children a day added to DNA database (12th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/aug/09/police-dna-database-black-children The Observer: ‘Racist bias’ blamed for disparity in police DNA database (9th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/aug/07/dna-database-police-advice The Guardian: Police told to ignore human rights ruling over database (7th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/5990033/Equality-watchdog-warns-DNA-plans-break-law.html The Telegraph: Equality watchdog warns DNA plans break law (7th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/5444332/Police-arrest-innocent-youths-for-their-DNA-officer-claims.html The Telegraph: Police arrest innocent youths for the DNA, officer claims (4th June 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1185060/Driver-thrown-police-cell-DVLA-office-blunder-wrong-shade-green-MOT-certificate.html Daily Mail: Driver thrown in police cell after DVLA office blunder (21st May 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/apr/17/damian-green-arrest-jacqui-smith The Guardian: DPP’s verdict on papers leaked in Damian Green affair – Not a threat to security (17th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/apr/15/jeffreys-dna-database-human-rights-police The Guardian: DNA pioneer Alec Jeffreys: drop innocent from database (15th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/5109248/Police-will-be-banned-from-keeping-DNA-of-innocent-people-pledge-Tories.html The Telegraph: Police will be banned from keeping DNA of innocent people, pledge Tories (6th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.politics.co.uk/news/legal-and-constitutional/tories-promise-to-reform-dna-database-$1285967.htm Politics.co.uk: Tories promise to reform DNA database (6th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.crosbyherald.co.uk/news/crosby-news/2009/04/02/teenager-arrested-by-southport-police-for-handing-in-mobile-phone-68459-23291295/ The Crosby Herald: Teen arrested by police for handing in phone (2nd April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/5078599/Five-million-people-now-on-DNA-database.html The Telegraph: Five million people now on database (31st March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.computing.co.uk/computing/news/2239421/dna-database-grows-per-cent-two Computing: DNA database grows by 38 per cent in two years (30th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7966641.stm BBC Online: ‘DNA bungle’ haunts German police (28th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/the_daily_politics/7968121.stm BBC Politics Show: Time for a universal DNA database? (27th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/the_daily_politics/7968054.stm BBC Politics Show: MP’s battle over DNA database (27th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.thisisplymouth.co.uk/news/know-feel-Truman/article-848720-detail/article.html The Plymouth Herald: I know how you feel, Mr Truman (26th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/the-big-question-are-there-illegal-government-databases-and-what-can-we-do-about-it-1652623.html The Independent: The Big Question: Are there illegal Government databases and what can we do about it? (24th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-1164291/ROSS-CLARK-As-report-condemns-government-databases--Big-Brother-wasting-billions.html The Daily Mail: As report condemns Government databases…Big Brother is wasting your billions (24th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7955205.stm BBC Online: Call to scrap ‘illegal’ databases (23rd March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/mar/19/dna-database-comment The Guardian: Mark Thomas: How I got my genes deleted (19th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/libertycentral/2009/mar/16/dna-database-civil-liberties The Guardian: Question Eight: DNA Database (16th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/4966168/DNA-of-one-year-old-baby-stored-on-national-database.html The Telegraph: DNA of one-year-old baby stored on national database (10th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/03/02/dna_dbase_stalling/ The Register: Three months on, you still can’t get off the DNA Database (2nd March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/feb/27/dna-database-justice The Guardian: Government plans to keep DNA samples of innocent (27th February 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/feb/27/dna-database-children-criminal-record The Guardian: DNA details of 1.1m children on database (27th February 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1137022/Banish-Big-Brother-The-states-surveillance-powers-curbed-say-Lords.html The Daily Mail: Banish Big Brother: The state’s surveillance powers must be curbed, say Lords (6th February 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/12/17/david_mery_reclaim_your_dna/ The Register: Don’t delay: Delete your DNA (17th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-1094963/JAMES-SLACK-The-EUs-Big-Brother-database-poses-threat-liberties.html Daily Mail: The EU’s Big Brother database poses a threat to our liberties (16th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-a-victory-for-civil-liberties-ndash-but-the-larger-war-still-rages-1052547.html The Independent: A victory for civil liberties – but the larger war still rages (5th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1091880/One-million-innocent-people-profiles-wiped-Britains-DNA-database-court-ruling.html The Daily Mail: One million innocent people could have their profiles wiped from Britain’s ‘Orwellian’ DNA database after court ruling (5th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7765484.stm BBC Online: Europe DNA ruling resonates in UK (4th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/3547773/DNA-database-Campaigners-welcome-ruling-that-DNA-holding-breaches-human-rights.html The Telegraph: Campaigners welcome ruling that DNA-holding breaches human rights (4th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/liverpool-news/regional-news/2008/11/19/police-order-child-s-dna-to-be-removed-from-database-64375-22290909/ Liverpool Daily Post: Police order child’s DNA to be removed from database (19th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/3473483/More-than-one-million-added-to-the-DNA-database-as-children.html The Telegraph: More than one million added to the DNA database as children (17th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/3418649/Crimes-solved-by-DNA-evidence-fall-despite-millions-being-added-to-database.html The Telegraph: Crimes solved by DNA evidence fall despite millions being added to database (10th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/11/06/dna_database_special/page2.html The Register: The DNA Database and You (6th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/north-wales-news/2008/10/30/one-in-11-from-north-wales-on-dna-file-55578-22148188/ Daily Post North Wales: One in 11 from North Wales on DNA file (30th October 2008) 30th October 2008]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1078821/New-law-allow-police-collect-DNA-secret-teacups.html The Daily Mail: New law to allow police to collect DNA in secret from teacups (19th October 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.christiantoday.com/article/black.church.leaders.concerned.over.criminal.dna.database/20635.htm Christian Today: Black church leaders concerned over criminal DNA database (18th July 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/06/29/brown_dna_database_innocent_genewatch/ The Register: Gordo’s DNA database claims branded ‘ridiculous’ (29th June 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=/opinion/2008/06/09/do0902.xml The Telegraph: MPs must act now to set limits on snooping (9th June 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.vision.org/visionmedia/article.aspx?id=4824 Reuters: Watchdog criticises plan to share DNA data (15th May 2008)]<br />
**[http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/joepublic/2008/05/the_scandal_of_criminalising_m.html The Guardian: The scandal of ‘criminalising’ mental health patients (12th May 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1929849/DNA-bank-solves-one-crime-per-800-profiles.html The Telegraph: DNA bank solves one crime per 800 profiles (6th May 2008)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7341251.stm BBC Online: DNA technique ‘fit for purpose’ (11th April 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.sundaymirror.co.uk/news/sunday/2008/04/06/40-000-kids-put-on-dna-crimes-list-98487-20373651/ The Sunday Mirror: 40,000 kids put on DNA crimes list (6th April 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/mar/16/youthjustice.children The Observer: Put young children on DNA list urge police (16th March 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=528857&in_page_id=1770 The Daily Mail: 1.5m children will have DNA taken next year amid claims of universal database ‘by stealth’ (9th March 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.computing.co.uk/computing/news/2211158/met-police-chief-calls-european Computing: Met police chief calls for European DNA database (5th March 2008)]<br />
**[http://blackmentalhealth.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=281&Itemid=117 Black Mental Health UK: Sarah Teather tells House of Commons DNA database discriminates (1st March 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/feb/28/ukcrime.forensicscience The Guardian: Mixed results (28th February)]<br />
**[http://www.newstatesman.com/200802280017 New Statesman: Spare pairs of genes (28th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article3448837.ece The Times: CCTV and DNA advances add to bills but minister calls rises unacceptable (28th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/technology/technology.html?in_article_id=519568&in_page_id=1965 The Daily Mail: One in eight samples filed under innocent names in Government blunder (27th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.publictechnology.net/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=14351 Public Technology: Home Office Minister rejects call for a national citizen DNA database (25th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=518416&in_page_id=1770 The Daily Mail: Police in retreat after public backlash over their demands for a DNA database (25th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=518151&in_page_id=1770 The Daily Mail; Home Office retreat from plans to extend ‘nation of suspects’ DNA database to include litterbugs (24th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article3423450.ece The Sunday Times: Should Britain have a compulsory DNA database? (24th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theherald.co.uk/news/news/display.var.2067932.0.Police_we_must_keep_DNA_of_everyone_arrested.php The Glasgow Herald: Police: we must keep DNA of everyone arrested (23rd February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2008/feb/23/ukcrime The Guardian: Calls for compulsory DNA database rejected (23rd February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2008/feb/21/conservatives.police The Guardian: Inquiry as Tories attack DNA failure (21st February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article3401745.ece The Times: Gordon Brown admits assaults committed while DNA data disc lost (20th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article3399712.ece The Times: Disc listing foreign criminals lost for a year (20th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2008/feb/13/ukguns.police The Guardian: Stop! Armed police! Put down your MP3 player (13th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7230487.stm BBC Online: Clegg attacks surveillance UK (6th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/01/07/delete_your_dna_profile/print.html The Register: How to delete your DNA Profile (7th January 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=491714&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Big Brother UK: Police now hold DNA ‘fingerprints’ of 4.5 million Britons (5th November 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/11/04/ndna104.xml The Telegraph: Police retain DNA of ‘petty crime suspects’ (5th November 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/law/article2210263.ece The Times: Police told to erase ‘irrelevant’ crime records (1st November 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/health/advice/article1790236.ece The Times: Policing the gene pool (29th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9867324 The Economist: Learning to live with Big Brother (27th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7161/full/449377b.html Nature: Genome abuse (26th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1873220.ece The Times: DNA database ‘puts innocent under suspicion’ (18th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/09/17/dna_purge/ The Register: Innocent ‘terror techie’ purges DNA records (17th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/europe/article2595861.ece The Times: Inside the world where experts try to unlock DNA clues (15th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23412351-details/Outrage%20as%20DNA%20profile%20of%20seven-month-old%20baby%20is%20added%20to%20register/article.do Evening Standard: Outrage as DNA profile of seven-month old baby is added to DNA database (15th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=482410&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Innocent people’s DNA ‘must not be kept on national database’ (10th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2007/09/11/226664/dna-plan-would-require-san-the-size-of-belgium.htm Computer Weekly: DNA plan would require SAN the size of Belgium (11th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.scotsman.com/politics.cfm?id=1419912007 The Scotsman: Judge opens hornets’ nest with call for everyone’s DNA to go on record (6th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6979138.stm BBC Online: All UK ‘must be on DNA database’ (5th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23411070-details/Top+minister+backs+judge%27s+calls+for+DNA+database+registration+for+all/article.do Evening Standard: Ministers accused of trying to build DNA database by stealth (5th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6979490.stm BBC Online: DNA database call prompts concern (5th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23406663-details/Beware:+Minor+offences+could+land+you+on+DNA+database...for+life/article.do Evening Standard: Speeding drivers face DNA swabs under Big Brother powers (1st August 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1873007.ece The Times: Police want DNA from speeding drivers and litterbugs on database (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/08/02/ndna102.xml The Telegraph: Litter lout DNA samples a step too far (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2826207.ece The Independent: Police DNA database ‘risks criminalising non-offenders’ (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=472544&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Government accused on DNA samples (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://politics.guardian.co.uk/homeaffairs/story/0,,2139675,00.html The Guardian: Police may be given powers to take DNA samples on the street (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://politics.guardian.co.uk/homeaffairs/story/0,,2089265,00.html The Observer: Civil rights fears over DNA for everyone (27th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=457046&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Police put 100,000 innocent children on DNA Database (23rd May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/23/ndna23.xml The Telegraph: DNA file on 100,000 innocent children]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/humanrights/story/0,,2084290,00.html The Guardian: ‘Orwellian’ CCTV in shires alarms senior police officer (21st May 2001)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/crime/article/0,,2084659,00.html The Guardian: Plan to identify potential offenders condemned (21st May)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/19/ncrime19.xml The Telegraph: DNA police revisit high profile murder cases (19th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2556459.ece The Independent: DNA database blunder ‘could have resulted in 200 crimes’ (18th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/localnews/display.var.1404197.0.youths_warned_not_to_use_fake_id.php The Argus: Youths warned not to use fake ID (17th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisisthenortheast.co.uk/display.var.1404576.0.peer_calls_for_babies_dna_to_stored.php The Northern Echo: Peer calls for babies’ DNA to be stored (17th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6665267.stm BBC Online: DNA failings ‘missed 183 crimes’ (17th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/story/0,,2079721,00.html The Guardian: A database of prejudice (15th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://new.edp24.co.uk/content/news/story.aspx?brand=EDPOnline&category=News&tBrand=EDPOnline&tCategory=news&itemid=NOED10%20May%202007%2008%3A09%3A49%3A133 EDP-24 (Norfolk): Car crime victims must foot the bill (10th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=453739&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Fears over innocent Britons’ DNA being given to European police forces (9th May)]<br />
**[http://www.blink.org.uk/pdescription.asp?key=14682&grp=30&cat=138 Black Information Link: Chained by our genes (3rd May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.computerworlduk.com/technology/applications/databases/news/index.cfm?newsid=2669 Computer World: EU police data-sharing plan draws criticism (19th April 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=445902&in_page_id=1766&in_a_source=&ito=1490 Mail on Sunday: Five civil servants suspended over ‘DNA espionage’ (1st April 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.yorkshiretoday.co.uk/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleID=2194926&SectionID=55 Yorkshire Post: Yorkshire cases to test DNA sampling policy (31st March 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/crime/article/0,,2044296,00.html?gusrc=rss&feed=11 The Guardian: Every child to be screened for risk of turning criminal under Blair justice plan (28th March 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/uk/6452795.stm BBC Online: ‘Retail jails’ could ease police burden (15th March 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml;jsessionid=GAUE2T1MP0CL5QFIQMGCFGGAVCBQUIV0?xml=/news/2007/02/16/ndna16.xml The Telegraph: DNA data deal ‘will create big brother Europe’ (18th February 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=10830 The Voice: Mayor urged to support DNA profiling curb (9th February 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/article209046.ece The Sunday Times: Reid ‘buries’ news that police hold DNA of 1m innocent people (17th December 2006)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/south_yorkshire/6174877.stm BBC: New DNA clue in 1964 murder hunt (13th December 2006)]<br />
**[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2016134.ece The Independent: DNA of suspects’ families to be held on police files (26th November 2006)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/11/05/nrace05.xml The Telegraph: Three in four young black men on the DNA database (5th November 2006)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6104876.stm BBC Online: Fear that DNA use ‘gone too far’ (1st November 2006)]<br />
**[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,1821676,00.html The Observer: Police DNA database is ‘spiraling out of control’(16th July 2006)]<br />
**[http://www.lookingglassnews.org/viewstory.php?storyid=5722 The Independent: More Britons have DNA held by police than rest of world (14th April 2006)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/01/09/ndna09.xml The Telegraph: Huge rise in juvenile DNA samples kept by the police]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/frontpage/story/0,16518,1678168,00.html The Guardian: DNA of 37% of black men held by police]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/01/09/ndna09.xml The Telegraph: Freedom fears as the DNA database expands]<br />
**[http://news.scotsman.com/scitech.cfm?id=680402005 The Scotsman article: Keep DNA of innocent and guilty alike]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=6549 The Voice: 1 in 3 black men are DNA profiled]<br />
**[http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18624944.900 New Scientist: Will DNA profiling fuel prejudice?]<br />
**[http://newswww.bbc.net.uk/1/low/uk_politics/4166559.stm BBC Online: DNA database Big Brother warning]<br />
<br />
== Detailed Analysis ==<br />
'''Note: This section has not yet been updated to include the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012.'''<br />
<br />
Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984 and amendments to PACE : Criminal Justice and Public Order Act (CJPOA) 1994;Criminal Evidence.<br />
<br />
<br />
(Amendment) Act 1997;Criminal Justice and Police Act (CJPA) 001;Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 2003. Changes in the Data Protection Act (DPA) 1998, the Human Rights Act (HRA) 1998 and case law.<ref name="ftn0">E.U. 9445/1/06 at 9.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
Persons convicted of any recordable offence, arrested for any recordable offense, and all crime scene stains<ref name="ftn7">See EU Current Practices at 80-81.</ref> The Counter-Terrorism Act 2008 (c.28) increased police powers for the stated purpose of countering terrorism. It allows speculative searches against DNA profiles held on behalf of the Security Service or Secret Intelligence Service and allows matches to be used “for purposes related to the identification . . . of the person from whom the material came.” In other words, a valid match can be obtained from a reference sample that did not originate from a crime scene.<br />
<br />
<br />
For Scotland: Persons convicted of any recordable offence, arrested for any recordable offense, and all crime scene stains<ref name="ftn6">See EU Current Practices at 81-83.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
England & Wales: The Justice and Public Order Act 1994 allows for the entry of the DNA profiles of all individuals who are charged with any recordable offence or who are convicted of such an offence. All DNA profiles that are derived from crime scene stains are also stored in the NDNAD.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: The Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 allows for the entry of the DNA profiles of those arrested of any recordable offence or who are convicted of such an offence. All DNA profiles that are derived from unidentified crime scene stains are also stored in the database.<br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>England & Wales: Whereas the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) allowed for the coercive taking of ‘non-intimate samples’ such as hair shafts, the Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (JPOA) changed the definition of ‘non-intimate samples’ to include buccal swabs by which police sampling powers were seriously extended. [4]</nowiki><ref name="ftn5">JPOA (1994), § 58.</ref> This provision applies to both crime suspects and convicted offenders who are arrested or convicted of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn4">Id. at § 55.</ref> The police are allowed to take a DNA sample from minors who have reached the age of ten and from mentally ill persons. There are no restrictions to the collection of crime scene samples.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: A constable or a police custody and security officer at a constable’s direction can collect a mouth swab from those arrested of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn8">Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2003, Art. 55, § 2</ref> They may use reasonable force in exercising this power.<ref name="ftn3">Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, Art. 18, § 7.</ref> A constable or a police custody and security officer at a constable’s direction can also coercively collect a mouth swab from those convicted of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn2">Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2003, Art. 55, § 3.</ref> They are allowed to take a DNA sample from minors who have reached the age of ten and from mentally ill persons. There are no restrictions to the collection of unidentified crime scene samples.<br />
<br />
<br />
Convicted persons’ and suspects’ profiles are retained indefinitely and crime scene stains are kept until they have been identified<ref name="ftn1">See EU Current Practices at 81.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
For Scotland: Convicted persons’ profiles are retained indefinitely, suspects’ profiles are retained until the underlying proceeding is abandoned or the individual is acquitted, and crime scene stains are kept until they have been identified<ref name="ftn9">See EU Current Practices at 83.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
