FDNAPI Wiki - User contributions [en]

United Arab Emirates

2014-04-08T20:54:13Z

Helenw:

The United Arab Emirates is building a DNA database of its entire population.

The UK Forensic Science Service (FSS) originally signed contracts to develop the database in 2006, but the FSS has since closed down due to bankruptcy.

According to an [http://www.adpolice.gov.ae/en/news/dna.adp.aspx Abu Dhabi Police Press Release] from 28th October 2010, [http://www.denverda.org/Meet_DA.htm Denver District Attorney] Mitchell R. Morrissey has trained the force in familial searching of the DNA database. Morrissey's [http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150327428120593 Facebook page] records his trip to UAE.

== Resources ==
*External links
**[http://www.adpolice.gov.ae/en/news/adp.lab.tech.bilaarussia.aspx Abu Dhabi Police: Abu Dhabi Police Reviews Forensic Laboratories Techniques in Belarus (21st March 2014)]
**[http://www.adpolice.gov.ae/en/News/adp.evid.renew.accrid.iso.aspx Abu Dhabi Police: Forensic Evidence Department Renews ISO Certificate (2nd January 2014)]
**[http://www.adpolice.gov.ae/en/News/dna.more.time.uae.aspx Abu Dhabi Police: Discussing means to Increase Participants of Emirates DNA Team (31st July 2012)]
**[http://www.adpolice.gov.ae/en/ Abu Dhabi Police]
**[http://www.dubaipolice.gov.ae/dp/jsps/home.do?switchLanguage=en&noCache=1396989403133 Dubai Police]
**[http://www.ukas.org/testing/schedules/Actual/4266Testing%20Single.pdf UKAS: Schedule of Accreditation (19th December 2013)]
**[http://www.worldrecordacademy.com/technology/largest_biometric_database_Emirates_Identity_Authority_sets_world_record_113117.html World Record Academy: Largest biometric database: Emirates Identity Authority sets world record (17th October 2012)]
**[http://www.theyworkforyou.com/wrans/?id=2011-01-31c.36495.h#g36495.r0 UK Parliamentary Question: FSS Contracts (27th January 2011)]
**[http://www.promega.co.uk/~/media/files/resources/conference%20proceedings/ishi%2022/oral%20presentations/al%20qahtani.pdf?la=en Al Qhatany (2011): DIRECT DNA AMPLIFICATION USING POWERPLEX 18D IN ABU DHABI FORENSIC EVIDENCE DEPARTMENT]
* Press releases
**[http://www.genewatch.org/article.shtml?als%5bcid%5d=566821&als%5bitemid%5d=567881 GeneWatch PR: Scientists and Royals both have responsibility for human rights (12th March 2011)]
**[http://www.genewatch.org/article.shtml?als%5bcid%5d=566821&als%5bitemid%5d=567879 GeneWatch, CRG and PI PR: Prince Andrew linked to Blair plan to DNA test whole population of UAE (11th March 2011)]
* Press articles
**[http://www.thenational.ae/uae/courts/stay-away-dont-try-to-play-with-us-dubai-police-tell-pink-panther-gang The National: Stay away, don’t try to play with us: Dubai Police tell Pink Panther gang (24th March 2014)]
**[http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/general/dubai-police-keeping-one-step-ahead-always-1.1194144 Gulf News: Dubai Police: Keeping one step ahead, always (7th June 2013)]
**[http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=121519 Daijiworld: Dubai Police to Get Training in DNA Technology at Lucknow (10th November 2011)]
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/mar/10/prince-andrew-human-rights The Guardian: Prince Andrew urged to undergo human rights awareness training (11th March 2011)]
**[http://www.publicservice.co.uk/news_story.asp?id=15744 Public Service: Palace denies 'shameful' database link (11th March 2011)]
**[http://www.arabhealthonline.com/IndustryNews/IndNews68/ Arab Health: UAE to collect 10 million DNA samples - Project to involve all residents and will cost Dh4 billion (19th January 2011)]
**[http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/forensic-evidence-traps-more-criminals-in-uae The National: Forensic evidence traps more criminals in UAE (18th January 2011)]
**[http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/crime/uae-aims-to-create-dna-database-in-10-year-project-1.747958 Gulf News: UAE aims to create DNA database in 10-year project (18th January 2011)]
** [http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data/theuae/2011/January/theuae_January482.xml&section=theuae Khaleej Times: Police to set up DNA database nationwide (19th January 2011)]
** [http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=400951&version=1&template_id=36&parent_id=16 Gulf Times: GCC mulls sharing personal data in war against crime, terror (26th November 2010)]
** [http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/single-card-for-residents-next-year The National: Single card for residents next year (13th October 2009)] Dr al Khouri said. "We have explored the issue of consolidating the DNA database with the national ID, but we agreed that at this stage we will not be doing that. The vision is to have one prime database."