England & Wales: The Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 (CJPA) allows for the indefinite retention of the DNA profiles of both crime suspects and convicted offenders who are arrested or convicted of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn10">CJPA (2001), § 82.</ref> This provision also applies to crime suspects who are subsequently acquitted or freed of charges. The DNA profiles which are derived from unidentified crime scene stains are stored in the database until a match is found.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: The DNA profiles of those who are arrested of any recordable offence have to be removed from the database as soon as possible following the decision not to institute criminal proceedings against the person concerned or upon acquittal.<ref name="ftn11">Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, Art. 18, § 3.</ref> The DNA profiles of those convicted of any recordable offence can be retained indefinitely. The DNA profiles which are derived from unidentified crime scene stains are stored in the database until they are identified.<br />
<br />
<br />
All samples are retained indefinitely<ref name="ftn12">See EU Current Practices at 81.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
For Scotland: Convicted persons’ samples are retained indefinitely, but suspects’ samples must be destroyed upon their acquittal or when no criminal proceedings are initiated<ref name="ftn13">See EU Current Practices at 83.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
England & Wales: The CJPA 2001 allows for the indefinite retention of the DNA samples of both crime suspects and convicted offenders who are arrested or convicted of any recordable offence. This provision also applies to crime suspect who are subsequently acquitted or freed of charges.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: The DNA samples of those who are convicted of any recordable offence can be retained indefinitely. Those taken from persons who are arrested of any recordable offence have to be destroyed as soon as possible following the decision not to institute criminal proceedings against the person concerned or upon acquittal.<ref name="ftn15">Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, Art. 18, § 3.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
The Forensic Science Service, an Executive Designated staff employed by the Custodian Security clearance to Counter Terrorism Kingdom Agency of the Home Office, was responsible for the management of the National DNA Database since 1995, through the office of its Chief Scientist as Custodian of the Database, under a Memorandum of Understanding between the FSS and the Association of Chief Police Officers, revised in 2000, 2003 and again in 2005, and the oversight of the National DNA Database Board, chaired by ACPO. In July 2005, the Custodianship was transferred to the Home Office, then shortly thereafter to National Policing Improvement Agency.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: Although they can largely develop their own policies regarding the treatment of profiles and samples which are collected in the course of criminal investigations, it is not entirely correct to consider the databases of Scotland and England & Wales as two separate entities.<ref name="ftn16">P. Johnson & R. Williams, DNA and crime investigation: Scotland and the “UK National DNA Database,” 10 Scottish J. Crim. Justice Stds. 74 (2004).</ref> As Scotland exports all its profiles and unidentified crime scene stains to the NDNAD, the latter in fact contains nearly all UK profiles. As Scotland does not retain the profiles of suspects who are acquitted and against whom no criminal proceedings are instituted, these are the only profiles that stay in the custody of the Scottish police.<br />
<br />
<br />
Oracle platform with Loader (input) and Match reporting database (repository for match information) It is an Oracle 9i database. Profiles are loaded electronically but from CSV files submitted as a batch rather than messaging.<br />
<br />
<br />
All new profiles added to the Database are automatically searched on loading against all profiles held. The search regime uses 4 SGM discriminator loci to identify a matching sub-set which is then searched again using the remaining SGM Plus loci. Both exact and partial matches between Subject/crime scene and crime scene/crime scene are reported immediately (failed or rare alleles are treated as wild ‘cards’). Subject/subject matches are reported periodically.<br />
<br />
<br />
One-off ‘snapshot’ speculative searches of sample profiles that do not meet the criteria for loading to the Database are also carried out using the same search regime. ‘Familial searches’ are also carried out to help identify potential relatives of offenders whose profiles are not on the Database A monthly search is also carried out for ‘near matches’ that differ by only 1 allele; these are then investigated to see if there has been an error in the profiling.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/United_KingdomUnited Kingdom2021-04-27T14:17:55Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Overview ==<br />
The UK’s National DNA Database (NDNAD) was the first to be established, in 1995. Two changes in the law, made by the Blair Government in 2001 and 2003, led to a massive expansion of the database. DNA samples and records were collected routinely from everyone arrested for any recordable offence, from the age of ten, and retained indefinitely whether or not they were charged or convicted. However, the law on retention was reversed following public controversy and a successful challenge in the European Court of Human Rights.<br />
<br />
The 2008 Interpol survey reports that 329,660 crime scene DNA profiles and 5,093,145 individuals' profiles, plus 163 unknown/deceased DNA profiles were held in the UK at the time of the survey. According to Interpol, the UK's DNA database grew to 400,337 crime scene DNA profiles, 6,547,187 reference DNA profiles from individuals, 97 missing persons' DNA profiles, 35 unidentified human remains DNA profiles and 43,888 other DNA profiles in 2011. As at 31 March 2015, the NDNAD held 5,766,369 DNA profiles from individuals and 486,691 from crime scenes, following removal of DNA profiles from innocent people and some children convicted of minor offences. Removing these people from the database has not reduced crime detection rates.<br />
<br />
Scotland rejected plans to retain DNA records from innocent people indefinitely in 2006. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, public opposition to keeping innocent people on the DNA database grew as more cases emerged of people falsely accused of minor offences who had their DNA stored.<br />
<br />
The European Court of Human Rights ruled that the law in England and Wales breached the European Convention on Human Rights in December 2008 (in the case of [http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-90051 S. and Marper v. the United Kingdom]).<br />
<br />
The UK’s Coalition Government adopted the Protection of Freedoms Act on 1st of May 2012, which came in to force at the end of October 2013. The DNA profiles and fingerprints of more than 1.7 million innocent people and children have been removed from police databases and more than 7.7 million DNA samples have also been destroyed.<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
*External links<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-dna-and-fingerprint-exchange-policy-for-the-uk International DNA and fingerprint exchange policy for the UK (6th January 2021)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/biometrics-commissioner-interim-report-december-2020 Biometrics Commissioner: interim report December 2020]<br />
**[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/wfs2.1414 WIREs Forensic Science: The effectiveness of the current use of forensic DNA in criminal investigations in England and Wales (February 2021)] <br />
**[https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/1/2020/EN/COM-2020-857-F1-EN-ANNEX-1-PART-1.PDF European Commission: TRADE AND COOPERATION AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE EUROPEAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMUNITY, OF THE ONE PART, AND THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND, OF THE OTHER PART (25th December 2020)]<br />
**[https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_20_2532 European Commission: Questions & Answers: EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (24th December 2020)]<br />
** [https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/913011/NDNAD_Strategy_Board_AR_2018-2020_Web_Accessible.pdf Home Office: National DNA Database biennial report, 2018 to 2020 (2nd September 2020)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/niconsul2020-gw-fin.pdf GeneWatchUK response to the Department of Justice’s consultation on proposals to amend the legislation governing the retention of DNA and fingerprints in Northern Ireland (July 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.theyworkforyou.com/wms/?id=2020-06-15.HCWS290.h&s=DNA#gHCWS290.0 TheyWorkforYou: Prüm – Data Sharing Update (15th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/873640/dna-v4.0ext1.pdf Home Office: DNA policy guidance: Version 4.0 (16th March 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.scot/news/biometrics-commissioner/ Scottish Government: Biometrics Commissioner (10th March 2020)]<br />
**[http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-200817 European Court of Human Rights: CASE OF GAUGHRAN v. THE UNITED KINGDOM. Judgment, Strasbourg (13th February 2020)] Case regarding the disproportionate character of the indefinite retention of the DNA profile of a person convicted of minor offence.<br />
**[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmsctech/1970/1970.pdf House of Commons Science and Technology Committee: The work of the Biometrics Commissioner and the Forensic Science Regulator. Nineteenth Report of Session 2017–19 (17th July 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-dna-and-fingerprint-exchange-policy-for-the-uk Home Office: International DNA and fingerprint exchange policy for the UK (8th July 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-and-eu-law-enforcement-boost-co-operation-on-dna-databases Home Office: UK and EU law enforcement boost co-operation on DNA databases (14th June 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.scot/news/biometrics-commissioner-bill-published/ Scottish Government: Biometrics Commissioner (31st May 2019)]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/778065/National_DNA_Database_anuual_report_2017-18_print.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board Annual Report 2017/18]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dna-policy UK Government: DNA policy (immigration)]<br />
**[https://www.london.gov.uk/what-we-do/mayors-office-policing-and-crime-mopac/governance-and-decision-making/mopac-decisions-0/forensic-services-prum-dna-service-delivery-plan London: Forensic Services Prüm DNA Service Delivery Plan (10th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/biometrics-commissioner-annual-report-2017 Biometrics Commissioner: annual report 2017]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/713593/government_response_-_annual_report_2017.pdf Response to the Biometrics Commissioner's annual report 2017]<br />
**[http://assets.smartcdn.co.uk.s3-website-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/docs/3911_19012018095152.pdf Forensic Science Regulator: Annual Report: November 2016 - November 2017 (19th January 2018)]<br />
**[https://royalsociety.org/~/media/about-us/programmes/science-and-law/royal-society-forensic-dna-analysis-primer-for-courts.pdf Royal Society: Forensic DNA analysis: A Primer for Courts (November 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/594185/58714_Un-Num_Nat_DNA_DB_Accessible.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board Annual Report 2015/16]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/568554/Annual_Report_of_the_Ethics_Group_2015.pdf Annual Report of The Ethics Group: National DNA Database 2015 (16th November 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/526232/55843_BC_Report_ACCESSIBLE_01.pdf Further Report by the Biometrics Commissioner on Issues Raised in his 2015 Annual Report (April 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/507104/54496_Biometrics_Commissioners_Report_Print_Ready__3_.pdf Commissioner for the retention and use of biometric material: Annual Report December 2015]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/access-and-use-of-dna-samples-profiles-and-associated-data NDNAD Strategy Board policy for access and use of DNA samples, profiles and associated data: December 2015]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201516/cmselect/cmeuleg/342-xii/342xii.pdf House of Commons European Scunity Committee: Cross boarder law enforcement cooperation - UK participation in Prüm (4th December 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/484938/52921_NPCC_National_DNA_Database_print_ready.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board Annual Report 2014/15]. Confirms that removing innocent people's DNA profiles has had no adverse impact on solving crimes.<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-dna-exchange-policy-for-the-united-kingdom Policy Paper: International DNA exchange policy for the United Kingdom (23rd October 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/464648/2015_Prum_Business_Case.pdf Prum Business and Implementation Case (30th September 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/463466/ANNEX_H_Prum_Feasibility_Statistical_Analysis.pdf Principle Forensic Services: Prum Feasibility Project. Statistical Study: Report (September 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.pharmiweb.com/pressreleases/pressrel.asp?ROW_ID=124939#.VctwhPmYQxJ IntegenX: Rapid DNA Results Uploaded For First Time To United Kingdom’s National DNA Database (11th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.met.police.uk/foi/pdfs/other_information/corporate/early_deletion_process_2015.pdf Metropolitan Police: Early Deletion Requests - Consideration for the deletion of DNA profiles, Fingerprint, PNC Records and Photographic images. (22nd June 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dna-early-deletion-guidance-and-application-form Home Office: Record deletion guidance (27th May 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/publication-of-the-governments-response-to-the-biometrics-commissioners-first-annual-report UK Government response to the Biometrics Commissioner’s first annual report (13th May 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/circular-0092015-provisions-relating-to-dna-samples-in-the-police-amendment-regulations-2015-and-the-special-constabulary-amendment-regulations Circular 009/2015: provisions relating to DNA samples in the Police (Amendment) Regulations 2015 and the Special Constabulary (Amendment) Regulations 2015]<br />
**[http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/globalassets/documents/raise/deposited-papers/2015/dp1372.pdf: NORTHERN IRELAND DNA DATABASE GOVERNANCE BOARD REPORT 2012-14 (2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-dna-database-annual-report-2013-to-2014 National DNA Database: annual report, 2013 to 2014 (16th December 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/biometrics-commissioner-annual-report-2013-2014 Biometrics Commissioner: annual report 2013-2014 (16th December 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/applications-to-the-biometrics-commissioner-under-pace Home Office: Applications to the Biometrics Commissioner under PACE (26th September 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/358653/GuidanceApplicationstotheBC.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board: Applications to the Biometrics Commissioner under PACE (17th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.familylaw.co.uk/news_and_comment/re-z-application-for-release-of-dna-profiles-2014-ewhc-1999-fam#.U7wiU7Fhvqw Re Z(Application for Release of DNA Profiles) (2014) EWHC 1999 (Fam) (23rd June 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-dna-database-strategy-board-governance-rules National DNA Database strategy board: governance rules (13th June 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dna-early-deletion-guidance-and-application-form Home Office: DNA early deletion guidance and application form (20th January 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/helping-the-police-fight-crime-more-effectively/supporting-pages/national-dna-database National DNA Database]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/home-office/groups/national-dna-database-strategy-board National DNA Database Strategy Board]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/national-dna-database-ethics-group National DNA Database Ethics Group]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/forensic-science-regulator Forensic Science Regulator]<br />
**[https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/memberpage/united-kingdom-817 Europol: United Kingdom]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/254883/Access_And_Use_Of_DNA_Samples_Profiles.pdf Home Office: The NDNAD Strategy Board Policy for Access and Use of DNA Samples, Profiles and Associated Data (4th November 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-ethics-group-6th-annual-report-2013 NDNAD Ethics Group: 6th annual report (October 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/252678/NDNAD_Annual_Report_2012-13.pdf NATIONAL DNA DATABASE STRATEGY BOARD ANNUAL REPORT 2012-2013]<br />
**[http://www.forensicarchive.com/ Forensic Archive Ltd]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmselect/cmsctech/610/610.pdf House of Commons Science and Technology Committee; Forensic Science I (July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmselect/cmsctech/610/610vw.pdf House of Commons Science and Technology Committee: Forensic Science II (July 2013)]<br />
**[http://gizmonaut.net/blog/uk/2013/07/commencement_pofa_dna_provisions.html Gizmonaut: Commencement day of DNA provisions of the Protection of Freedom Act in October (22nd July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/1814/made The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2013] Commencement order for the provisions in the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 which relate to the destruction, retention and use of material including fingerprints, DNA samples and DNA profiles. Most provisions will come into force by 31st October 2013, with the destruction of copies coming into force by 31st January 2014.<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/1813/made The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (Destruction, Retention and Use of Biometric Data) (Transitional, Transitory and Saving Provisions) Order 2013]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/1814/made The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2013]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-annual-report-2011-to-2012 National DNA Database Annual Report: 2011-12]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-biennial-report-2009-to-2011 National DNA Database biennial report: 2009 to 2011]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/update-on-protection-of-freedoms-act-implementation-and-national-dna-database-annual-reports-2009-to-2012 Lord Taylor of Holbeach: Update on Protection of Freedoms Act implementation and National DNA Database annual reports 2009 to 2012 (20th May 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2012/9/pdfs/ukpga_20120009_en.pdf Protection of Freedoms Act 2012]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-dna-database-statistics National DNA Database statistics (23rd April 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/protection-of-freedoms-act-2012-dna-and-fingerprint-provisions/protection-of-freedoms-act-2012-how-dna-and-fingerprint-evidence-is-protected-in-law Home Office: Protection of Freedoms Act 2012: how DNA and fingerprint evidence is protected in law (4th April 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-strategy-board-minutes NDNAD Strategy Board minutes]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/equality-impact-assessment-of-the-national-dna-database Equality impact assessment of the National DNA Database (28th November 2012)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-annual-reports National DNA Database Annual Report 2006-07]<br />
**[http://www.statewatch.org/news/2009/nov/uk-dna-human-genetics-commission.pdf Human Genetics Commission: Nothing to hide, nothing to fear? Balancing individual rights and the public interest in the governance and use of the National DNA Database (24th November 2009)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/117784/ndnad-ann-report-2007-09.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2007-08]<br />
**[http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/Papers/database-state.pdf Rowntree Database State report (23rd March 2009)]<br />
**[https://rm.coe.int/168067d216 European Court of Human Rights: CASE OF S. AND MARPER v. THE UNITED KINGDOM (4th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmhaff/58/58ii.pdf Home Affairs Committee report: A Surveillance Society? (Vol II: Evidence)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmhaff/58/58i.pdf Home Affairs Committee Report: A Surveillance Society? (Vol I)]<br />
**[https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/l_to_o/low_copy_number_dna_testing/ Crown Prosecution Service: DNA: Low Copy Number DNA Testing in the Criminal Justice System (23rd January 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/sites/default/files/The%20forensic%20use%20of%20bioinformation%20-%20ethical%20issues.pdf Nuffield Council on Bioethics: The forensic use of bioinformation: ethical issues (September 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/DNA_report2005_06.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2005/06]<br />
**[http://www.acpo.police.uk/asp/policies/Data/NDNAD_AR_04_051.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2004/05]<br />
**[https://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/sass/WilliamsandJohnsonInterimReport2005-1.pdf Forensic DNA Databasing: A European Perspective – A report from Durham University (June 2005)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/NDNAD_AR_04_05.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2004/05]<br />
**[http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/about-us/corporate-publications-strategy/home-office-circulars/circulars-2004/058-2004/ Home Office Circular: Charges on Basis of Speculative Search Match on the National DNA Database (September 2004)]<br />
**[http://www.statewatch.org/news/2006/jan/uk-DNA-database.pdf DNA Expansion Programme 2000-2005: Reporting achievement]<br />
**[http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/10/PROPS Scottish Executive: Police Retention Of Prints and Samples]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmsctech/96/96i.pdf The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee’s report on forensics, 2005 (main report)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmsctech/96/96ii.pdf The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee’s report on forensics, 2005 (evidence)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/NDNAD_AR_3_4.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2003/04]<br />
**[http://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/sass/Williams_Johnson_Martin_NDNAD_report_2004.pdf Williams et al (2004) Genetic Information and Crime Investigation]<br />
**[https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/assets/uploads/files/lawyers%27%20DNA%20guide%20KSWilliams%20190208%20%28i%29.pdf Forensic Science Service: Guide to DNA for lawyers and investigating officers(2004)]<br />
**[https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/assets/uploads/files/pdf_000328%20-%20%20DNA%20Charging%20Guidance.pdf Crown Prosecution Service: Guidance on DNA Charging (16th July 2004)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/NDNAD_Annual_Report_02_03.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2002/03]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/sub-539478 GeneWatch UK: The UK Police National DNA Database]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1984/60/contents Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (as amended)] This law was amended by the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 in order to set up the UK National DNA Database in 1995 by allowing police to collect DNA samples and conduct searches of stored DNA profiles: it has been amended many times since 1994.<br />
<br />
*Press articles<br />