**[http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/health/uae-is-urged-to-find-a-balance The National: UAE is urged to find a balance (7th October 2009)]
**[http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/babylonbeyond/2009/10/uae-government-to-create-dna-database-of-all-residents-starting-with-children.html LA Times: UAE: Government to create DNA database of all residents, starting with children (7th October 2009)] Reports that Sir Alec Jeffreys, the British geneticist who invented DNA fingerpinting, questioned the ethics of the UAE's planned database, calling for a "full transparent justification of why a universal database is needed compared with a criminal DNA database."
** [http://www.timeoutdubai.com/knowledge/news/10981-uae-dna-database TimeOut Dubai: UAE aims to begin collecting DNA samples from residents in a year (7th October 2009)] Reports that the UAE aims to begin collecting DNA samples from residents in a year. The order would probably be issued as a security directive and not require the passage of new legislation. The goal is to take 1 million samples a year with the project itself possibly taking up to 10 years.
** [http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/health/dna-database-set-to-start-in-a-year The National: DNA database set to start in a year (7th October 2009)]
** [http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/dna-databank-proposal-raises-privacy-concerns The National: DNA databank proposal raises privacy concerns (2nd October 2009)] Reports privacy concerns within UAE.
** [http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data/theuae/2008/November/theuae_November34.xml&section=theuae&col= Khaleej Times: Abu Dhabi Interpol Signs DNA charter (2nd November 2008)]
** [http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data/theuae/2006/March/theuae_March624.xml&section=theuae Kaleej Times: Police building unified DNA database to fight crime (20th March 2006)] Dr Colonel Ahmed Hassan Al Awadhi, Director of the Criminal Evidence Department at the Abu Dhabi Police General Directorate, announces that they have set the ground for a DNA database "which will contain the information on the DNA of each and every Emarati and expatriate living in the UAE" and that this is part of UAE's [http://www.citizen-id.com/ identity card project].
** [http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/FSS_UAE_PR.doc FSS Press Release (January 2006) ]31st January 2006
** [http://new.arabianbusiness.com/deal-inked-develop-criminal-evidence-lab-209269.html Arabian Business: Deal inked to develop criminal evidence lab (31st January 2006)] Reports that Prince Andrew said he was delighted at what he called the "first class partnership" between the UK Forensic Science Service Laboratory and the Abu Dhabi Police. He also expressed hope that this contract would be the beginning of a "long and developing relationship" between the UAE and Britain.
** [http://www.adpolice.gov.ae/en/news/1772.aspx Abu Dhabi Police Press Release: The Abu Dhabi Police and UK Forensic laboratory have signed a contract for rehabilitation and development of Abu Dhabi Police criminal evidence laboratory (25th January 2006)]
** [http://www.7days.ae/storydetails.php?id=3760&page=localnews&title=DNA%20Database 7Days: DNA database (21st December 2005)] Reports that all residents of the UAE could soon be made to provide DNA samples to the government if new plans to compile a DNA database to help police solve crimes are approved. An unnamed spokesman states: "We are still working out the details and mechanisms of how those samples would be collected and used but most likely, saliva samples would be taken from people when they apply for their unified national identification cards". A person's DNA data would then be included on their ID cards - the mandatory cards are set to be introduced next year for both UAE nationals and expats and will also include other biometric information such as fingerprints.

Japan

2014-04-08T20:28:54Z

Helenw:

__TOC__

== Overview ==

Japan set up its DNA database in 2004 and introduced legislation in 2005. A survey conducted by Interpol reports that as of 2008 9,611 crime scene DNA profiles and 16,346 individuals' profiles recorded in the national DNA database. In Japan, there are no special rules regarding the admissibility of DNA evidence. Rather, the same rules as apply to scientific evidence generally are applied. These rules are not statutory; they have been crafted from the bench in the form of precedent. Persons can only be coerced into surrendering a DNA sample upon a written warren; however, no warrant is required for the police to collect samples that have voluntarily or inadvertently become separated from that person, i.e. in their garbage, etc.

== Resources ==
* Press articles
**[http://metro.co.uk/2014/03/27/boxer-on-death-row-for-48-years-proven-innocent-after-a-dna-test-4681143/Metro: Boxer on death row for 48 years proven innocent after a DNA test (27th March 2014)]
**[http://www.khaleejtimes.com/kt-article-display-1.asp?section=international&xfile=data/international/2012/december/international_december1147.xml Khaleej Times: Nepalese demands compensation after 15 years in Japan jail (30th December 2012)]
**[http://ajw.asahi.com/article/economy/technology/AJ201211300006 Asahi Shimbun: NEC developing portable crime-fighting device to reduce time in identifying DNA (30th November 2012)]
**[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2012/01/31/national/four-prefectural-police-hqs-get-dna-analyzers/#.UkWkjhAfj3U Japan Times: Four prefectural police HQs get DNA analyzers (31st January 2012)]
** [http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110504a4.html Japan Times: DNA database planned to help identify bodies (4th May 2011)]
** [http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20100324f3.html The Japan Times: Group attempts DNA database for workers in high-risk zones (24th March 2010)]
**[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2010/03/21/national/dna-data-entry-snafu-fingers-innocent-man/#.UkWj_RAfj3U Japan Times: DNA data entry snafu fingers innocent man (21st March 2010)]
** [http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20090605a1.html The Japan Times: DNA test findings lead to lifer's release (5th June 2009)] The first DNA test to lead to a conviction in Japan is overturned following further testing, leading to the release of a wrongly convicted man after 17 years in jail.
** [http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20090422a2.html The Japan Times: Lifer's DNA retested, erasing link to girl slain in '90 (22nd April 2009)]
** [http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20081008a2.html The Japan Times: Public wariness hampers police (8th October 2008)]
**[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2006/03/17/national/dna-database-had-hits-in-245-crimes/#.UkWjgRAfj3U Japan Times: DNA database had hits in 245 crimes (17th March 2006)]
**[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2004/12/17/national/npa-to-launch-unsolved-crime-dna-database/#.UkWjGRAfj3U Japan Times: NPA to launch unsolved-crime DNA database (17th December 2004)]

== Detailed Analysis ==
'''I. Law on Point'''

DNA Handling and Recording Regulations<ref name="ftn1"> DNA<nowiki>型記録取扱規則 [</nowiki>DNA Handling and Recording Regulations], National Public Safety Commission Regulation No. 50 of 2005.</ref>

Police Instructions on DNA<ref name="ftn2"> DNA<nowiki>型記録取扱細則 [Detailed Rules for </nowiki>DNA Handling and Recording], Police Instruction No. 8 of 26 August 2005.</ref>

There are no special rules of evidence for the admissibility of DNA test results. The general rule for the admissibility of scientific evidence applies in the same way. This rule is not statutory but based on judicial precedent .It consists of two judgment factors. One is that the scientific test concerned has a general reliability, and the other is that the test was carried out properly in the case in question. The latter means that the collect-ion, storage and testing of samples must be properly conducted.

There is only one case in which the Supreme Court has decided on the admissibility of DNA test results.<ref name="ftn3"> Saiko-Saibansho Keiji-Hanreishu, vol 54 No 6, 17 July 2000, 550.</ref> The Court ruled in a murder case that the result of a NICT115 type DNA test conducted by the police was admissible, because the scientific principle of the MCT118 type test has theoretical accuracy, and the test in this case was conducted in a scientifically exact way by a person who possessed the requisite skills for conducting the test. This decision was basically based on the above general rule.