**[https://news.sky.com/story/home-secretary-must-take-responsibility-for-accidental-wiping-of-150-000-arrest-records-12188163 Sky News: 'Human error' blamed for wiping of thousands of police records (16th January 2021)]<br />
**[https://bylinetimes.com/2020/07/14/uk-deal-to-share-dna-and-fingerprints-evades-parliamentary-scrutiny/ UK Deal to Share DNA and Fingerprints Evades Parliamentary Scrutiny (14th July 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/proficiency-testing-guidance-dna-mixture-analysis-and-interpretation Forensic Science Regulator: Proficiency testing guidance: DNA mixture analysis and interpretation (29th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8424405/Privacy-row-erupts-plan-log-thousands-innocent-Britons-DNA-controversial-EU-database.html Daily Mail: Privacy row erupts over plan to log thousands of innocent Britons' DNA on controversial EU database (16th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.biometricupdate.com/202006/northern-ireland-police-agree-to-delete-biometric-records-after-human-rights-ruling Biometric Update: Northern Ireland police agree to delete biometric records after human rights ruling (4th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.ukauthority.com/articles/scotland-to-get-biometrics-commissioner/ UK Authority: Scotland to get biometrics commissioner (13th March 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8000053/European-Court-rule-Northern-Ireland-drink-driver-human-rights-breached-police-kept-fingerprints.html Daily Mail: Drink-driver's privacy rights were breached when police kept his DNA profile, fingerprints and photo indefinitely, European human rights judges rule (13th February 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/feb/13/police-keeping-drink-drivers-dna-breached-his-rights-judges-rule The Guardian: Police keeping drink-driver's DNA breached his rights, judges rule (13th February 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-49361260 BBC: Eurofins Scientific: Cyber-attack leads to backlog of 20,000 forensic samples (16th August 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.governmentcomputing.com/central-government/news/uk-eu-prum-framework Government Computing: UK, EU boost co-operation on DNA databases under Prüm framework (14th June 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-48459890 BBC: New plans to safeguard storage of DNA and fingerprint data (31st May 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.biometricupdate.com/201901/northern-ireland-police-agree-to-publish-biometric-data-retention-policy Biometric Update: Northern Ireland police agree to publish biometric data retention policy (11th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-46803999 BBC: PSNI to publish DNA retention policy after human rights case (9th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://amp.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/oct/25/sajid-javid-apologises-to-migrants-forced-to-give-dna-samples The Guardian: Sajid Javid apologises to immigration applicants forced to give DNA samples (25th October 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/home-office-dna-tests-policy-immigrants-letters-immigration-a8430271.html The Independent: Home Office forcing immigrants to take DNA tests in breach of government's own policy (4th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.governmentcomputing.com/applications/news/home-office-issues-tender-biometrics-development Government Computing: Home Office issues tender for biometrics development (14th May 2018)]<br />
**[https://police.community/topic/134543-police-pay-out-millions-after-collapse-of-forensics-firm/ Police Community: Police pay out millions after collapse of forensics firm (5th February 2018)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-42057009 BBC: UK judges to get scientific guides (22nd November 2017)]<br />
**[http://theconversation.com/dna-databases-its-still-far-from-clear-how-effective-they-are-in-fighting-crime-85137 The Conversation: DNA databases: it’s still far from clear how effective they are in fighting crime (10th October 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.belfastlive.co.uk/news/new-officers-register-dna-database-13733517 Belfast Live: New officers will have to register on a DNA database, PSNI reveals (8th October 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.piratefm.co.uk/news/latest-news/2289933/brothers-to-appeal-over-wadebridge-murders/ Pirate FM: Brothers to appeal over Wadebridge murders? (16th May 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/15213148.CSI_Strathclyde__how_university_forensic_experts_helped_solve_some_of_the_most_high_profile_crimes_of_the_past_fifty_years/ The Herald: CSI Strathclyde: how university forensic experts helped solve some of the most high-profile crimes of the past fifty years (9th April 017)]<br />
**[http://www.scunthorpetelegraph.co.uk/what-are-your-rights-if-police-arrest-you-the-key-questions-answered-from-handcuffs-to-charges/story-30253882-detail/story.html Scunthorpe Telegraph: What are your rights if police arrest you? The key questions answered, from handcuffs to charges (8th April 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/legal-updates/dna--an-unstoppable-march/5060258.article Law Gazette: DNA – an unstoppable march? (20th March 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.burtonmail.co.uk/forensics-expert-john-beckwith-lifts-the-lid-on-how-dna-has-solved-serious-historic-burton-crimes/story-30091644-detail/story.html Burton Mail: Forensics expert John Beckwith lifts the lid on how DNA has solved serious historic Burton crimes (1st March 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.policeoracle.com/news/police_it_and_technology/2017/Feb/23/dna-database-most-effective--since-records-began-_94218.html Police Oracle: DNA database most effective since records began (24th February 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.policeoracle.com/news/investigation/2017/Jan/13/Government-department-to-access-DNA-database-in-bid-to-close-fake-dads-paternity-loophole_93864.html Police Oracle: Government Department to access DNA database in bid to close 'fake dads' paternety loophole. (13th January 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-38527830 BBC: Forensic science standards 'at significant risk' (6th January 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/5180/desc/despite-brexit-uk-committed-to-eu-biometric-database/ Despite Brexit, UK committed to EU biometric database (2nd November 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jun/07/killer-dna-evidence-genetic-profiling-criminal-investigation The Guardian: Killer breakthrough – the day DNA evidence first nailed a murderer (7th June 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/27/dna-and-fingerprints-of-50000-repeat-teenage-offenders-deleted-a/ The Telegraph: DNA and fingerprints of 50,000 repeat teenage offenders deleted after software error by police (27th May 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.thequint.com/hot-wire/2016/05/27/dna-profiles-of-hundreds-of-terror-suspects-destroyed-in-uk The Quint: DNA Profiles of Hundreds of Terror Suspects Destroyed in UK (27th May 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/4530/desc/fears-in-uk-over-deletion-of-terror-suspects-biometric-profiles/ Planet Biometrics: Fears in UK over deletion of terror suspects’ biometric profiles (27th May 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/latest-news/507017/police-mix-DNA-evidence-errors-98-cases-Adam-Scott-case Daily Star: DNA divvies: Police errors result in evidence mix-ups in 98 cases last year (10th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201604/documents-reveal-uk-governments-out-of-court-settlements-over-unlawful-biometrics-storage Biometric Update: Documents reveal UK government’s out-of-court settlements over unlawful biometrics storage (9th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/04/05/home_office_settlements/ The Register: Home Office seeks secret settlements over unlawful DNA retention (5th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-35783475 BBC: Wiping of DNA and fingerprint records 'puts public safety at risk' (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/dna-profiles-and-fingerprints-of-7800-on-police-counterterrorism-database-34532285.html Belfast Telegraph: DNA profiles and fingerprints of 7,800 on police counter-terrorism database (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/mar/11/uk-police-hold-dna-profiles-of-7800-terrorism-suspects The Guardian: UK police hold DNA profiles of 7,800 terrorism suspects (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.rt.com/uk/335286-dna-profiles-terror-suspects/ RT: DNA profiles of 7,800 terror suspects held in police database (11th March, 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/03/11/potential_terrorists_roam_uk_while_police_lose_their_biometrics_details/ The Register: 7,800 people's biometric data held on police anti-terrorism database (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.ukauthority.com/news/6047/police-national-database-still-holds-illegal-photos UK Authority: Police National Database still holds 'illegal' photos (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=25632 Police Professionals: Failure to retain DNA records ‘risking public safety’, says Biometrics Commissioner (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/4270/desc/britains-biometrics-commissioner-in-dna-warning/ Planet Biometrics (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://home.bt.com/news/uk-news/dna-profiles-of-7800-people-on-police-counter-terrorism-database-11364045522485 BT: DNA profiles and prints of 7,800 people on police counter-terrorism database (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://thejusticegap.com/2016/03/12812/ The Justice Gap: Ministers need to reinstate a national forensic science service – and quickly (21st March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-35254521 BBC News: Paternity test dad Vernon Poppleton used brother's DNA (7th January, 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/conservative-berwick-mp-rebels-over-10575572 Chronicle Live: Conservative Berwick MP rebels over plans for UK to join EU crime database (10th December 2015)]<br />
**[https://uk.news.yahoo.com/eurosceptic-theresa-may-calls-mps-160727893.html#dABsF8p Yahoo News: Eurosceptic Theresa May calls for MPs to back EU DNA database in House of Commons debate (8th December 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.itv.com/news/2015-12-08/uk-to-decide-whether-to-join-bond-esque-eu-dna-database/ ITV: UK to decide whether to join Bond-esque EU DNA database (8th December 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/3818/desc/uk-mps-to-vote-on-joining-european-biometric-database/ Planet Biometrics: UK MPs to vote on joining European biometric, DNA database (30th November)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=24904 Police Professional: Home Office urges Prüm opt in (27th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/12019174/Britain-should-join-controversial-EU-crime-database-says-Government.html The Telegraph: Britain should join controversial EU crime database, says Government (26th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-34937158 BBC News: UK ministers outline case for joining EU DNA database scheme (26th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/nov/23/mps-vote-joining-european-police-dna-fingerprint-database The Guardian: MPs to vote on joining European police DNA database (23th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-attacks-france-calls-for-britain-to-give-european-police-access-to-dna-database-a6738471.html Independent: Paris attacks: France calls for Britain to give European police access to DNA database (17th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.information-age.com/technology/security/123460503/whos-more-likely-rob-britains-freedom-isis-or-conservative-party Information Age: Who’s more likely to rob Britain’s freedom: ISIS or the Conservative party? (16th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3318975/Big-Brother-tsar-demands-police-wipe-innocent-people-s-photos-database-18-MILLION-mugshots.html Daily Mail: 'Big Brother tsar' demands police wipe innocent people's photos from database of 18 MILLION mugshots (15th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.journalpioneer.com/Opinion/Columnists/2015-11-10/article-4339029/EASTERN-PASSAGES%3A-Hanged-by-a-thread/1 Journal Pioneer: Eastern passages: Hanged by a thread (10th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/11982516/British-police-face-deluge-of-foreign-DNA-requests-if-UK-joins-EU-crime-database-says-report.html The Telegraph: British police face deluge of foreign DNA requests if UK joins EU crime database, says report (8th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.itv.com/news/granada/2015-11-05/police-use-dna-to-track-down-diners-who-skipped-the-bill/ ITV: Police use DNA to track down diners who skipped the bill (5th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://news.sky.com/story/1572942/rapist-jailed-after-needle-in-a-haystack-hunt Sky News: Rapist Jailed After 'Needle In A Haystack' Hunt (20th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://findbiometrics.com/rapidhit-dna-uk-police-210135/ Find Biometrics: RapidHIT DNA Identification a Hit with UK Police (13th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/3635/desc/biometrics-commissioner-raises-police-face-database-fears/ Planet Biometrics: Biometrics Commissioner raises police face database fears (13th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201510/key-forensic-services-purchases-rapid-dna-system-from-integenx Biometric Update: Key Forensic Services purchases rapid DNA system from IntegenX (4th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/3587/desc/uks-key-forensic-services-buys-rapid-dna-system/ Planet Biometrics: UK’s Key Forensic Services buys Rapid DNA system (1st October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.computerworlduk.com/it-leadership/police-ict-company-ceo-on-austerity-transformation-plans-save-millions-3624427/ Computer World UK: Police ICT Company CEO Martin Wyke on austerity, transformation and plans to save millions (2nd September 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.labnews.co.uk/features/building-case-27-08-2015/ Laboratory News: Building a case: (27th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://finance.yahoo.com/news/rapidhit-dna-profile-uploaded-uk-100000828.html BusinessWire: RapidHIT DNA Profile Uploaded to UK National DNA Database Identifies Dangerous Sex Offender While Suspect in Custody (24th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201508/rapid-dna-results-uploaded-for-the-first-time-to-uks-dna-database Biometric Update: Rapid DNA results uploaded for the first time to UK’s DNA database (19th August 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.policeoracle.com/news/police_it_and_technology/2015/Aug/13/breakthrough-machine-now-being-used-to-upload-genetic-profiles-onto-database_89231.html Police Oracle: Breakthrough machine now being used to upload genetic profiles to database (13th August 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-33784571 BBC: DNA samples copied and held for Troubles investigations (5th August 2015)] Reports retention of DNA profiles in Northern Ireland.<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3174798/Deadbeat-dads-refuse-pay-offspring-face-DNA-database-checks.html Daily Mail: 'Deadbeat dads' who refuse to pay for their offspring face DNA database checks in child maintenance crackdown (26th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=21781 Police Professional: PSNI DNA retention lawful (14th May 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/may/13/retention-of-offenders-dna-does-not-breach-privacy-supreme-court-rules The Guardian: Retention of offenders' DNA profiles not illegal, supreme court rules (13th May 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.bristolpost.co.uk/Avon-Somerset-Police-s-forensic-spending-falls-40/story-26457785-detail/story.html Avon and Somerset Police's forensic spending falls by 40 per cent in seven years (8th May 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/unease-over-police-trial-of-hitech-dna-machines-amid-fears-that-civil-liberties-could-be-infringed-10193791.html The Independent: Unease over police trial of hi-tech DNA machines amid fears that civil liberties could be infringed (21st April 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.littlehamptongazette.co.uk/news/regional/murder-police-dna-screening-plea-1-6675562 Littlehampton Gazette: Murder police DNA screening plea(7th April 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.computing.co.uk/ctg/news/2398702/government-has-failed-to-provide-guidelines-on-use-of-biometric-data-warn-mps Government has failed to provide guidelines on use of biometric data, warn MPs (9th March 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/britain-criticised-for-dna-hold-up-keeping-an-innocent-man-locked-up-in-spanish-prison-10031429.html The Independent: Britain criticised for DNA hold up keeping an innocent man locked up in Spanish prison (8th February 2015)]<br />
**[http://thejusticegap.com/2015/01/police-forensics-risk-criminal-cases-nao-warns/ Police forensics ‘a risk’ to criminal cases, spending watchdog warns (26th January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=20204 Police Professional: Police spending on forensics 'inconsistent' (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/privatisation-of-forensic-services-a-threat-to-justice-and-putting-the-work-in-police-hands-would-be-disastrous-warn-experts-9991356.html The Independent: Privatisation of forensic services 'threat to justice' and putting the work in police hands would be 'disastrous,' warn experts (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-30909722 BBC: Warning by spending watchdog over forensic science work (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://news.stv.tv/scotland/307287-mass-voluntary-dna-screening-in-case-of-valerie-graves-in-bosham/ STV: Mass voluntary DNA screening to find killer of house-sitting Scot (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2914932/The-DNA-photofit-Amazing-breakthrough-means-police-tell-suspect-s-colour-height-age-tiny-speck-blood.html The DNA photofit: Amazing breakthrough means police can tell suspect's colour, height and even age – from a tiny speck of blood (17th January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thedetail.tv/articles/genetic-profile-of-123-000-people-on-ni-s-dna-database Genetic profile of 123,000 people on NI's DNA database (14th January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/dec/16/foreogn-criminals-data-police-records-biometrics The Guardian: Foreign criminals’ data taken off police records (16th December 2014)]<br />
**[http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/572081/20141107/australia-uk-dna-polce-usa-canada.htm#.VGHb2cnvaSo International Business Times: Australia and UK Sign Pact For DNA Database Sharing Among Police Forces To Check Serious Crimes (7th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://rt.com/uk/202919-uk-australia-dna-database/ RT: UK, Australia to share DNA database to aid international crime solving (6th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/australian-police-in-dna-access-deal-with-british-counterparts/story-fn59niix-1227114004691 The Australian: Australian police in DNA access deal with British counterparts (5th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2014/nov/06/australian-and-british-police-to-share-their-dna-databases The Guardian: Australian and British police to share their DNA databases (5th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://online.wsj.com/articles/spain-threatens-u-k-s-inclusion-in-eu-justice-cooperation-1412881174 Spain Threatens U.K.’s Inclusion in EU Justice Cooperation (9th October 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/09/30/scrap_human_rights_act_chris_grayling_privacy_freedom_expression/ The Register: Scrapping the Human Rights Act: What about privacy and freedom of expression? (30th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2767453/DNA-blunders-mean-murderers-rapists-convictions-overturned-Home-Office-admits-misleading-evidence-presented-juries.html Daily Mail: DNA blunders mean murderers and rapists could have convictions overturned: Home Office admits misleading evidence has been presented to juries (24th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/european-convention-on-human-rights-what-has-it-ever-done-for-us-9773928.html The Independent: European Convention on Human Rights: What has it ever done for us? (3rd October 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201409/guidelines-for-uk-police-chiefs-on-applications-to-retain-use-biometrics Guidelines for UK police chiefs on applications to retain & use biometric material (29th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.scotsman.com/news/how-dna-fingerprint-left-its-mark-on-justice-1-3533752 The Scotsman: How DNA fingerprint left its mark on justice (8th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/11382557.Commissioner_helps_to_speed_DNA_checks/?ref=rss Lancashire Telegraph: Commissioner helps to speed DNA checks (1st August 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2708277/DNA-testing-crime-scene-investigations-soon-identify-criminals-matter-HOURS.html DNA-testing for crime scene investigations will soon identify criminals in a matter of HOURS (28th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/crime-courts/police-storing-dna-samples-of-children-as-young-as-10-x.24764874 Herald: Police storing DNA samples of children as young as 10 (16th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.heraldscotland.com/comment/herald-view/storing-childrens-dna-and-issue-of-civil-liberties.24733748 Herald: Storing children's DNA and issue of civil liberties (16th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2689894/Police-plea-share-DNA-clues-EU-foreign-criminals.html Daily Mail: Police in plea to share DNA clues with EU - because we have so many foreign criminals (12th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.scotsman.com/news/uk/eu-set-for-more-policing-powers-1-3467441 The Scotsman: EU set for ‘more policing’ powers (8th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/486945/Cameron-could-give-more-police-powers-to-Brussels-DNA-database The Express: Now David Cameron 'considers giving POLICING powers to Brussels', leaked documents reveal (5th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/05/david-cameron-eu-talks-police-cooperation The Guardian: David Cameron in talks with EU leaders over international DNA database (5th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-28130767 BBC: Marion Crofts murder: Tony Jasinskyj's appeal refused(2nd July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.labmate-online.com/articles/laboratory-products/3/tracy_alexander/dna_collection_and_interpretation/1590/ Labmate: DNA: Collection and Interpretation (12th March 2014)]<br />
**[http://ampp3d.mirror.co.uk/2014/01/15/nearly-6-million-of-us-are-on-the-dna-database-does-it-make-you-feel-any-safer/ Nearly 6 million of us are on the DNA database. Does it make you feel any safer? (15th January 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.nottinghampost.com/Ex-offender-74-wins-right-provide-sample-DNA/story-19891968-detail/story.html Nottingham Post: Ex-offender from Nottingham wins right not to provide a sample of his DNA (5th October 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24207612 BBC: Operation Nutmeg: Court could force police to destroy DNA (24th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24224506 BBC: Court rejects ex-prisoner's DNA sample challenge (24th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24224506 The Guardian: Ex-prisoner fails to halt police DNA-collection programme (24th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2429637/One-year-old-baby-thousands-children-DNA-taken-police.html Daily Mail: One-year-old baby among thousands of children who have had their DNA taken by police (22nd September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-police-take-dna-samples-6073851 Wales Online: Welsh police take DNA samples from more than 5,500 children (22nd September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/police-take-dna-children-criminal-2259291 Mirror: Police take DNA from children in criminal investigations (8th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://esciencenews.com/articles/2013/08/14/forensic.familial.search.methods.carry.risk.certain.false.matches e! Science News: Forensic familial search methods carry risk of certain false matches (14th August 2013)] There is a video abstract and general public explanation video available for this research.