Besides this, some courts have referred to the possibility of a second testing of samples in fudging the admissibility of DNA test results. However, the Supreme Court had not found that it should be a requirement in determining admissibility.

Defense lawyers usually challenge DNA evidence by insisting that it does not meet the above-mentioned requirements for the admissibility of scientific evidence. There is one case in which the admissibility of the DNA test result was denied on the ground that the storage and test of the sample, which was hair in this case, had been improper.<ref name="ftn4"> Hanrei-Jihou, No 1543, 30 June 1995, 181 (Fukuoka Appellate Court).</ref>

The courts have found in several cases that DNA test results could be an important piece of evidence in establishing a person’s guilt, but there still has been no case in which the defendant was found guilty based only on DNA test results. Rather, the courts evaluate DNA test results together with other evidence, or use them as corroborative evidence. In the above-mentioned case„ the Supreme Court pointed out that the credibility of the DNA test results should be checked cautiously. In this sense, Japan’s courts are still prudent in judging the evidentiary value of DNA test results.

'''II. Entry Criteria'''

Under Japanese law, DNA samples may be taken and tested when the investigation starts. In order for these procedures to take place it is not necessary that either the suspect be arrested, or that criminal charges be filed.

'''III. Sample Collection'''

The formalities required in relation to the collection of samples will vary depending on the manner the collection of samples takes. On the one hand, when it is conducted on a compulsory basis, for example, a blood sample from a suspect is taken against his will, a warrant issued by a judge is necessary without exception. On the other hand, when it is conducted on a non-compulsory basis, for example, when the police collect the hairs of a suspect from a garbage can put out by that suspect, no warrant is necessary.

Generally speaking, force that is necessary and reasonable in order to enforce the warrant may be used For example, if the suspect resists the taking of his or her blood sample, the police can hold his or her body down to suppress resistance and restrain him or her forcibly.

According to Japanese law, there is no differentiation between persons in relation to the collection of samples. In effect, therefore, the same rules apply to all people who are suspects.

'''VI. Sample Retention'''

Japan has a statute dealing with the retention of records of criminal trials (the Finalized Criminal Suit Document Law 1987). This law provides the period for which records of criminal trials mmt be retained. DNA test results, which usually appear as written expert opinion., must also be retained under this law when they were presented as evidence at trial. The period of retention is from three to 50 years, according to the seriousness of the crime in question, The Public Prosecutor’s Office is responsible for their retention.

This law does not apply to DNA samples and test results that were not presented at trial. The internal regulation of the Public Prosecutor’s Office provide-5 the period for which they are tube stored. On the other hand, there are no statutory rules that provide for when samples and test results must be destroyed. However, in the internal guidelines of the police for the practice of DNA tests, the rest of blood samples taken on a warrant must be destroyed after the test has been completed. Thus, the Public Prosecutor’s Office and the police can retain and store other samples and DNA test results.

'''VI. Sample Retention'''

When DNA test results are objects of the above-mentioned Finalized Criminal Suit Document Law, they can be released to everyone, with some exceptions. The release of other DNA test results depends upon who requests them. When other investigation authorities request them, the results are released, because all public offices are obligated to co-operate with an investigation (Article 197(1), Code of Criminal Procedure). On the other hand, when other government authorities or private citizens request them, they wit l not be released because of the duty to protect secrets.

== References==

<references/>

Israel

2014-04-08T20:01:36Z

Helenw:

Israel set up a DNA database in 2007.

The 2008 Interpol survey reports that 25,000 crime scene DNA profiles and 4,180 individuals' profiles were held in Israel at the time of the survey.

A law allowing the establishment of a database of DNA from missing persons was adopted in 2011.