<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-23683910 BBC: University of Leicester cat DNA database to be used for solving crime (14th August 2013)]<br />
** [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23436303 BBC: Forensics upheaval 'threat to justice', MPs warn (25th July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2013/jul/08/britain-european-arrest-warrant-reform The Guardian: Britain to keep European arrest warrant but try to reform it (8th July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/police-told-to-explain-use-of-unregulated-dna-database-8651380.html The Independent: Police told to explain use of unregulated DNA database (9th June 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2013/may/20/police-retain-dna-thousands-children The Guardian: Police retain DNA from thousands of children (20th May 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22595835 BBC: Police swabbing of child DNA excessive, says charity (20th May 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/police-bosses-tell-cops-don%E2%80%99t-target-gays-dna-roundup180113 GayStarNews: Police bosses tell cops: don’t target gays in DNA roundup (18th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.eadt.co.uk/news/ipswich_victory_after_man_s_six_year_battle_to_have_dna_records_removed_from_police_records_1_1796207 EADT24: Ipswich: Victory after man’s six-year battle to have DNA records removed from police records (18th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.politics.co.uk/news/2013/01/17/outrage-grows-over-gay-dna-witchhunt Politics.co.uk: Outrage grows over gay DNA witchhunt (17th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2261239/Stephen-Close-Police-demand-DNA-sample-soldier-gay-relationship-Army.html?ITO=1490&ns_mchannel=rss&ns_campaign=1490 Daily Mail: Police demand DNA sample from former soldier because he had gay relationship in the Army 30 years ago (12th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2259319/EU-demands-access-details-UK-drivers-Orwellian-hand-personal-information-foreign-police-forces.html?ito=feeds-newsxml Daily Mail: EU demands access to details of all UK drivers: ‘Orwellian’ move to hand out personal information to foreign police forces (9th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/9628235/Rapists-feared-still-at-large-as-police-fail-to-update-DNA-database.html The Telegraph: Rapists feared still at large as police fail to update DNA database (23rd October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2211365/Adam-Scott-Innocent-man-spent-FIVE-MONTHS-prison-forensics-mix-meant-falsely-accused-rape.html Daily Mail: Innocent man spent FIVE MONTHS in prison after forensics mix-up meant he was falsely accused of rape (1st October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19782917 BBC: DNA rape sample procedures ‘not adequate’ (1st October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.littlehamptongazette.co.uk/news/sussex-police-collect-ex-cons-dna-for-national-database-1-4321532 Littlehampton Gazette: Sussex Police collect ex-cons’ DNA for national database (1st October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2012/sep/27/ex-offenders-targeted-dna-database The Guardian: Thousands of ex-offenders targeted in drive to add to DNA database (27th September 2012)]<br />
**[http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1588993_police-order-thousands-of-dna-samples-from-ex-convicts-in-greater-manchester Manchester Evening News: Police order thousands of DNA samples from ex-convicts in Greater Manchester (18th September 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.zdnet.com/blog/london/london-police-8216hack-suspects-phones-a-major-blow-to-human-rights/4775 ZDNet: London police ‘hack’ suspects’ phones: A major blow to human rights (18th May 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/privatisation-is-a-catastrophe-warns-godfather-of-forensics-7606789.html The Independent: Privatisation is a catastrophe, warns godfather of forensics (2nd April 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2114252/Teenager-spends-months-bars-DNA-blunder-fingers-rape-city-visited.html Daily Mail: DNA database in doubt after teenager spends three months behind bars for rape in city he has never even visited because gene samples were mixed up (13th March 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2012/mar/08/forensics-blunder-convictions The Guardian: Forensics blunder ‘may endanger convictions’ (8th March 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.economist.com/node/21543121 The Economist: Ignorance is bliss (21st January 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21128285.500-euro-dna-treaty-risks-false-positives.html?DCMP=OTC-rss&nsref=online-news#.UebhRG3OB0M New Scientist: DNA super-network increases risk of mix-ups (5th September 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13440012 BBC Online: DNA and fingerprint guidelines ‘unlawful’ (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/guidelines-on-dna-samples-unlawful-2285712.html The Independent: Guidelines on DNA samples unlawful (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.publicservice.co.uk/news_story.asp?id=15673 Public Service: Police DNA retention policy ‘unlawful’ (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://ukhumanrightsblog.com/2011/05/18/retention-of-dna-breaches-article-8-says-supreme-court/ UK Human Rights blog: Retention of DNA breaches human right to privacy, says Supreme Court (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/libertycentral/2011/may/18/dna-retention-supreme-court-police The Guardian: DNA retention judgment won’t see discriminatory policy destroyed (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/03/03/ico_freedoms_bill/ The Register: Supreme Court: DNA database retention regs are unlawful (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/may/18/police-dna-database-supreme-court The Guardian: Police breaking law by keeping DNA of the innocent, supreme court rules (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/mar/05/dna-rules-will-restore-trust The Guardian: New DNA rules will restore public trust [Letter] (5th March 2011])<br />
**[http://www.publicservice.co.uk/news_story.asp?id=15673 Public Service: Government store DNA of over 6 million (4th March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/05/18/supreme_court_dna_database_ruling/ The Register: ICO evidence raises Freedoms Bill data worries (3rd March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-12536138 BBC: How Protection of Freedoms Bill will work (1st March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=18987 ITN: Government to curb DNA database (1st March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=18987 The Voice: Innocent black Brits may get their DNA removed from database (22nd February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/columnists/philipjohnston/8324874/The-Coalitions-Freedom-Bill-is-a-blow-against-the-snoopers-and-clampers.html The Telegraph: The coalition’s Freedom Bill is a blow against the snoopers and clampers (15th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.24dash.com/blogs/lynne_featherstone_mp/2011/02/13/Freedoms-Bill/ 24dash.com: Freedoms Bill (13th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12433116 BBC: DNA profiles to be deleted from police database (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1356198/DNA-database-purge-Victory-Mail-records-1m-innocent-people-removed.html#ixzz1DsbppVHm Daily Mail: DNA database purge: Victory for the Mail as records of 1m innocent people removed (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/8318900/DNA-of-up-to-a-million-to-be-wiped-under-Freedom-Bill.html The Telegraph: DNA of up to a million to be wiped under Freedom Bill (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/feb/11/dna-profiles-deleted-police-database The Guardian: DNA profiles to be deleted from police database (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.dailyexpress.co.uk/posts/view/228588/At-last-victory-over-Labour-s-army-of-snoops/ Daily Express: At last, victory over Labour’s army of snoops (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2011/feb/11/criminal-checks-eased-freedom-bill The Guardian: Criminal checks on people working with children to be eased (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-a-victory-for-civil-liberties-ndash-and-a-challenge-for-labour-2209670.html Independent: A victory for civil liberties – and a challenge for Labour (10th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/8317257/Nick-Clegg-were-restoring-hard-won-British-liberties.html The Telegraph: Nick Clegg; we’re restoring hard won British liberties (10th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/id-cards-go-up-in-flames-in-first-step-to-tackle-database-state-2209936.html The Independent: ID cards go up in flames in first step to tackle ‘database state’ (10th February 2010)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8691753.stm BBC: Deputy Prime Minister’s Reform Speech (19th May 2010)]<br />
**[http://www.publicservice.co.uk/news_story.asp?id=15673 Public Service: Government store DNA of over 6 million (4th March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20527424.700-unreliable-evidence-time-to-open-up-dna-databases.html?full=true New Scientist: Unreliable evidence? Time to open up DNA Databases (6th January 2010)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8434713.stm BBC Online: Innocent people face DNA database ‘shambles’ (31st December 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1877525.ece The Times: From schoolboy squabble to DNA database in one easy step – if you’re black (24th November 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8375567.stm BBC Online: New safeguards urged over routine police DNA tests (24th November 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1223688/DNA-innocents-kept-database-years.html The Daily Mail: DNA of innocents will be kept on database for six years (29th October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/oct/28/dna-database-innocent-profiles The Guardian: Innocent suspects’ profiles still reaching DNA database (28th October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1877336.ece The Times: Record number of DNA samples taken but crimes solved with them are down (22nd October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/6399228/Crimes-solved-by-DNA-drop-by-a-fifth.html The Telegraph: Crimes solved by DNA drop by a fifth (22nd October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/oct/21/dna-database-convictions-fall The Guardian: Detections using DNA database fall despite huge rise in profiles (21st October)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/oct/19/innocent-dna-database The Guardian: Home Office climbs down over keeping DNA records of innocent (19th October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/6056725/Tory-MP-Damian-Green-has-DNA-profile-deleted-from-database.html The Telegraph: Tory MP Damian Green has DNA profile deleted from database (20th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/18/science/18dna.html?_r=2&hp New York Times: DNA evidence can be fabricated, scientists show (17th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=16083 The Voice: DNA database is damaging race relations, says expert (17th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1205867/300-children-day-added-DNA-database-400-000-15s-Big-Brother-roll.html Daily Mail: 300 children a day added to DNA database (12th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/aug/09/police-dna-database-black-children The Observer: ‘Racist bias’ blamed for disparity in police DNA database (9th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/aug/07/dna-database-police-advice The Guardian: Police told to ignore human rights ruling over database (7th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/5990033/Equality-watchdog-warns-DNA-plans-break-law.html The Telegraph: Equality watchdog warns DNA plans break law (7th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/5444332/Police-arrest-innocent-youths-for-their-DNA-officer-claims.html The Telegraph: Police arrest innocent youths for the DNA, officer claims (4th June 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1185060/Driver-thrown-police-cell-DVLA-office-blunder-wrong-shade-green-MOT-certificate.html Daily Mail: Driver thrown in police cell after DVLA office blunder (21st May 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/apr/17/damian-green-arrest-jacqui-smith The Guardian: DPP’s verdict on papers leaked in Damian Green affair – Not a threat to security (17th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/apr/15/jeffreys-dna-database-human-rights-police The Guardian: DNA pioneer Alec Jeffreys: drop innocent from database (15th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/5109248/Police-will-be-banned-from-keeping-DNA-of-innocent-people-pledge-Tories.html The Telegraph: Police will be banned from keeping DNA of innocent people, pledge Tories (6th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.politics.co.uk/news/legal-and-constitutional/tories-promise-to-reform-dna-database-$1285967.htm Politics.co.uk: Tories promise to reform DNA database (6th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.crosbyherald.co.uk/news/crosby-news/2009/04/02/teenager-arrested-by-southport-police-for-handing-in-mobile-phone-68459-23291295/ The Crosby Herald: Teen arrested by police for handing in phone (2nd April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/5078599/Five-million-people-now-on-DNA-database.html The Telegraph: Five million people now on database (31st March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.computing.co.uk/computing/news/2239421/dna-database-grows-per-cent-two Computing: DNA database grows by 38 per cent in two years (30th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7966641.stm BBC Online: ‘DNA bungle’ haunts German police (28th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/the_daily_politics/7968121.stm BBC Politics Show: Time for a universal DNA database? (27th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/the_daily_politics/7968054.stm BBC Politics Show: MP’s battle over DNA database (27th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.thisisplymouth.co.uk/news/know-feel-Truman/article-848720-detail/article.html The Plymouth Herald: I know how you feel, Mr Truman (26th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/the-big-question-are-there-illegal-government-databases-and-what-can-we-do-about-it-1652623.html The Independent: The Big Question: Are there illegal Government databases and what can we do about it? (24th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-1164291/ROSS-CLARK-As-report-condemns-government-databases--Big-Brother-wasting-billions.html The Daily Mail: As report condemns Government databases…Big Brother is wasting your billions (24th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7955205.stm BBC Online: Call to scrap ‘illegal’ databases (23rd March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/mar/19/dna-database-comment The Guardian: Mark Thomas: How I got my genes deleted (19th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/libertycentral/2009/mar/16/dna-database-civil-liberties The Guardian: Question Eight: DNA Database (16th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/4966168/DNA-of-one-year-old-baby-stored-on-national-database.html The Telegraph: DNA of one-year-old baby stored on national database (10th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/03/02/dna_dbase_stalling/ The Register: Three months on, you still can’t get off the DNA Database (2nd March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/feb/27/dna-database-justice The Guardian: Government plans to keep DNA samples of innocent (27th February 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/feb/27/dna-database-children-criminal-record The Guardian: DNA details of 1.1m children on database (27th February 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1137022/Banish-Big-Brother-The-states-surveillance-powers-curbed-say-Lords.html The Daily Mail: Banish Big Brother: The state’s surveillance powers must be curbed, say Lords (6th February 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/12/17/david_mery_reclaim_your_dna/ The Register: Don’t delay: Delete your DNA (17th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-1094963/JAMES-SLACK-The-EUs-Big-Brother-database-poses-threat-liberties.html Daily Mail: The EU’s Big Brother database poses a threat to our liberties (16th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-a-victory-for-civil-liberties-ndash-but-the-larger-war-still-rages-1052547.html The Independent: A victory for civil liberties – but the larger war still rages (5th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1091880/One-million-innocent-people-profiles-wiped-Britains-DNA-database-court-ruling.html The Daily Mail: One million innocent people could have their profiles wiped from Britain’s ‘Orwellian’ DNA database after court ruling (5th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7765484.stm BBC Online: Europe DNA ruling resonates in UK (4th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/3547773/DNA-database-Campaigners-welcome-ruling-that-DNA-holding-breaches-human-rights.html The Telegraph: Campaigners welcome ruling that DNA-holding breaches human rights (4th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/liverpool-news/regional-news/2008/11/19/police-order-child-s-dna-to-be-removed-from-database-64375-22290909/ Liverpool Daily Post: Police order child’s DNA to be removed from database (19th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/3473483/More-than-one-million-added-to-the-DNA-database-as-children.html The Telegraph: More than one million added to the DNA database as children (17th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/3418649/Crimes-solved-by-DNA-evidence-fall-despite-millions-being-added-to-database.html The Telegraph: Crimes solved by DNA evidence fall despite millions being added to database (10th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/11/06/dna_database_special/page2.html The Register: The DNA Database and You (6th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/north-wales-news/2008/10/30/one-in-11-from-north-wales-on-dna-file-55578-22148188/ Daily Post North Wales: One in 11 from North Wales on DNA file (30th October 2008) 30th October 2008]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1078821/New-law-allow-police-collect-DNA-secret-teacups.html The Daily Mail: New law to allow police to collect DNA in secret from teacups (19th October 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.christiantoday.com/article/black.church.leaders.concerned.over.criminal.dna.database/20635.htm Christian Today: Black church leaders concerned over criminal DNA database (18th July 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/06/29/brown_dna_database_innocent_genewatch/ The Register: Gordo’s DNA database claims branded ‘ridiculous’ (29th June 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=/opinion/2008/06/09/do0902.xml The Telegraph: MPs must act now to set limits on snooping (9th June 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.vision.org/visionmedia/article.aspx?id=4824 Reuters: Watchdog criticises plan to share DNA data (15th May 2008)]<br />
**[http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/joepublic/2008/05/the_scandal_of_criminalising_m.html The Guardian: The scandal of ‘criminalising’ mental health patients (12th May 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1929849/DNA-bank-solves-one-crime-per-800-profiles.html The Telegraph: DNA bank solves one crime per 800 profiles (6th May 2008)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7341251.stm BBC Online: DNA technique ‘fit for purpose’ (11th April 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.sundaymirror.co.uk/news/sunday/2008/04/06/40-000-kids-put-on-dna-crimes-list-98487-20373651/ The Sunday Mirror: 40,000 kids put on DNA crimes list (6th April 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/mar/16/youthjustice.children The Observer: Put young children on DNA list urge police (16th March 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=528857&in_page_id=1770 The Daily Mail: 1.5m children will have DNA taken next year amid claims of universal database ‘by stealth’ (9th March 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.computing.co.uk/computing/news/2211158/met-police-chief-calls-european Computing: Met police chief calls for European DNA database (5th March 2008)]<br />
**[http://blackmentalhealth.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=281&Itemid=117 Black Mental Health UK: Sarah Teather tells House of Commons DNA database discriminates (1st March 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/feb/28/ukcrime.forensicscience The Guardian: Mixed results (28th February)]<br />
**[http://www.newstatesman.com/200802280017 New Statesman: Spare pairs of genes (28th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article3448837.ece The Times: CCTV and DNA advances add to bills but minister calls rises unacceptable (28th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/technology/technology.html?in_article_id=519568&in_page_id=1965 The Daily Mail: One in eight samples filed under innocent names in Government blunder (27th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.publictechnology.net/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=14351 Public Technology: Home Office Minister rejects call for a national citizen DNA database (25th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=518416&in_page_id=1770 The Daily Mail: Police in retreat after public backlash over their demands for a DNA database (25th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=518151&in_page_id=1770 The Daily Mail; Home Office retreat from plans to extend ‘nation of suspects’ DNA database to include litterbugs (24th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article3423450.ece The Sunday Times: Should Britain have a compulsory DNA database? (24th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theherald.co.uk/news/news/display.var.2067932.0.Police_we_must_keep_DNA_of_everyone_arrested.php The Glasgow Herald: Police: we must keep DNA of everyone arrested (23rd February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2008/feb/23/ukcrime The Guardian: Calls for compulsory DNA database rejected (23rd February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2008/feb/21/conservatives.police The Guardian: Inquiry as Tories attack DNA failure (21st February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article3401745.ece The Times: Gordon Brown admits assaults committed while DNA data disc lost (20th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article3399712.ece The Times: Disc listing foreign criminals lost for a year (20th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2008/feb/13/ukguns.police The Guardian: Stop! Armed police! Put down your MP3 player (13th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7230487.stm BBC Online: Clegg attacks surveillance UK (6th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/01/07/delete_your_dna_profile/print.html The Register: How to delete your DNA Profile (7th January 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=491714&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Big Brother UK: Police now hold DNA ‘fingerprints’ of 4.5 million Britons (5th November 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/11/04/ndna104.xml The Telegraph: Police retain DNA of ‘petty crime suspects’ (5th November 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/law/article2210263.ece The Times: Police told to erase ‘irrelevant’ crime records (1st November 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/health/advice/article1790236.ece The Times: Policing the gene pool (29th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9867324 The Economist: Learning to live with Big Brother (27th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7161/full/449377b.html Nature: Genome abuse (26th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1873220.ece The Times: DNA database ‘puts innocent under suspicion’ (18th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/09/17/dna_purge/ The Register: Innocent ‘terror techie’ purges DNA records (17th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/europe/article2595861.ece The Times: Inside the world where experts try to unlock DNA clues (15th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23412351-details/Outrage%20as%20DNA%20profile%20of%20seven-month-old%20baby%20is%20added%20to%20register/article.do Evening Standard: Outrage as DNA profile of seven-month old baby is added to DNA database (15th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=482410&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Innocent people’s DNA ‘must not be kept on national database’ (10th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2007/09/11/226664/dna-plan-would-require-san-the-size-of-belgium.htm Computer Weekly: DNA plan would require SAN the size of Belgium (11th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.scotsman.com/politics.cfm?id=1419912007 The Scotsman: Judge opens hornets’ nest with call for everyone’s DNA to go on record (6th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6979138.stm BBC Online: All UK ‘must be on DNA database’ (5th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23411070-details/Top+minister+backs+judge%27s+calls+for+DNA+database+registration+for+all/article.do Evening Standard: Ministers accused of trying to build DNA database by stealth (5th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6979490.stm BBC Online: DNA database call prompts concern (5th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23406663-details/Beware:+Minor+offences+could+land+you+on+DNA+database...for+life/article.do Evening Standard: Speeding drivers face DNA swabs under Big Brother powers (1st August 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1873007.ece The Times: Police want DNA from speeding drivers and litterbugs on database (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/08/02/ndna102.xml The Telegraph: Litter lout DNA samples a step too far (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2826207.ece The Independent: Police DNA database ‘risks criminalising non-offenders’ (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=472544&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Government accused on DNA samples (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://politics.guardian.co.uk/homeaffairs/story/0,,2139675,00.html The Guardian: Police may be given powers to take DNA samples on the street (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://politics.guardian.co.uk/homeaffairs/story/0,,2089265,00.html The Observer: Civil rights fears over DNA for everyone (27th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=457046&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Police put 100,000 innocent children on DNA Database (23rd May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/23/ndna23.xml The Telegraph: DNA file on 100,000 innocent children]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/humanrights/story/0,,2084290,00.html The Guardian: ‘Orwellian’ CCTV in shires alarms senior police officer (21st May 2001)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/crime/article/0,,2084659,00.html The Guardian: Plan to identify potential offenders condemned (21st May)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/19/ncrime19.xml The Telegraph: DNA police revisit high profile murder cases (19th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2556459.ece The Independent: DNA database blunder ‘could have resulted in 200 crimes’ (18th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/localnews/display.var.1404197.0.youths_warned_not_to_use_fake_id.php The Argus: Youths warned not to use fake ID (17th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisisthenortheast.co.uk/display.var.1404576.0.peer_calls_for_babies_dna_to_stored.php The Northern Echo: Peer calls for babies’ DNA to be stored (17th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6665267.stm BBC Online: DNA failings ‘missed 183 crimes’ (17th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/story/0,,2079721,00.html The Guardian: A database of prejudice (15th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://new.edp24.co.uk/content/news/story.aspx?brand=EDPOnline&category=News&tBrand=EDPOnline&tCategory=news&itemid=NOED10%20May%202007%2008%3A09%3A49%3A133 EDP-24 (Norfolk): Car crime victims must foot the bill (10th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=453739&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Fears over innocent Britons’ DNA being given to European police forces (9th May)]<br />
**[http://www.blink.org.uk/pdescription.asp?key=14682&grp=30&cat=138 Black Information Link: Chained by our genes (3rd May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.computerworlduk.com/technology/applications/databases/news/index.cfm?newsid=2669 Computer World: EU police data-sharing plan draws criticism (19th April 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=445902&in_page_id=1766&in_a_source=&ito=1490 Mail on Sunday: Five civil servants suspended over ‘DNA espionage’ (1st April 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.yorkshiretoday.co.uk/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleID=2194926&SectionID=55 Yorkshire Post: Yorkshire cases to test DNA sampling policy (31st March 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/crime/article/0,,2044296,00.html?gusrc=rss&feed=11 The Guardian: Every child to be screened for risk of turning criminal under Blair justice plan (28th March 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/uk/6452795.stm BBC Online: ‘Retail jails’ could ease police burden (15th March 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml;jsessionid=GAUE2T1MP0CL5QFIQMGCFGGAVCBQUIV0?xml=/news/2007/02/16/ndna16.xml The Telegraph: DNA data deal ‘will create big brother Europe’ (18th February 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=10830 The Voice: Mayor urged to support DNA profiling curb (9th February 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/article209046.ece The Sunday Times: Reid ‘buries’ news that police hold DNA of 1m innocent people (17th December 2006)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/south_yorkshire/6174877.stm BBC: New DNA clue in 1964 murder hunt (13th December 2006)]<br />
**[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2016134.ece The Independent: DNA of suspects’ families to be held on police files (26th November 2006)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/11/05/nrace05.xml The Telegraph: Three in four young black men on the DNA database (5th November 2006)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6104876.stm BBC Online: Fear that DNA use ‘gone too far’ (1st November 2006)]<br />
**[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,1821676,00.html The Observer: Police DNA database is ‘spiraling out of control’(16th July 2006)]<br />
**[http://www.lookingglassnews.org/viewstory.php?storyid=5722 The Independent: More Britons have DNA held by police than rest of world (14th April 2006)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/01/09/ndna09.xml The Telegraph: Huge rise in juvenile DNA samples kept by the police]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/frontpage/story/0,16518,1678168,00.html The Guardian: DNA of 37% of black men held by police]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/01/09/ndna09.xml The Telegraph: Freedom fears as the DNA database expands]<br />
**[http://news.scotsman.com/scitech.cfm?id=680402005 The Scotsman article: Keep DNA of innocent and guilty alike]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=6549 The Voice: 1 in 3 black men are DNA profiled]<br />
**[http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18624944.900 New Scientist: Will DNA profiling fuel prejudice?]<br />
**[http://newswww.bbc.net.uk/1/low/uk_politics/4166559.stm BBC Online: DNA database Big Brother warning]<br />
<br />
== Detailed Analysis ==<br />
'''Note: This section has not yet been updated to include the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012.'''<br />
<br />
Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984 and amendments to PACE : Criminal Justice and Public Order Act (CJPOA) 1994;Criminal Evidence.<br />
<br />
<br />
(Amendment) Act 1997;Criminal Justice and Police Act (CJPA) 001;Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 2003. Changes in the Data Protection Act (DPA) 1998, the Human Rights Act (HRA) 1998 and case law.<ref name="ftn0">E.U. 9445/1/06 at 9.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
Persons convicted of any recordable offence, arrested for any recordable offense, and all crime scene stains<ref name="ftn7">See EU Current Practices at 80-81.</ref> The Counter-Terrorism Act 2008 (c.28) increased police powers for the stated purpose of countering terrorism. It allows speculative searches against DNA profiles held on behalf of the Security Service or Secret Intelligence Service and allows matches to be used “for purposes related to the identification . . . of the person from whom the material came.” In other words, a valid match can be obtained from a reference sample that did not originate from a crime scene.<br />
<br />
<br />
For Scotland: Persons convicted of any recordable offence, arrested for any recordable offense, and all crime scene stains<ref name="ftn6">See EU Current Practices at 81-83.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
England & Wales: The Justice and Public Order Act 1994 allows for the entry of the DNA profiles of all individuals who are charged with any recordable offence or who are convicted of such an offence. All DNA profiles that are derived from crime scene stains are also stored in the NDNAD.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: The Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 allows for the entry of the DNA profiles of those arrested of any recordable offence or who are convicted of such an offence. All DNA profiles that are derived from unidentified crime scene stains are also stored in the database.<br />
<br />
<br />
<nowiki>England & Wales: Whereas the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) allowed for the coercive taking of ‘non-intimate samples’ such as hair shafts, the Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (JPOA) changed the definition of ‘non-intimate samples’ to include buccal swabs by which police sampling powers were seriously extended. [4]</nowiki><ref name="ftn5">JPOA (1994), § 58.</ref> This provision applies to both crime suspects and convicted offenders who are arrested or convicted of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn4">Id. at § 55.</ref> The police are allowed to take a DNA sample from minors who have reached the age of ten and from mentally ill persons. There are no restrictions to the collection of crime scene samples.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: A constable or a police custody and security officer at a constable’s direction can collect a mouth swab from those arrested of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn8">Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2003, Art. 55, § 2</ref> They may use reasonable force in exercising this power.<ref name="ftn3">Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, Art. 18, § 7.</ref> A constable or a police custody and security officer at a constable’s direction can also coercively collect a mouth swab from those convicted of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn2">Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2003, Art. 55, § 3.</ref> They are allowed to take a DNA sample from minors who have reached the age of ten and from mentally ill persons. There are no restrictions to the collection of unidentified crime scene samples.<br />
<br />
<br />
Convicted persons’ and suspects’ profiles are retained indefinitely and crime scene stains are kept until they have been identified<ref name="ftn1">See EU Current Practices at 81.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
For Scotland: Convicted persons’ profiles are retained indefinitely, suspects’ profiles are retained until the underlying proceeding is abandoned or the individual is acquitted, and crime scene stains are kept until they have been identified<ref name="ftn9">See EU Current Practices at 83.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
England & Wales: The Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 (CJPA) allows for the indefinite retention of the DNA profiles of both crime suspects and convicted offenders who are arrested or convicted of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn10">CJPA (2001), § 82.</ref> This provision also applies to crime suspects who are subsequently acquitted or freed of charges. The DNA profiles which are derived from unidentified crime scene stains are stored in the database until a match is found.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: The DNA profiles of those who are arrested of any recordable offence have to be removed from the database as soon as possible following the decision not to institute criminal proceedings against the person concerned or upon acquittal.<ref name="ftn11">Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, Art. 18, § 3.</ref> The DNA profiles of those convicted of any recordable offence can be retained indefinitely. The DNA profiles which are derived from unidentified crime scene stains are stored in the database until they are identified.<br />
<br />
<br />
All samples are retained indefinitely<ref name="ftn12">See EU Current Practices at 81.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
For Scotland: Convicted persons’ samples are retained indefinitely, but suspects’ samples must be destroyed upon their acquittal or when no criminal proceedings are initiated<ref name="ftn13">See EU Current Practices at 83.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
England & Wales: The CJPA 2001 allows for the indefinite retention of the DNA samples of both crime suspects and convicted offenders who are arrested or convicted of any recordable offence. This provision also applies to crime suspect who are subsequently acquitted or freed of charges.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: The DNA samples of those who are convicted of any recordable offence can be retained indefinitely. Those taken from persons who are arrested of any recordable offence have to be destroyed as soon as possible following the decision not to institute criminal proceedings against the person concerned or upon acquittal.<ref name="ftn15">Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, Art. 18, § 3.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
The Forensic Science Service, an Executive Designated staff employed by the Custodian Security clearance to Counter Terrorism Kingdom Agency of the Home Office, was responsible for the management of the National DNA Database since 1995, through the office of its Chief Scientist as Custodian of the Database, under a Memorandum of Understanding between the FSS and the Association of Chief Police Officers, revised in 2000, 2003 and again in 2005, and the oversight of the National DNA Database Board, chaired by ACPO. In July 2005, the Custodianship was transferred to the Home Office, then shortly thereafter to National Policing Improvement Agency.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: Although they can largely develop their own policies regarding the treatment of profiles and samples which are collected in the course of criminal investigations, it is not entirely correct to consider the databases of Scotland and England & Wales as two separate entities.<ref name="ftn16">P. Johnson & R. Williams, DNA and crime investigation: Scotland and the “UK National DNA Database,” 10 Scottish J. Crim. Justice Stds. 74 (2004).</ref> As Scotland exports all its profiles and unidentified crime scene stains to the NDNAD, the latter in fact contains nearly all UK profiles. As Scotland does not retain the profiles of suspects who are acquitted and against whom no criminal proceedings are instituted, these are the only profiles that stay in the custody of the Scottish police.<br />
<br />
<br />
Oracle platform with Loader (input) and Match reporting database (repository for match information) It is an Oracle 9i database. Profiles are loaded electronically but from CSV files submitted as a batch rather than messaging.<br />
<br />
<br />
All new profiles added to the Database are automatically searched on loading against all profiles held. The search regime uses 4 SGM discriminator loci to identify a matching sub-set which is then searched again using the remaining SGM Plus loci. Both exact and partial matches between Subject/crime scene and crime scene/crime scene are reported immediately (failed or rare alleles are treated as wild ‘cards’). Subject/subject matches are reported periodically.<br />
<br />
<br />
One-off ‘snapshot’ speculative searches of sample profiles that do not meet the criteria for loading to the Database are also carried out using the same search regime. ‘Familial searches’ are also carried out to help identify potential relatives of offenders whose profiles are not on the Database A monthly search is also carried out for ‘near matches’ that differ by only 1 allele; these are then investigated to see if there has been an error in the profiling.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/></div>Adminhttps://dnapolicyinitiative.org/wiki/index.php/United_KingdomUnited Kingdom2021-04-27T14:16:24Z<p>Admin: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Overview ==<br />
The UK’s National DNA Database (NDNAD) was the first to be established, in 1995. Two changes in the law, made by the Blair Government in 2001 and 2003, led to a massive expansion of the database. DNA samples and records were collected routinely from everyone arrested for any recordable offence, from the age of ten, and retained indefinitely whether or not they were charged or convicted. However, the law on retention was reversed following public controversy and a successful challenge in the European Court of Human Rights.<br />
<br />
The 2008 Interpol survey reports that 329,660 crime scene DNA profiles and 5,093,145 individuals' profiles, plus 163 unknown/deceased DNA profiles were held in the UK at the time of the survey. According to Interpol, the UK's DNA database grew to 400,337 crime scene DNA profiles, 6,547,187 reference DNA profiles from individuals, 97 missing persons' DNA profiles, 35 unidentified human remains DNA profiles and 43,888 other DNA profiles in 2011. As at 31 March 2015, the NDNAD held 5,766,369 DNA profiles from individuals and 486,691 from crime scenes, following removal of DNA profiles from innocent people and some children convicted of minor offences. Removing these people from the database has not reduced crime detection rates.<br />
<br />
Scotland rejected plans to retain DNA records from innocent people indefinitely in 2006. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, public opposition to keeping innocent people on the DNA database grew as more cases emerged of people falsely accused of minor offences who had their DNA stored.<br />
<br />
The European Court of Human Rights ruled that the law in England and Wales breached the European Convention on Human Rights in December 2008 (in the case of [http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-90051 S. and Marper v. the United Kingdom]).<br />
<br />
The UK’s Coalition Government adopted the Protection of Freedoms Act on 1st of May 2012, which came in to force at the end of October 2013. The DNA profiles and fingerprints of more than 1.7 million innocent people and children have been removed from police databases and more than 7.7 million DNA samples have also been destroyed.<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
*External links<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/biometrics-commissioner-interim-report-december-2020 Biometrics Commissioner: interim report December 2020]<br />
**[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/wfs2.1414 WIREs Forensic Science: The effectiveness of the current use of forensic DNA in criminal investigations in England and Wales (February 2021)] <br />
**[https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/1/2020/EN/COM-2020-857-F1-EN-ANNEX-1-PART-1.PDF European Commission: TRADE AND COOPERATION AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE EUROPEAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMUNITY, OF THE ONE PART, AND THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND, OF THE OTHER PART (25th December 2020)]<br />
**[https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_20_2532 European Commission: Questions & Answers: EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (24th December 2020)]<br />
** [https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/913011/NDNAD_Strategy_Board_AR_2018-2020_Web_Accessible.pdf Home Office: National DNA Database biennial report, 2018 to 2020 (2nd September 2020)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/niconsul2020-gw-fin.pdf GeneWatchUK response to the Department of Justice’s consultation on proposals to amend the legislation governing the retention of DNA and fingerprints in Northern Ireland (July 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.theyworkforyou.com/wms/?id=2020-06-15.HCWS290.h&s=DNA#gHCWS290.0 TheyWorkforYou: Prüm – Data Sharing Update (15th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/873640/dna-v4.0ext1.pdf Home Office: DNA policy guidance: Version 4.0 (16th March 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.scot/news/biometrics-commissioner/ Scottish Government: Biometrics Commissioner (10th March 2020)]<br />
**[http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-200817 European Court of Human Rights: CASE OF GAUGHRAN v. THE UNITED KINGDOM. Judgment, Strasbourg (13th February 2020)] Case regarding the disproportionate character of the indefinite retention of the DNA profile of a person convicted of minor offence.<br />
**[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmsctech/1970/1970.pdf House of Commons Science and Technology Committee: The work of the Biometrics Commissioner and the Forensic Science Regulator. Nineteenth Report of Session 2017–19 (17th July 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-dna-and-fingerprint-exchange-policy-for-the-uk Home Office: International DNA and fingerprint exchange policy for the UK (8th July 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-and-eu-law-enforcement-boost-co-operation-on-dna-databases Home Office: UK and EU law enforcement boost co-operation on DNA databases (14th June 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.scot/news/biometrics-commissioner-bill-published/ Scottish Government: Biometrics Commissioner (31st May 2019)]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/778065/National_DNA_Database_anuual_report_2017-18_print.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board Annual Report 2017/18]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dna-policy UK Government: DNA policy (immigration)]<br />
**[https://www.london.gov.uk/what-we-do/mayors-office-policing-and-crime-mopac/governance-and-decision-making/mopac-decisions-0/forensic-services-prum-dna-service-delivery-plan London: Forensic Services Prüm DNA Service Delivery Plan (10th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/biometrics-commissioner-annual-report-2017 Biometrics Commissioner: annual report 2017]<br />
**[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/713593/government_response_-_annual_report_2017.pdf Response to the Biometrics Commissioner's annual report 2017]<br />
**[http://assets.smartcdn.co.uk.s3-website-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/docs/3911_19012018095152.pdf Forensic Science Regulator: Annual Report: November 2016 - November 2017 (19th January 2018)]<br />
**[https://royalsociety.org/~/media/about-us/programmes/science-and-law/royal-society-forensic-dna-analysis-primer-for-courts.pdf Royal Society: Forensic DNA analysis: A Primer for Courts (November 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/594185/58714_Un-Num_Nat_DNA_DB_Accessible.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board Annual Report 2015/16]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/568554/Annual_Report_of_the_Ethics_Group_2015.pdf Annual Report of The Ethics Group: National DNA Database 2015 (16th November 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/526232/55843_BC_Report_ACCESSIBLE_01.pdf Further Report by the Biometrics Commissioner on Issues Raised in his 2015 Annual Report (April 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/507104/54496_Biometrics_Commissioners_Report_Print_Ready__3_.pdf Commissioner for the retention and use of biometric material: Annual Report December 2015]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/access-and-use-of-dna-samples-profiles-and-associated-data NDNAD Strategy Board policy for access and use of DNA samples, profiles and associated data: December 2015]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201516/cmselect/cmeuleg/342-xii/342xii.pdf House of Commons European Scunity Committee: Cross boarder law enforcement cooperation - UK participation in Prüm (4th December 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/484938/52921_NPCC_National_DNA_Database_print_ready.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board Annual Report 2014/15]. Confirms that removing innocent people's DNA profiles has had no adverse impact on solving crimes.