== Resources ==
* Press articles
**[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/201381884521670442.html Palestinians struggle to identify bodies (18th August 2013)]
**[http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/police-skirt-law-create-migrant-dna-database.premium-1.518707 Haaretz: Israel Police skirt law, create migrant DNA database (2nd May 2013)]
**[http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=311883 The Jerusalem Post: Knesset c'tee to debate DNA database on African migrants (2nd May 2013)]
**[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2013-05/02/c_132355315.htm Xinhua.net: Israel establishes DNA database of illegal African migrants: report (2nd May 2013)]
**[http://www.khaleejtimes.com/kt-article-display-1.asp?section=middleeast&xfile=data/middleeast/2012/march/middleeast_march370.xml Khaleej Times: Palestinians ask Israeli court to halt DNA tests (15th March 2012)]
**[http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=261828&R=R101 Jerusalem Post: Katsav refuses to give DNA sample to police (14th March 2012)]
** [http://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=225395 Jerusalem Post: Knesset c'tees pass bills allowing wider criminal database (17th June 2011)] On 14th June, the Constitution, Law and Justice Committee passed a bill for a second and third plenum vote, which would allow the police to keep a database of fingerprints and DNA in order to identify missing or unknown people who are injured in major incidents. The law will also allow details from the police's criminal database to be cross-checked with fingerprints collected from foreign workers and Palestinians.
** [http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=224937 Jerusalem Post: DNA database bill approved for 2nd, 3rd readings (14th June 2011)]

2005 Amendment to the Criminal Procedure Law<ref name="ftn1"> Criminal Procedure (Enforcement of Powers) 2010 Amendments

</ref>

----
<references/>

Malaysia

2014-04-08T19:39:32Z

Helenw:

__TOC__

== Overview ==
The Malaysian national forensic DNA database was formally established by legislation enacted in 2009. The DNA Bill was passed by a razor thin 48-47 majority in June 2009 in the context of the controversial Anwar trial. The legislation allows the database to contain profiles from anyone suspected or convicted of any crime, and unidentified crime scene stains. The police are empowered to coercively collect DNA samples from anyone “reasonably suspected” of having committed any crime. Both genetic profiles and samples may be stored indefinitely, except when an individual has been acquitted or when further investigation reveals that they were not involved in the commission of any crime.

Implementation of the DNA database was then delayed pending development of detailed regulations and data protection laws. Regulations were adopted in 2012. They require removal of innocent people's DNA profiles in accordance with Section 17 of the Act and destruction of DNA samples once the individual's DNA profile has been uploaded.

The 2008 Interpol survey reports that 300 crime scene DNA profiles were held in Malaysia at the time of the survey.