<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/international-dna-exchange-policy-for-the-united-kingdom Policy Paper: International DNA exchange policy for the United Kingdom (23rd October 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/464648/2015_Prum_Business_Case.pdf Prum Business and Implementation Case (30th September 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/463466/ANNEX_H_Prum_Feasibility_Statistical_Analysis.pdf Principle Forensic Services: Prum Feasibility Project. Statistical Study: Report (September 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.pharmiweb.com/pressreleases/pressrel.asp?ROW_ID=124939#.VctwhPmYQxJ IntegenX: Rapid DNA Results Uploaded For First Time To United Kingdom’s National DNA Database (11th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.met.police.uk/foi/pdfs/other_information/corporate/early_deletion_process_2015.pdf Metropolitan Police: Early Deletion Requests - Consideration for the deletion of DNA profiles, Fingerprint, PNC Records and Photographic images. (22nd June 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dna-early-deletion-guidance-and-application-form Home Office: Record deletion guidance (27th May 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/publication-of-the-governments-response-to-the-biometrics-commissioners-first-annual-report UK Government response to the Biometrics Commissioner’s first annual report (13th May 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/circular-0092015-provisions-relating-to-dna-samples-in-the-police-amendment-regulations-2015-and-the-special-constabulary-amendment-regulations Circular 009/2015: provisions relating to DNA samples in the Police (Amendment) Regulations 2015 and the Special Constabulary (Amendment) Regulations 2015]<br />
**[http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/globalassets/documents/raise/deposited-papers/2015/dp1372.pdf: NORTHERN IRELAND DNA DATABASE GOVERNANCE BOARD REPORT 2012-14 (2015)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-dna-database-annual-report-2013-to-2014 National DNA Database: annual report, 2013 to 2014 (16th December 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/biometrics-commissioner-annual-report-2013-2014 Biometrics Commissioner: annual report 2013-2014 (16th December 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/applications-to-the-biometrics-commissioner-under-pace Home Office: Applications to the Biometrics Commissioner under PACE (26th September 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/358653/GuidanceApplicationstotheBC.pdf National DNA Database Strategy Board: Applications to the Biometrics Commissioner under PACE (17th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.familylaw.co.uk/news_and_comment/re-z-application-for-release-of-dna-profiles-2014-ewhc-1999-fam#.U7wiU7Fhvqw Re Z(Application for Release of DNA Profiles) (2014) EWHC 1999 (Fam) (23rd June 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-dna-database-strategy-board-governance-rules National DNA Database strategy board: governance rules (13th June 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dna-early-deletion-guidance-and-application-form Home Office: DNA early deletion guidance and application form (20th January 2014)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/helping-the-police-fight-crime-more-effectively/supporting-pages/national-dna-database National DNA Database]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/home-office/groups/national-dna-database-strategy-board National DNA Database Strategy Board]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/national-dna-database-ethics-group National DNA Database Ethics Group]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/forensic-science-regulator Forensic Science Regulator]<br />
**[https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/memberpage/united-kingdom-817 Europol: United Kingdom]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/254883/Access_And_Use_Of_DNA_Samples_Profiles.pdf Home Office: The NDNAD Strategy Board Policy for Access and Use of DNA Samples, Profiles and Associated Data (4th November 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-ethics-group-6th-annual-report-2013 NDNAD Ethics Group: 6th annual report (October 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/252678/NDNAD_Annual_Report_2012-13.pdf NATIONAL DNA DATABASE STRATEGY BOARD ANNUAL REPORT 2012-2013]<br />
**[http://www.forensicarchive.com/ Forensic Archive Ltd]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmselect/cmsctech/610/610.pdf House of Commons Science and Technology Committee; Forensic Science I (July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmselect/cmsctech/610/610vw.pdf House of Commons Science and Technology Committee: Forensic Science II (July 2013)]<br />
**[http://gizmonaut.net/blog/uk/2013/07/commencement_pofa_dna_provisions.html Gizmonaut: Commencement day of DNA provisions of the Protection of Freedom Act in October (22nd July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/1814/made The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2013] Commencement order for the provisions in the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 which relate to the destruction, retention and use of material including fingerprints, DNA samples and DNA profiles. Most provisions will come into force by 31st October 2013, with the destruction of copies coming into force by 31st January 2014.<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/1813/made The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (Destruction, Retention and Use of Biometric Data) (Transitional, Transitory and Saving Provisions) Order 2013]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/1814/made The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2013]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-annual-report-2011-to-2012 National DNA Database Annual Report: 2011-12]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-biennial-report-2009-to-2011 National DNA Database biennial report: 2009 to 2011]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/update-on-protection-of-freedoms-act-implementation-and-national-dna-database-annual-reports-2009-to-2012 Lord Taylor of Holbeach: Update on Protection of Freedoms Act implementation and National DNA Database annual reports 2009 to 2012 (20th May 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2012/9/pdfs/ukpga_20120009_en.pdf Protection of Freedoms Act 2012]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-dna-database-statistics National DNA Database statistics (23rd April 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/protection-of-freedoms-act-2012-dna-and-fingerprint-provisions/protection-of-freedoms-act-2012-how-dna-and-fingerprint-evidence-is-protected-in-law Home Office: Protection of Freedoms Act 2012: how DNA and fingerprint evidence is protected in law (4th April 2013)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-strategy-board-minutes NDNAD Strategy Board minutes]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/equality-impact-assessment-of-the-national-dna-database Equality impact assessment of the National DNA Database (28th November 2012)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-annual-reports National DNA Database Annual Report 2006-07]<br />
**[http://www.statewatch.org/news/2009/nov/uk-dna-human-genetics-commission.pdf Human Genetics Commission: Nothing to hide, nothing to fear? Balancing individual rights and the public interest in the governance and use of the National DNA Database (24th November 2009)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/117784/ndnad-ann-report-2007-09.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2007-08]<br />
**[http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/Papers/database-state.pdf Rowntree Database State report (23rd March 2009)]<br />
**[https://rm.coe.int/168067d216 European Court of Human Rights: CASE OF S. AND MARPER v. THE UNITED KINGDOM (4th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmhaff/58/58ii.pdf Home Affairs Committee report: A Surveillance Society? (Vol II: Evidence)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmhaff/58/58i.pdf Home Affairs Committee Report: A Surveillance Society? (Vol I)]<br />
**[https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/l_to_o/low_copy_number_dna_testing/ Crown Prosecution Service: DNA: Low Copy Number DNA Testing in the Criminal Justice System (23rd January 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/sites/default/files/The%20forensic%20use%20of%20bioinformation%20-%20ethical%20issues.pdf Nuffield Council on Bioethics: The forensic use of bioinformation: ethical issues (September 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/DNA_report2005_06.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2005/06]<br />
**[http://www.acpo.police.uk/asp/policies/Data/NDNAD_AR_04_051.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2004/05]<br />
**[https://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/sass/WilliamsandJohnsonInterimReport2005-1.pdf Forensic DNA Databasing: A European Perspective – A report from Durham University (June 2005)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/NDNAD_AR_04_05.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2004/05]<br />
**[http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/about-us/corporate-publications-strategy/home-office-circulars/circulars-2004/058-2004/ Home Office Circular: Charges on Basis of Speculative Search Match on the National DNA Database (September 2004)]<br />
**[http://www.statewatch.org/news/2006/jan/uk-DNA-database.pdf DNA Expansion Programme 2000-2005: Reporting achievement]<br />
**[http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/10/PROPS Scottish Executive: Police Retention Of Prints and Samples]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmsctech/96/96i.pdf The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee’s report on forensics, 2005 (main report)]<br />
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmsctech/96/96ii.pdf The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee’s report on forensics, 2005 (evidence)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/NDNAD_AR_3_4.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2003/04]<br />
**[http://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/sass/Williams_Johnson_Martin_NDNAD_report_2004.pdf Williams et al (2004) Genetic Information and Crime Investigation]<br />
**[https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/assets/uploads/files/lawyers%27%20DNA%20guide%20KSWilliams%20190208%20%28i%29.pdf Forensic Science Service: Guide to DNA for lawyers and investigating officers(2004)]<br />
**[https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/assets/uploads/files/pdf_000328%20-%20%20DNA%20Charging%20Guidance.pdf Crown Prosecution Service: Guidance on DNA Charging (16th July 2004)]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/NDNAD_Annual_Report_02_03.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2002/03]<br />
**[http://www.genewatch.org/sub-539478 GeneWatch UK: The UK Police National DNA Database]<br />
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1984/60/contents Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (as amended)] This law was amended by the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 in order to set up the UK National DNA Database in 1995 by allowing police to collect DNA samples and conduct searches of stored DNA profiles: it has been amended many times since 1994.<br />
<br />
*Press articles<br />
**[https://news.sky.com/story/home-secretary-must-take-responsibility-for-accidental-wiping-of-150-000-arrest-records-12188163 Sky News: 'Human error' blamed for wiping of thousands of police records (16th January 2021)]<br />
**[https://bylinetimes.com/2020/07/14/uk-deal-to-share-dna-and-fingerprints-evades-parliamentary-scrutiny/ UK Deal to Share DNA and Fingerprints Evades Parliamentary Scrutiny (14th July 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/proficiency-testing-guidance-dna-mixture-analysis-and-interpretation Forensic Science Regulator: Proficiency testing guidance: DNA mixture analysis and interpretation (29th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8424405/Privacy-row-erupts-plan-log-thousands-innocent-Britons-DNA-controversial-EU-database.html Daily Mail: Privacy row erupts over plan to log thousands of innocent Britons' DNA on controversial EU database (16th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.biometricupdate.com/202006/northern-ireland-police-agree-to-delete-biometric-records-after-human-rights-ruling Biometric Update: Northern Ireland police agree to delete biometric records after human rights ruling (4th June 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.ukauthority.com/articles/scotland-to-get-biometrics-commissioner/ UK Authority: Scotland to get biometrics commissioner (13th March 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8000053/European-Court-rule-Northern-Ireland-drink-driver-human-rights-breached-police-kept-fingerprints.html Daily Mail: Drink-driver's privacy rights were breached when police kept his DNA profile, fingerprints and photo indefinitely, European human rights judges rule (13th February 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/feb/13/police-keeping-drink-drivers-dna-breached-his-rights-judges-rule The Guardian: Police keeping drink-driver's DNA breached his rights, judges rule (13th February 2020)]<br />
**[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-49361260 BBC: Eurofins Scientific: Cyber-attack leads to backlog of 20,000 forensic samples (16th August 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.governmentcomputing.com/central-government/news/uk-eu-prum-framework Government Computing: UK, EU boost co-operation on DNA databases under Prüm framework (14th June 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-48459890 BBC: New plans to safeguard storage of DNA and fingerprint data (31st May 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.biometricupdate.com/201901/northern-ireland-police-agree-to-publish-biometric-data-retention-policy Biometric Update: Northern Ireland police agree to publish biometric data retention policy (11th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-46803999 BBC: PSNI to publish DNA retention policy after human rights case (9th January 2019)]<br />
**[https://amp.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/oct/25/sajid-javid-apologises-to-migrants-forced-to-give-dna-samples The Guardian: Sajid Javid apologises to immigration applicants forced to give DNA samples (25th October 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/home-office-dna-tests-policy-immigrants-letters-immigration-a8430271.html The Independent: Home Office forcing immigrants to take DNA tests in breach of government's own policy (4th July 2018)]<br />
**[https://www.governmentcomputing.com/applications/news/home-office-issues-tender-biometrics-development Government Computing: Home Office issues tender for biometrics development (14th May 2018)]<br />
**[https://police.community/topic/134543-police-pay-out-millions-after-collapse-of-forensics-firm/ Police Community: Police pay out millions after collapse of forensics firm (5th February 2018)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-42057009 BBC: UK judges to get scientific guides (22nd November 2017)]<br />
**[http://theconversation.com/dna-databases-its-still-far-from-clear-how-effective-they-are-in-fighting-crime-85137 The Conversation: DNA databases: it’s still far from clear how effective they are in fighting crime (10th October 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.belfastlive.co.uk/news/new-officers-register-dna-database-13733517 Belfast Live: New officers will have to register on a DNA database, PSNI reveals (8th October 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.piratefm.co.uk/news/latest-news/2289933/brothers-to-appeal-over-wadebridge-murders/ Pirate FM: Brothers to appeal over Wadebridge murders? (16th May 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/15213148.CSI_Strathclyde__how_university_forensic_experts_helped_solve_some_of_the_most_high_profile_crimes_of_the_past_fifty_years/ The Herald: CSI Strathclyde: how university forensic experts helped solve some of the most high-profile crimes of the past fifty years (9th April 017)]<br />
**[http://www.scunthorpetelegraph.co.uk/what-are-your-rights-if-police-arrest-you-the-key-questions-answered-from-handcuffs-to-charges/story-30253882-detail/story.html Scunthorpe Telegraph: What are your rights if police arrest you? The key questions answered, from handcuffs to charges (8th April 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/legal-updates/dna--an-unstoppable-march/5060258.article Law Gazette: DNA – an unstoppable march? (20th March 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.burtonmail.co.uk/forensics-expert-john-beckwith-lifts-the-lid-on-how-dna-has-solved-serious-historic-burton-crimes/story-30091644-detail/story.html Burton Mail: Forensics expert John Beckwith lifts the lid on how DNA has solved serious historic Burton crimes (1st March 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.policeoracle.com/news/police_it_and_technology/2017/Feb/23/dna-database-most-effective--since-records-began-_94218.html Police Oracle: DNA database most effective since records began (24th February 2017)]<br />
**[https://www.policeoracle.com/news/investigation/2017/Jan/13/Government-department-to-access-DNA-database-in-bid-to-close-fake-dads-paternity-loophole_93864.html Police Oracle: Government Department to access DNA database in bid to close 'fake dads' paternety loophole. (13th January 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-38527830 BBC: Forensic science standards 'at significant risk' (6th January 2017)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/5180/desc/despite-brexit-uk-committed-to-eu-biometric-database/ Despite Brexit, UK committed to EU biometric database (2nd November 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jun/07/killer-dna-evidence-genetic-profiling-criminal-investigation The Guardian: Killer breakthrough – the day DNA evidence first nailed a murderer (7th June 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/27/dna-and-fingerprints-of-50000-repeat-teenage-offenders-deleted-a/ The Telegraph: DNA and fingerprints of 50,000 repeat teenage offenders deleted after software error by police (27th May 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.thequint.com/hot-wire/2016/05/27/dna-profiles-of-hundreds-of-terror-suspects-destroyed-in-uk The Quint: DNA Profiles of Hundreds of Terror Suspects Destroyed in UK (27th May 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/4530/desc/fears-in-uk-over-deletion-of-terror-suspects-biometric-profiles/ Planet Biometrics: Fears in UK over deletion of terror suspects’ biometric profiles (27th May 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/latest-news/507017/police-mix-DNA-evidence-errors-98-cases-Adam-Scott-case Daily Star: DNA divvies: Police errors result in evidence mix-ups in 98 cases last year (10th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201604/documents-reveal-uk-governments-out-of-court-settlements-over-unlawful-biometrics-storage Biometric Update: Documents reveal UK government’s out-of-court settlements over unlawful biometrics storage (9th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/04/05/home_office_settlements/ The Register: Home Office seeks secret settlements over unlawful DNA retention (5th April 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-35783475 BBC: Wiping of DNA and fingerprint records 'puts public safety at risk' (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/dna-profiles-and-fingerprints-of-7800-on-police-counterterrorism-database-34532285.html Belfast Telegraph: DNA profiles and fingerprints of 7,800 on police counter-terrorism database (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/mar/11/uk-police-hold-dna-profiles-of-7800-terrorism-suspects The Guardian: UK police hold DNA profiles of 7,800 terrorism suspects (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[https://www.rt.com/uk/335286-dna-profiles-terror-suspects/ RT: DNA profiles of 7,800 terror suspects held in police database (11th March, 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/03/11/potential_terrorists_roam_uk_while_police_lose_their_biometrics_details/ The Register: 7,800 people's biometric data held on police anti-terrorism database (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.ukauthority.com/news/6047/police-national-database-still-holds-illegal-photos UK Authority: Police National Database still holds 'illegal' photos (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=25632 Police Professionals: Failure to retain DNA records ‘risking public safety’, says Biometrics Commissioner (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/4270/desc/britains-biometrics-commissioner-in-dna-warning/ Planet Biometrics (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://home.bt.com/news/uk-news/dna-profiles-of-7800-people-on-police-counter-terrorism-database-11364045522485 BT: DNA profiles and prints of 7,800 people on police counter-terrorism database (11th March 2016)]<br />
**[http://thejusticegap.com/2016/03/12812/ The Justice Gap: Ministers need to reinstate a national forensic science service – and quickly (21st March 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-35254521 BBC News: Paternity test dad Vernon Poppleton used brother's DNA (7th January, 2016)]<br />
**[http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/conservative-berwick-mp-rebels-over-10575572 Chronicle Live: Conservative Berwick MP rebels over plans for UK to join EU crime database (10th December 2015)]<br />
**[https://uk.news.yahoo.com/eurosceptic-theresa-may-calls-mps-160727893.html#dABsF8p Yahoo News: Eurosceptic Theresa May calls for MPs to back EU DNA database in House of Commons debate (8th December 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.itv.com/news/2015-12-08/uk-to-decide-whether-to-join-bond-esque-eu-dna-database/ ITV: UK to decide whether to join Bond-esque EU DNA database (8th December 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/3818/desc/uk-mps-to-vote-on-joining-european-biometric-database/ Planet Biometrics: UK MPs to vote on joining European biometric, DNA database (30th November)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=24904 Police Professional: Home Office urges Prüm opt in (27th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/12019174/Britain-should-join-controversial-EU-crime-database-says-Government.html The Telegraph: Britain should join controversial EU crime database, says Government (26th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-34937158 BBC News: UK ministers outline case for joining EU DNA database scheme (26th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/nov/23/mps-vote-joining-european-police-dna-fingerprint-database The Guardian: MPs to vote on joining European police DNA database (23th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-attacks-france-calls-for-britain-to-give-european-police-access-to-dna-database-a6738471.html Independent: Paris attacks: France calls for Britain to give European police access to DNA database (17th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.information-age.com/technology/security/123460503/whos-more-likely-rob-britains-freedom-isis-or-conservative-party Information Age: Who’s more likely to rob Britain’s freedom: ISIS or the Conservative party? (16th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3318975/Big-Brother-tsar-demands-police-wipe-innocent-people-s-photos-database-18-MILLION-mugshots.html Daily Mail: 'Big Brother tsar' demands police wipe innocent people's photos from database of 18 MILLION mugshots (15th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.journalpioneer.com/Opinion/Columnists/2015-11-10/article-4339029/EASTERN-PASSAGES%3A-Hanged-by-a-thread/1 Journal Pioneer: Eastern passages: Hanged by a thread (10th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/11982516/British-police-face-deluge-of-foreign-DNA-requests-if-UK-joins-EU-crime-database-says-report.html The Telegraph: British police face deluge of foreign DNA requests if UK joins EU crime database, says report (8th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.itv.com/news/granada/2015-11-05/police-use-dna-to-track-down-diners-who-skipped-the-bill/ ITV: Police use DNA to track down diners who skipped the bill (5th November 2015)]<br />
**[http://news.sky.com/story/1572942/rapist-jailed-after-needle-in-a-haystack-hunt Sky News: Rapist Jailed After 'Needle In A Haystack' Hunt (20th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://findbiometrics.com/rapidhit-dna-uk-police-210135/ Find Biometrics: RapidHIT DNA Identification a Hit with UK Police (13th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/3635/desc/biometrics-commissioner-raises-police-face-database-fears/ Planet Biometrics: Biometrics Commissioner raises police face database fears (13th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201510/key-forensic-services-purchases-rapid-dna-system-from-integenx Biometric Update: Key Forensic Services purchases rapid DNA system from IntegenX (4th October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.planetbiometrics.com/article-details/i/3587/desc/uks-key-forensic-services-buys-rapid-dna-system/ Planet Biometrics: UK’s Key Forensic Services buys Rapid DNA system (1st October 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.computerworlduk.com/it-leadership/police-ict-company-ceo-on-austerity-transformation-plans-save-millions-3624427/ Computer World UK: Police ICT Company CEO Martin Wyke on austerity, transformation and plans to save millions (2nd September 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.labnews.co.uk/features/building-case-27-08-2015/ Laboratory News: Building a case: (27th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://finance.yahoo.com/news/rapidhit-dna-profile-uploaded-uk-100000828.html BusinessWire: RapidHIT DNA Profile Uploaded to UK National DNA Database Identifies Dangerous Sex Offender While Suspect in Custody (24th August 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201508/rapid-dna-results-uploaded-for-the-first-time-to-uks-dna-database Biometric Update: Rapid DNA results uploaded for the first time to UK’s DNA database (19th August 2015)]<br />
**[https://www.policeoracle.com/news/police_it_and_technology/2015/Aug/13/breakthrough-machine-now-being-used-to-upload-genetic-profiles-onto-database_89231.html Police Oracle: Breakthrough machine now being used to upload genetic profiles to database (13th August 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-33784571 BBC: DNA samples copied and held for Troubles investigations (5th August 2015)] Reports retention of DNA profiles in Northern Ireland.<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3174798/Deadbeat-dads-refuse-pay-offspring-face-DNA-database-checks.html Daily Mail: 'Deadbeat dads' who refuse to pay for their offspring face DNA database checks in child maintenance crackdown (26th July 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=21781 Police Professional: PSNI DNA retention lawful (14th May 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/may/13/retention-of-offenders-dna-does-not-breach-privacy-supreme-court-rules The Guardian: Retention of offenders' DNA profiles not illegal, supreme court rules (13th May 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.bristolpost.co.uk/Avon-Somerset-Police-s-forensic-spending-falls-40/story-26457785-detail/story.html Avon and Somerset Police's forensic spending falls by 40 per cent in seven years (8th May 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/unease-over-police-trial-of-hitech-dna-machines-amid-fears-that-civil-liberties-could-be-infringed-10193791.html The Independent: Unease over police trial of hi-tech DNA machines amid fears that civil liberties could be infringed (21st April 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.littlehamptongazette.co.uk/news/regional/murder-police-dna-screening-plea-1-6675562 Littlehampton Gazette: Murder police DNA screening plea(7th April 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.computing.co.uk/ctg/news/2398702/government-has-failed-to-provide-guidelines-on-use-of-biometric-data-warn-mps Government has failed to provide guidelines on use of biometric data, warn MPs (9th March 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/britain-criticised-for-dna-hold-up-keeping-an-innocent-man-locked-up-in-spanish-prison-10031429.html The Independent: Britain criticised for DNA hold up keeping an innocent man locked up in Spanish prison (8th February 2015)]<br />
**[http://thejusticegap.com/2015/01/police-forensics-risk-criminal-cases-nao-warns/ Police forensics ‘a risk’ to criminal cases, spending watchdog warns (26th January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.policeprofessional.com/news.aspx?id=20204 Police Professional: Police spending on forensics 'inconsistent' (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/privatisation-of-forensic-services-a-threat-to-justice-and-putting-the-work-in-police-hands-would-be-disastrous-warn-experts-9991356.html The Independent: Privatisation of forensic services 'threat to justice' and putting the work in police hands would be 'disastrous,' warn experts (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-30909722 BBC: Warning by spending watchdog over forensic science work (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://news.stv.tv/scotland/307287-mass-voluntary-dna-screening-in-case-of-valerie-graves-in-bosham/ STV: Mass voluntary DNA screening to find killer of house-sitting Scot (21st January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2914932/The-DNA-photofit-Amazing-breakthrough-means-police-tell-suspect-s-colour-height-age-tiny-speck-blood.html The DNA photofit: Amazing breakthrough means police can tell suspect's colour, height and even age – from a tiny speck of blood (17th January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.thedetail.tv/articles/genetic-profile-of-123-000-people-on-ni-s-dna-database Genetic profile of 123,000 people on NI's DNA database (14th January 2015)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/dec/16/foreogn-criminals-data-police-records-biometrics The Guardian: Foreign criminals’ data taken off police records (16th December 2014)]<br />
**[http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/572081/20141107/australia-uk-dna-polce-usa-canada.htm#.VGHb2cnvaSo International Business Times: Australia and UK Sign Pact For DNA Database Sharing Among Police Forces To Check Serious Crimes (7th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://rt.com/uk/202919-uk-australia-dna-database/ RT: UK, Australia to share DNA database to aid international crime solving (6th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/australian-police-in-dna-access-deal-with-british-counterparts/story-fn59niix-1227114004691 The Australian: Australian police in DNA access deal with British counterparts (5th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2014/nov/06/australian-and-british-police-to-share-their-dna-databases The Guardian: Australian and British police to share their DNA databases (5th November 2014)]<br />
**[http://online.wsj.com/articles/spain-threatens-u-k-s-inclusion-in-eu-justice-cooperation-1412881174 Spain Threatens U.K.’s Inclusion in EU Justice Cooperation (9th October 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/09/30/scrap_human_rights_act_chris_grayling_privacy_freedom_expression/ The Register: Scrapping the Human Rights Act: What about privacy and freedom of expression? (30th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2767453/DNA-blunders-mean-murderers-rapists-convictions-overturned-Home-Office-admits-misleading-evidence-presented-juries.html Daily Mail: DNA blunders mean murderers and rapists could have convictions overturned: Home Office admits misleading evidence has been presented to juries (24th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/european-convention-on-human-rights-what-has-it-ever-done-for-us-9773928.html The Independent: European Convention on Human Rights: What has it ever done for us? (3rd October 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.biometricupdate.com/201409/guidelines-for-uk-police-chiefs-on-applications-to-retain-use-biometrics Guidelines for UK police chiefs on applications to retain & use biometric material (29th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.scotsman.com/news/how-dna-fingerprint-left-its-mark-on-justice-1-3533752 The Scotsman: How DNA fingerprint left its mark on justice (8th September 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/11382557.Commissioner_helps_to_speed_DNA_checks/?ref=rss Lancashire Telegraph: Commissioner helps to speed DNA checks (1st August 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2708277/DNA-testing-crime-scene-investigations-soon-identify-criminals-matter-HOURS.html DNA-testing for crime scene investigations will soon identify criminals in a matter of HOURS (28th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/crime-courts/police-storing-dna-samples-of-children-as-young-as-10-x.24764874 Herald: Police storing DNA samples of children as young as 10 (16th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.heraldscotland.com/comment/herald-view/storing-childrens-dna-and-issue-of-civil-liberties.24733748 Herald: Storing children's DNA and issue of civil liberties (16th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2689894/Police-plea-share-DNA-clues-EU-foreign-criminals.html Daily Mail: Police in plea to share DNA clues with EU - because we have so many foreign criminals (12th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.scotsman.com/news/uk/eu-set-for-more-policing-powers-1-3467441 The Scotsman: EU set for ‘more policing’ powers (8th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/486945/Cameron-could-give-more-police-powers-to-Brussels-DNA-database The Express: Now David Cameron 'considers giving POLICING powers to Brussels', leaked documents reveal (5th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/05/david-cameron-eu-talks-police-cooperation The Guardian: David Cameron in talks with EU leaders over international DNA database (5th July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-28130767 BBC: Marion Crofts murder: Tony Jasinskyj's appeal refused(2nd July 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.labmate-online.com/articles/laboratory-products/3/tracy_alexander/dna_collection_and_interpretation/1590/ Labmate: DNA: Collection and Interpretation (12th March 2014)]<br />
**[http://ampp3d.mirror.co.uk/2014/01/15/nearly-6-million-of-us-are-on-the-dna-database-does-it-make-you-feel-any-safer/ Nearly 6 million of us are on the DNA database. Does it make you feel any safer? (15th January 2014)]<br />
**[http://www.nottinghampost.com/Ex-offender-74-wins-right-provide-sample-DNA/story-19891968-detail/story.html Nottingham Post: Ex-offender from Nottingham wins right not to provide a sample of his DNA (5th October 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24207612 BBC: Operation Nutmeg: Court could force police to destroy DNA (24th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24224506 BBC: Court rejects ex-prisoner's DNA sample challenge (24th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24224506 The Guardian: Ex-prisoner fails to halt police DNA-collection programme (24th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2429637/One-year-old-baby-thousands-children-DNA-taken-police.html Daily Mail: One-year-old baby among thousands of children who have had their DNA taken by police (22nd September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-police-take-dna-samples-6073851 Wales Online: Welsh police take DNA samples from more than 5,500 children (22nd September 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/police-take-dna-children-criminal-2259291 Mirror: Police take DNA from children in criminal investigations (8th September 2013)]<br />
**[http://esciencenews.com/articles/2013/08/14/forensic.familial.search.methods.carry.risk.certain.false.matches e! Science News: Forensic familial search methods carry risk of certain false matches (14th August 2013)] There is a video abstract and general public explanation video available for this research.<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-23683910 BBC: University of Leicester cat DNA database to be used for solving crime (14th August 2013)]<br />
** [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23436303 BBC: Forensics upheaval 'threat to justice', MPs warn (25th July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2013/jul/08/britain-european-arrest-warrant-reform The Guardian: Britain to keep European arrest warrant but try to reform it (8th July 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/police-told-to-explain-use-of-unregulated-dna-database-8651380.html The Independent: Police told to explain use of unregulated DNA database (9th June 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2013/may/20/police-retain-dna-thousands-children The Guardian: Police retain DNA from thousands of children (20th May 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22595835 BBC: Police swabbing of child DNA excessive, says charity (20th May 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/police-bosses-tell-cops-don%E2%80%99t-target-gays-dna-roundup180113 GayStarNews: Police bosses tell cops: don’t target gays in DNA roundup (18th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.eadt.co.uk/news/ipswich_victory_after_man_s_six_year_battle_to_have_dna_records_removed_from_police_records_1_1796207 EADT24: Ipswich: Victory after man’s six-year battle to have DNA records removed from police records (18th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.politics.co.uk/news/2013/01/17/outrage-grows-over-gay-dna-witchhunt Politics.co.uk: Outrage grows over gay DNA witchhunt (17th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2261239/Stephen-Close-Police-demand-DNA-sample-soldier-gay-relationship-Army.html?ITO=1490&ns_mchannel=rss&ns_campaign=1490 Daily Mail: Police demand DNA sample from former soldier because he had gay relationship in the Army 30 years ago (12th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2259319/EU-demands-access-details-UK-drivers-Orwellian-hand-personal-information-foreign-police-forces.html?ito=feeds-newsxml Daily Mail: EU demands access to details of all UK drivers: ‘Orwellian’ move to hand out personal information to foreign police forces (9th January 2013)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/9628235/Rapists-feared-still-at-large-as-police-fail-to-update-DNA-database.html The Telegraph: Rapists feared still at large as police fail to update DNA database (23rd October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2211365/Adam-Scott-Innocent-man-spent-FIVE-MONTHS-prison-forensics-mix-meant-falsely-accused-rape.html Daily Mail: Innocent man spent FIVE MONTHS in prison after forensics mix-up meant he was falsely accused of rape (1st October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19782917 BBC: DNA rape sample procedures ‘not adequate’ (1st October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.littlehamptongazette.co.uk/news/sussex-police-collect-ex-cons-dna-for-national-database-1-4321532 Littlehampton Gazette: Sussex Police collect ex-cons’ DNA for national database (1st October 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2012/sep/27/ex-offenders-targeted-dna-database The Guardian: Thousands of ex-offenders targeted in drive to add to DNA database (27th September 2012)]<br />
**[http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1588993_police-order-thousands-of-dna-samples-from-ex-convicts-in-greater-manchester Manchester Evening News: Police order thousands of DNA samples from ex-convicts in Greater Manchester (18th September 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.zdnet.com/blog/london/london-police-8216hack-suspects-phones-a-major-blow-to-human-rights/4775 ZDNet: London police ‘hack’ suspects’ phones: A major blow to human rights (18th May 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/privatisation-is-a-catastrophe-warns-godfather-of-forensics-7606789.html The Independent: Privatisation is a catastrophe, warns godfather of forensics (2nd April 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2114252/Teenager-spends-months-bars-DNA-blunder-fingers-rape-city-visited.html Daily Mail: DNA database in doubt after teenager spends three months behind bars for rape in city he has never even visited because gene samples were mixed up (13th March 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2012/mar/08/forensics-blunder-convictions The Guardian: Forensics blunder ‘may endanger convictions’ (8th March 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.economist.com/node/21543121 The Economist: Ignorance is bliss (21st January 2012)]<br />
**[http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21128285.500-euro-dna-treaty-risks-false-positives.html?DCMP=OTC-rss&nsref=online-news#.UebhRG3OB0M New Scientist: DNA super-network increases risk of mix-ups (5th September 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13440012 BBC Online: DNA and fingerprint guidelines ‘unlawful’ (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/guidelines-on-dna-samples-unlawful-2285712.html The Independent: Guidelines on DNA samples unlawful (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.publicservice.co.uk/news_story.asp?id=15673 Public Service: Police DNA retention policy ‘unlawful’ (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://ukhumanrightsblog.com/2011/05/18/retention-of-dna-breaches-article-8-says-supreme-court/ UK Human Rights blog: Retention of DNA breaches human right to privacy, says Supreme Court (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/libertycentral/2011/may/18/dna-retention-supreme-court-police The Guardian: DNA retention judgment won’t see discriminatory policy destroyed (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/03/03/ico_freedoms_bill/ The Register: Supreme Court: DNA database retention regs are unlawful (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/may/18/police-dna-database-supreme-court The Guardian: Police breaking law by keeping DNA of the innocent, supreme court rules (18th May 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/mar/05/dna-rules-will-restore-trust The Guardian: New DNA rules will restore public trust [Letter] (5th March 2011])<br />
**[http://www.publicservice.co.uk/news_story.asp?id=15673 Public Service: Government store DNA of over 6 million (4th March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/05/18/supreme_court_dna_database_ruling/ The Register: ICO evidence raises Freedoms Bill data worries (3rd March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-12536138 BBC: How Protection of Freedoms Bill will work (1st March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=18987 ITN: Government to curb DNA database (1st March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=18987 The Voice: Innocent black Brits may get their DNA removed from database (22nd February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/columnists/philipjohnston/8324874/The-Coalitions-Freedom-Bill-is-a-blow-against-the-snoopers-and-clampers.html The Telegraph: The coalition’s Freedom Bill is a blow against the snoopers and clampers (15th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.24dash.com/blogs/lynne_featherstone_mp/2011/02/13/Freedoms-Bill/ 24dash.com: Freedoms Bill (13th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12433116 BBC: DNA profiles to be deleted from police database (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1356198/DNA-database-purge-Victory-Mail-records-1m-innocent-people-removed.html#ixzz1DsbppVHm Daily Mail: DNA database purge: Victory for the Mail as records of 1m innocent people removed (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/8318900/DNA-of-up-to-a-million-to-be-wiped-under-Freedom-Bill.html The Telegraph: DNA of up to a million to be wiped under Freedom Bill (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/feb/11/dna-profiles-deleted-police-database The Guardian: DNA profiles to be deleted from police database (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.dailyexpress.co.uk/posts/view/228588/At-last-victory-over-Labour-s-army-of-snoops/ Daily Express: At last, victory over Labour’s army of snoops (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2011/feb/11/criminal-checks-eased-freedom-bill The Guardian: Criminal checks on people working with children to be eased (11th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-a-victory-for-civil-liberties-ndash-and-a-challenge-for-labour-2209670.html Independent: A victory for civil liberties – and a challenge for Labour (10th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/8317257/Nick-Clegg-were-restoring-hard-won-British-liberties.html The Telegraph: Nick Clegg; we’re restoring hard won British liberties (10th February 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/id-cards-go-up-in-flames-in-first-step-to-tackle-database-state-2209936.html The Independent: ID cards go up in flames in first step to tackle ‘database state’ (10th February 2010)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8691753.stm BBC: Deputy Prime Minister’s Reform Speech (19th May 2010)]<br />
**[http://www.publicservice.co.uk/news_story.asp?id=15673 Public Service: Government store DNA of over 6 million (4th March 2011)]<br />
**[http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20527424.700-unreliable-evidence-time-to-open-up-dna-databases.html?full=true New Scientist: Unreliable evidence? Time to open up DNA Databases (6th January 2010)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8434713.stm BBC Online: Innocent people face DNA database ‘shambles’ (31st December 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1877525.ece The Times: From schoolboy squabble to DNA database in one easy step – if you’re black (24th November 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8375567.stm BBC Online: New safeguards urged over routine police DNA tests (24th November 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1223688/DNA-innocents-kept-database-years.html The Daily Mail: DNA of innocents will be kept on database for six years (29th October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/oct/28/dna-database-innocent-profiles The Guardian: Innocent suspects’ profiles still reaching DNA database (28th October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1877336.ece The Times: Record number of DNA samples taken but crimes solved with them are down (22nd October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/6399228/Crimes-solved-by-DNA-drop-by-a-fifth.html The Telegraph: Crimes solved by DNA drop by a fifth (22nd October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/oct/21/dna-database-convictions-fall The Guardian: Detections using DNA database fall despite huge rise in profiles (21st October)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/oct/19/innocent-dna-database The Guardian: Home Office climbs down over keeping DNA records of innocent (19th October 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/6056725/Tory-MP-Damian-Green-has-DNA-profile-deleted-from-database.html The Telegraph: Tory MP Damian Green has DNA profile deleted from database (20th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/18/science/18dna.html?_r=2&hp New York Times: DNA evidence can be fabricated, scientists show (17th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=16083 The Voice: DNA database is damaging race relations, says expert (17th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1205867/300-children-day-added-DNA-database-400-000-15s-Big-Brother-roll.html Daily Mail: 300 children a day added to DNA database (12th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/aug/09/police-dna-database-black-children The Observer: ‘Racist bias’ blamed for disparity in police DNA database (9th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/aug/07/dna-database-police-advice The Guardian: Police told to ignore human rights ruling over database (7th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/5990033/Equality-watchdog-warns-DNA-plans-break-law.html The Telegraph: Equality watchdog warns DNA plans break law (7th August 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/5444332/Police-arrest-innocent-youths-for-their-DNA-officer-claims.html The Telegraph: Police arrest innocent youths for the DNA, officer claims (4th June 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1185060/Driver-thrown-police-cell-DVLA-office-blunder-wrong-shade-green-MOT-certificate.html Daily Mail: Driver thrown in police cell after DVLA office blunder (21st May 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/apr/17/damian-green-arrest-jacqui-smith The Guardian: DPP’s verdict on papers leaked in Damian Green affair – Not a threat to security (17th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/apr/15/jeffreys-dna-database-human-rights-police The Guardian: DNA pioneer Alec Jeffreys: drop innocent from database (15th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/5109248/Police-will-be-banned-from-keeping-DNA-of-innocent-people-pledge-Tories.html The Telegraph: Police will be banned from keeping DNA of innocent people, pledge Tories (6th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.politics.co.uk/news/legal-and-constitutional/tories-promise-to-reform-dna-database-$1285967.htm Politics.co.uk: Tories promise to reform DNA database (6th April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.crosbyherald.co.uk/news/crosby-news/2009/04/02/teenager-arrested-by-southport-police-for-handing-in-mobile-phone-68459-23291295/ The Crosby Herald: Teen arrested by police for handing in phone (2nd April 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/5078599/Five-million-people-now-on-DNA-database.html The Telegraph: Five million people now on database (31st March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.computing.co.uk/computing/news/2239421/dna-database-grows-per-cent-two Computing: DNA database grows by 38 per cent in two years (30th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7966641.stm BBC Online: ‘DNA bungle’ haunts German police (28th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/the_daily_politics/7968121.stm BBC Politics Show: Time for a universal DNA database? (27th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/the_daily_politics/7968054.stm BBC Politics Show: MP’s battle over DNA database (27th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.thisisplymouth.co.uk/news/know-feel-Truman/article-848720-detail/article.html The Plymouth Herald: I know how you feel, Mr Truman (26th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/the-big-question-are-there-illegal-government-databases-and-what-can-we-do-about-it-1652623.html The Independent: The Big Question: Are there illegal Government databases and what can we do about it? (24th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-1164291/ROSS-CLARK-As-report-condemns-government-databases--Big-Brother-wasting-billions.html The Daily Mail: As report condemns Government databases…Big Brother is wasting your billions (24th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7955205.stm BBC Online: Call to scrap ‘illegal’ databases (23rd March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/mar/19/dna-database-comment The Guardian: Mark Thomas: How I got my genes deleted (19th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/libertycentral/2009/mar/16/dna-database-civil-liberties The Guardian: Question Eight: DNA Database (16th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/4966168/DNA-of-one-year-old-baby-stored-on-national-database.html The Telegraph: DNA of one-year-old baby stored on national database (10th March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/03/02/dna_dbase_stalling/ The Register: Three months on, you still can’t get off the DNA Database (2nd March 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/feb/27/dna-database-justice The Guardian: Government plans to keep DNA samples of innocent (27th February 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/feb/27/dna-database-children-criminal-record The Guardian: DNA details of 1.1m children on database (27th February 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1137022/Banish-Big-Brother-The-states-surveillance-powers-curbed-say-Lords.html The Daily Mail: Banish Big Brother: The state’s surveillance powers must be curbed, say Lords (6th February 2009)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/12/17/david_mery_reclaim_your_dna/ The Register: Don’t delay: Delete your DNA (17th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-1094963/JAMES-SLACK-The-EUs-Big-Brother-database-poses-threat-liberties.html Daily Mail: The EU’s Big Brother database poses a threat to our liberties (16th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-a-victory-for-civil-liberties-ndash-but-the-larger-war-still-rages-1052547.html The Independent: A victory for civil liberties – but the larger war still rages (5th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1091880/One-million-innocent-people-profiles-wiped-Britains-DNA-database-court-ruling.html The Daily Mail: One million innocent people could have their profiles wiped from Britain’s ‘Orwellian’ DNA database after court ruling (5th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7765484.stm BBC Online: Europe DNA ruling resonates in UK (4th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/3547773/DNA-database-Campaigners-welcome-ruling-that-DNA-holding-breaches-human-rights.html The Telegraph: Campaigners welcome ruling that DNA-holding breaches human rights (4th December 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/liverpool-news/regional-news/2008/11/19/police-order-child-s-dna-to-be-removed-from-database-64375-22290909/ Liverpool Daily Post: Police order child’s DNA to be removed from database (19th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/3473483/More-than-one-million-added-to-the-DNA-database-as-children.html The Telegraph: More than one million added to the DNA database as children (17th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/3418649/Crimes-solved-by-DNA-evidence-fall-despite-millions-being-added-to-database.html The Telegraph: Crimes solved by DNA evidence fall despite millions being added to database (10th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/11/06/dna_database_special/page2.html The Register: The DNA Database and You (6th November 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/north-wales-news/2008/10/30/one-in-11-from-north-wales-on-dna-file-55578-22148188/ Daily Post North Wales: One in 11 from North Wales on DNA file (30th October 2008) 30th October 2008]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1078821/New-law-allow-police-collect-DNA-secret-teacups.html The Daily Mail: New law to allow police to collect DNA in secret from teacups (19th October 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.christiantoday.com/article/black.church.leaders.concerned.over.criminal.dna.database/20635.htm Christian Today: Black church leaders concerned over criminal DNA database (18th July 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/06/29/brown_dna_database_innocent_genewatch/ The Register: Gordo’s DNA database claims branded ‘ridiculous’ (29th June 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=/opinion/2008/06/09/do0902.xml The Telegraph: MPs must act now to set limits on snooping (9th June 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.vision.org/visionmedia/article.aspx?id=4824 Reuters: Watchdog criticises plan to share DNA data (15th May 2008)]<br />
**[http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/joepublic/2008/05/the_scandal_of_criminalising_m.html The Guardian: The scandal of ‘criminalising’ mental health patients (12th May 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1929849/DNA-bank-solves-one-crime-per-800-profiles.html The Telegraph: DNA bank solves one crime per 800 profiles (6th May 2008)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7341251.stm BBC Online: DNA technique ‘fit for purpose’ (11th April 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.sundaymirror.co.uk/news/sunday/2008/04/06/40-000-kids-put-on-dna-crimes-list-98487-20373651/ The Sunday Mirror: 40,000 kids put on DNA crimes list (6th April 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/mar/16/youthjustice.children The Observer: Put young children on DNA list urge police (16th March 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=528857&in_page_id=1770 The Daily Mail: 1.5m children will have DNA taken next year amid claims of universal database ‘by stealth’ (9th March 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.computing.co.uk/computing/news/2211158/met-police-chief-calls-european Computing: Met police chief calls for European DNA database (5th March 2008)]<br />
**[http://blackmentalhealth.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=281&Itemid=117 Black Mental Health UK: Sarah Teather tells House of Commons DNA database discriminates (1st March 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/feb/28/ukcrime.forensicscience The Guardian: Mixed results (28th February)]<br />
**[http://www.newstatesman.com/200802280017 New Statesman: Spare pairs of genes (28th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article3448837.ece The Times: CCTV and DNA advances add to bills but minister calls rises unacceptable (28th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/technology/technology.html?in_article_id=519568&in_page_id=1965 The Daily Mail: One in eight samples filed under innocent names in Government blunder (27th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.publictechnology.net/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=14351 Public Technology: Home Office Minister rejects call for a national citizen DNA database (25th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=518416&in_page_id=1770 The Daily Mail: Police in retreat after public backlash over their demands for a DNA database (25th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=518151&in_page_id=1770 The Daily Mail; Home Office retreat from plans to extend ‘nation of suspects’ DNA database to include litterbugs (24th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article3423450.ece The Sunday Times: Should Britain have a compulsory DNA database? (24th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theherald.co.uk/news/news/display.var.2067932.0.Police_we_must_keep_DNA_of_everyone_arrested.php The Glasgow Herald: Police: we must keep DNA of everyone arrested (23rd February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2008/feb/23/ukcrime The Guardian: Calls for compulsory DNA database rejected (23rd February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2008/feb/21/conservatives.police The Guardian: Inquiry as Tories attack DNA failure (21st February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article3401745.ece The Times: Gordon Brown admits assaults committed while DNA data disc lost (20th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article3399712.ece The Times: Disc listing foreign criminals lost for a year (20th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2008/feb/13/ukguns.police The Guardian: Stop! Armed police! Put down your MP3 player (13th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7230487.stm BBC Online: Clegg attacks surveillance UK (6th February 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/01/07/delete_your_dna_profile/print.html The Register: How to delete your DNA Profile (7th January 2008)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=491714&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Big Brother UK: Police now hold DNA ‘fingerprints’ of 4.5 million Britons (5th November 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/11/04/ndna104.xml The Telegraph: Police retain DNA of ‘petty crime suspects’ (5th November 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/law/article2210263.ece The Times: Police told to erase ‘irrelevant’ crime records (1st November 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/health/advice/article1790236.ece The Times: Policing the gene pool (29th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9867324 The Economist: Learning to live with Big Brother (27th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7161/full/449377b.html Nature: Genome abuse (26th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1873220.ece The Times: DNA database ‘puts innocent under suspicion’ (18th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/09/17/dna_purge/ The Register: Innocent ‘terror techie’ purges DNA records (17th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/europe/article2595861.ece The Times: Inside the world where experts try to unlock DNA clues (15th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23412351-details/Outrage%20as%20DNA%20profile%20of%20seven-month-old%20baby%20is%20added%20to%20register/article.do Evening Standard: Outrage as DNA profile of seven-month old baby is added to DNA database (15th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=482410&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Innocent people’s DNA ‘must not be kept on national database’ (10th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2007/09/11/226664/dna-plan-would-require-san-the-size-of-belgium.htm Computer Weekly: DNA plan would require SAN the size of Belgium (11th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.scotsman.com/politics.cfm?id=1419912007 The Scotsman: Judge opens hornets’ nest with call for everyone’s DNA to go on record (6th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6979138.stm BBC Online: All UK ‘must be on DNA database’ (5th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23411070-details/Top+minister+backs+judge%27s+calls+for+DNA+database+registration+for+all/article.do Evening Standard: Ministers accused of trying to build DNA database by stealth (5th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6979490.stm BBC Online: DNA database call prompts concern (5th Sept 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23406663-details/Beware:+Minor+offences+could+land+you+on+DNA+database...for+life/article.do Evening Standard: Speeding drivers face DNA swabs under Big Brother powers (1st August 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1873007.ece The Times: Police want DNA from speeding drivers and litterbugs on database (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/08/02/ndna102.xml The Telegraph: Litter lout DNA samples a step too far (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2826207.ece The Independent: Police DNA database ‘risks criminalising non-offenders’ (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=472544&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Government accused on DNA samples (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://politics.guardian.co.uk/homeaffairs/story/0,,2139675,00.html The Guardian: Police may be given powers to take DNA samples on the street (2nd August 2007)]<br />
**[http://politics.guardian.co.uk/homeaffairs/story/0,,2089265,00.html The Observer: Civil rights fears over DNA for everyone (27th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=457046&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Police put 100,000 innocent children on DNA Database (23rd May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/23/ndna23.xml The Telegraph: DNA file on 100,000 innocent children]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/humanrights/story/0,,2084290,00.html The Guardian: ‘Orwellian’ CCTV in shires alarms senior police officer (21st May 2001)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/crime/article/0,,2084659,00.html The Guardian: Plan to identify potential offenders condemned (21st May)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/19/ncrime19.xml The Telegraph: DNA police revisit high profile murder cases (19th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2556459.ece The Independent: DNA database blunder ‘could have resulted in 200 crimes’ (18th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/localnews/display.var.1404197.0.youths_warned_not_to_use_fake_id.php The Argus: Youths warned not to use fake ID (17th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thisisthenortheast.co.uk/display.var.1404576.0.peer_calls_for_babies_dna_to_stored.php The Northern Echo: Peer calls for babies’ DNA to be stored (17th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6665267.stm BBC Online: DNA failings ‘missed 183 crimes’ (17th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/story/0,,2079721,00.html The Guardian: A database of prejudice (15th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://new.edp24.co.uk/content/news/story.aspx?brand=EDPOnline&category=News&tBrand=EDPOnline&tCategory=news&itemid=NOED10%20May%202007%2008%3A09%3A49%3A133 EDP-24 (Norfolk): Car crime victims must foot the bill (10th May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=453739&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Fears over innocent Britons’ DNA being given to European police forces (9th May)]<br />
**[http://www.blink.org.uk/pdescription.asp?key=14682&grp=30&cat=138 Black Information Link: Chained by our genes (3rd May 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.computerworlduk.com/technology/applications/databases/news/index.cfm?newsid=2669 Computer World: EU police data-sharing plan draws criticism (19th April 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=445902&in_page_id=1766&in_a_source=&ito=1490 Mail on Sunday: Five civil servants suspended over ‘DNA espionage’ (1st April 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.yorkshiretoday.co.uk/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleID=2194926&SectionID=55 Yorkshire Post: Yorkshire cases to test DNA sampling policy (31st March 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/crime/article/0,,2044296,00.html?gusrc=rss&feed=11 The Guardian: Every child to be screened for risk of turning criminal under Blair justice plan (28th March 2007)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/uk/6452795.stm BBC Online: ‘Retail jails’ could ease police burden (15th March 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml;jsessionid=GAUE2T1MP0CL5QFIQMGCFGGAVCBQUIV0?xml=/news/2007/02/16/ndna16.xml The Telegraph: DNA data deal ‘will create big brother Europe’ (18th February 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=10830 The Voice: Mayor urged to support DNA profiling curb (9th February 2007)]<br />
**[http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/article209046.ece The Sunday Times: Reid ‘buries’ news that police hold DNA of 1m innocent people (17th December 2006)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/south_yorkshire/6174877.stm BBC: New DNA clue in 1964 murder hunt (13th December 2006)]<br />
**[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2016134.ece The Independent: DNA of suspects’ families to be held on police files (26th November 2006)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/11/05/nrace05.xml The Telegraph: Three in four young black men on the DNA database (5th November 2006)]<br />
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6104876.stm BBC Online: Fear that DNA use ‘gone too far’ (1st November 2006)]<br />
**[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,1821676,00.html The Observer: Police DNA database is ‘spiraling out of control’(16th July 2006)]<br />
**[http://www.lookingglassnews.org/viewstory.php?storyid=5722 The Independent: More Britons have DNA held by police than rest of world (14th April 2006)]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/01/09/ndna09.xml The Telegraph: Huge rise in juvenile DNA samples kept by the police]<br />
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/frontpage/story/0,16518,1678168,00.html The Guardian: DNA of 37% of black men held by police]<br />
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/01/09/ndna09.xml The Telegraph: Freedom fears as the DNA database expands]<br />
**[http://news.scotsman.com/scitech.cfm?id=680402005 The Scotsman article: Keep DNA of innocent and guilty alike]<br />
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=6549 The Voice: 1 in 3 black men are DNA profiled]<br />
**[http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18624944.900 New Scientist: Will DNA profiling fuel prejudice?]<br />
**[http://newswww.bbc.net.uk/1/low/uk_politics/4166559.stm BBC Online: DNA database Big Brother warning]<br />
<br />
== Detailed Analysis ==<br />
'''Note: This section has not yet been updated to include the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012.'''<br />
<br />
Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984 and amendments to PACE : Criminal Justice and Public Order Act (CJPOA) 1994;Criminal Evidence.<br />
<br />
<br />
(Amendment) Act 1997;Criminal Justice and Police Act (CJPA) 001;Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 2003. Changes in the Data Protection Act (DPA) 1998, the Human Rights Act (HRA) 1998 and case law.<ref name="ftn0">E.U. 9445/1/06 at 9.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
Persons convicted of any recordable offence, arrested for any recordable offense, and all crime scene stains<ref name="ftn7">See EU Current Practices at 80-81.</ref> The Counter-Terrorism Act 2008 (c.28) increased police powers for the stated purpose of countering terrorism. It allows speculative searches against DNA profiles held on behalf of the Security Service or Secret Intelligence Service and allows matches to be used “for purposes related to the identification . . . of the person from whom the material came.” In other words, a valid match can be obtained from a reference sample that did not originate from a crime scene.<br />
<br />
<br />
For Scotland: Persons convicted of any recordable offence, arrested for any recordable offense, and all crime scene stains<ref name="ftn6">See EU Current Practices at 81-83.</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
England & Wales: The Justice and Public Order Act 1994 allows for the entry of the DNA profiles of all individuals who are charged with any recordable offence or who are convicted of such an offence. All DNA profiles that are derived from crime scene stains are also stored in the NDNAD.<br />
<br />
<br />
Scotland: The Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 allows for the entry of the DNA profiles of those arrested of any recordable offence or who are convicted of such an offence. All DNA profiles that are derived from unidentified crime scene stains are also stored in the database.<br />
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<nowiki>England & Wales: Whereas the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) allowed for the coercive taking of ‘non-intimate samples’ such as hair shafts, the Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (JPOA) changed the definition of ‘non-intimate samples’ to include buccal swabs by which police sampling powers were seriously extended. [4]</nowiki><ref name="ftn5">JPOA (1994), § 58.</ref> This provision applies to both crime suspects and convicted offenders who are arrested or convicted of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn4">Id. at § 55.</ref> The police are allowed to take a DNA sample from minors who have reached the age of ten and from mentally ill persons. There are no restrictions to the collection of crime scene samples.<br />
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Scotland: A constable or a police custody and security officer at a constable’s direction can collect a mouth swab from those arrested of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn8">Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2003, Art. 55, § 2</ref> They may use reasonable force in exercising this power.<ref name="ftn3">Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, Art. 18, § 7.</ref> A constable or a police custody and security officer at a constable’s direction can also coercively collect a mouth swab from those convicted of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn2">Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2003, Art. 55, § 3.</ref> They are allowed to take a DNA sample from minors who have reached the age of ten and from mentally ill persons. There are no restrictions to the collection of unidentified crime scene samples.<br />
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Convicted persons’ and suspects’ profiles are retained indefinitely and crime scene stains are kept until they have been identified<ref name="ftn1">See EU Current Practices at 81.</ref><br />
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For Scotland: Convicted persons’ profiles are retained indefinitely, suspects’ profiles are retained until the underlying proceeding is abandoned or the individual is acquitted, and crime scene stains are kept until they have been identified<ref name="ftn9">See EU Current Practices at 83.</ref><br />
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England & Wales: The Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 (CJPA) allows for the indefinite retention of the DNA profiles of both crime suspects and convicted offenders who are arrested or convicted of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn10">CJPA (2001), § 82.</ref> This provision also applies to crime suspects who are subsequently acquitted or freed of charges. The DNA profiles which are derived from unidentified crime scene stains are stored in the database until a match is found.<br />
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Scotland: The DNA profiles of those who are arrested of any recordable offence have to be removed from the database as soon as possible following the decision not to institute criminal proceedings against the person concerned or upon acquittal.<ref name="ftn11">Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, Art. 18, § 3.</ref> The DNA profiles of those convicted of any recordable offence can be retained indefinitely. The DNA profiles which are derived from unidentified crime scene stains are stored in the database until they are identified.<br />
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All samples are retained indefinitely<ref name="ftn12">See EU Current Practices at 81.</ref><br />
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For Scotland: Convicted persons’ samples are retained indefinitely, but suspects’ samples must be destroyed upon their acquittal or when no criminal proceedings are initiated<ref name="ftn13">See EU Current Practices at 83.</ref><br />
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England & Wales: The CJPA 2001 allows for the indefinite retention of the DNA samples of both crime suspects and convicted offenders who are arrested or convicted of any recordable offence. This provision also applies to crime suspect who are subsequently acquitted or freed of charges.<br />
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Scotland: The DNA samples of those who are convicted of any recordable offence can be retained indefinitely. Those taken from persons who are arrested of any recordable offence have to be destroyed as soon as possible following the decision not to institute criminal proceedings against the person concerned or upon acquittal.<ref name="ftn15">Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, Art. 18, § 3.</ref><br />
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The Forensic Science Service, an Executive Designated staff employed by the Custodian Security clearance to Counter Terrorism Kingdom Agency of the Home Office, was responsible for the management of the National DNA Database since 1995, through the office of its Chief Scientist as Custodian of the Database, under a Memorandum of Understanding between the FSS and the Association of Chief Police Officers, revised in 2000, 2003 and again in 2005, and the oversight of the National DNA Database Board, chaired by ACPO. In July 2005, the Custodianship was transferred to the Home Office, then shortly thereafter to National Policing Improvement Agency.<br />
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Scotland: Although they can largely develop their own policies regarding the treatment of profiles and samples which are collected in the course of criminal investigations, it is not entirely correct to consider the databases of Scotland and England & Wales as two separate entities.<ref name="ftn16">P. Johnson & R. Williams, DNA and crime investigation: Scotland and the “UK National DNA Database,” 10 Scottish J. Crim. Justice Stds. 74 (2004).</ref> As Scotland exports all its profiles and unidentified crime scene stains to the NDNAD, the latter in fact contains nearly all UK profiles. As Scotland does not retain the profiles of suspects who are acquitted and against whom no criminal proceedings are instituted, these are the only profiles that stay in the custody of the Scottish police.<br />
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Oracle platform with Loader (input) and Match reporting database (repository for match information) It is an Oracle 9i database. Profiles are loaded electronically but from CSV files submitted as a batch rather than messaging.<br />
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All new profiles added to the Database are automatically searched on loading against all profiles held. The search regime uses 4 SGM discriminator loci to identify a matching sub-set which is then searched again using the remaining SGM Plus loci. Both exact and partial matches between Subject/crime scene and crime scene/crime scene are reported immediately (failed or rare alleles are treated as wild ‘cards’). Subject/subject matches are reported periodically.<br />
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One-off ‘snapshot’ speculative searches of sample profiles that do not meet the criteria for loading to the Database are also carried out using the same search regime. ‘Familial searches’ are also carried out to help identify potential relatives of offenders whose profiles are not on the Database A monthly search is also carried out for ‘near matches’ that differ by only 1 allele; these are then investigated to see if there has been an error in the profiling.<br />
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== References ==<br />
<references/></div>Admin