== Resources ==
*External links
**[http://malaysianlaw.my/attachments/Malaysian-law-PUA-274-of-2012-DNA-Regulations-2012-73138.pdf DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) IDENTIFICATION REGULATIONS 2012]
**[http://www.newcljlaw.com/others/legislationbrowseActresult.asp?a=NUMBER;ACT+699 DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) IDENTIFICATION ACT 2009]
**[http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/legal/general_news/bar_council_memorandum_on_the_deoxyribonucleic_acid_dna_identification_bill.html Bar Council memorandum on the Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Identification Bill (6th March 2009)]
**[http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/human_rights/human_rights_committee_2008/2009_annual_report.html Human Rights Committee 2008/2009 Annual Report (2nd March 2009)]
**[http://www.cpps.org.my/resource_centre/Factsheet_DNA%20Bill.pdf CPPS Policy Factsheet: DNA Bill]
**[http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/press_statements/press_release_bar_council_public_forum_the_dna_bill_do_we_need_it_.html The Malaysian Bar: Press Release: Bar Council Public Forum – The DNA Bill: Do We Need It? (6th October 2008)]
**[http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/human_rights/bar_council_submits_human_rights_report_to_the_united_nations.html The Malaysian Bar: Bar Council submits Human Rights Report to the United Nations (10th September 2008)]
*Press articles
**[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia-pacific/2014/03/malaysia-opposition-chief-convicted-sodomy-20143793158571218.html Malaysia opposition chief convicted of sodomy (7th March 2014)]
**[http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/legal/general_news/end_to_data_abuse.html The Sun Daily: End to data abuse (23rd October 2012)]
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16463989 BBC: Anwar Ibrahim acquitted of sodomy in Malaysia (9th January 2012)]
** [http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2011/11/7/nation/20111107171350&sec=nation The Star: Using DNA to combat trafficking of children (7th November 2011)]
**[http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/legal/general_news/personal_data_still_open_to_abuse.html The Star: Personal data still open to abuse (17th October 2011)]
**[http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/legal/general_news/handling_of_specimen_was_flawed_dna_expert_tells_court.html The Star: Handling of specimen was flawed, DNA expert tells court (26th August 2011)]
**[http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/national_young_lawyers/putik_lada_personal_data_and_the_law.html The Star: Putik Lada: Personal data and the law (5th August 2010)]
**[http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/national_young_lawyers/putik_lada_protecting_personal_data.html Putik Lada : Protecting personal data (10th June 2010)]
**[http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/general_opinions/comments/2009_stuck_in_a_moment_you_cant_get_out_of.html The Malaysian Insider: 2009: Stuck in a moment you can’t get out of (30th December 2009)]
**[http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/general_opinions/comments/the_day_bn_almost_fell.html My Sinchew: The day BN almost fell (23rd December 2009)]
**[http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/general_opinions/comments/hrw_politics_drive_upcoming_anwar_trial.html Loyar Burok: HRW: Politics Drive Upcoming Anwar Trial (15th July 2009)]
**[http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/legal/general_news/brendan_navin_siva_allow_dna_testing_for_old_cases.html New Sunday Times: Brendan Navin Siva: Allow DNA testing for old cases (30th March 2009)]
** [http://asia.cnet.com/blogs/why-you-should-oppose-the-dna-identification-bill-updated-62116296.htm CNET Asia: Why YOU should oppose the DNA Identification Bill (updaed) (3rd August 2008)]
**[http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/human_rights/human_rights_the_law_dna_bill_needs_scrutiny.html The Sun: Human Rights & The Law: Truths and myths behind the DNA Bill (16th October 2008)]
**[http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/bar_news/berita_badan_peguam/dna_bill_must_be_scrapped_say_legal_experts.html The Sun: DNA Bill must be scrapped, say legal experts (14th October 2008)]
**[http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/bar_news/berita_badan_peguam/bar_channel_funds_for_dna_bank_to_crime_prevention.html The Star: Bar: Channel funds for DNA bank to crime prevention (7th October 2008)]
**[http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/human_rights/human_rights_the_law_truths_and_myths_behind_the_dna_bill.html Human Rights & The Law: Truths and myths behind the DNA Bill (7th October 2008)]
**[http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/bar_news/berita_badan_peguam/bar_council_to_hold_public_forum_on_dna_bill.html The Star: Bar Council to hold public forum on DNA Bill (6th October 2008)]
**[http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/human_rights/debate_over_dna_databank.html The Sunday Star: Debate over DNA databank (7th September 2008)]
**[http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/general_opinions/comments/case_for_a_select_committee.html The Star: Case for a select committee (1st September 2008)]
**[http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/bar_news/berita_badan_peguam/dewan_rakyat_bill_undermines_courts_jurisdiction_say_lawyers.html New Straits Times: Dewan Rakyat: Bill undermines court's jurisdiction, say lawyers (27th August 2008)]

== Detailed Analysis ==
'''I. Law on Point'''

The Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Identification Act of 2009<ref name="ftn1"> Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Identification Act of 2009, Malaysian Government Gazette of September 3, 2009, Malaysia Act 699.1 ''et seq.'' (LEXIS) (hereinafter “Act 699”).

</ref> establishes the “Forensic DNA Databank Malaysia.”<ref name="ftn2"> Act 699, § 3(1)

</ref> The DNA Databank is under the management of the Head of DNA Databank.<ref name="ftn3"> Act 699, § 3(2)

</ref>

'''II. Entry Criteria'''

Malaysian law states that the primary objective of the DNA Databank is for the purpose of human identification in relation to forensic investigation.<ref name="ftn4"> Act 699, § 4(1)

</ref> <nowiki>However, it is lawful to utilize the DNA profiles and any information in relation thereto kept in the DNA database for the purpose of identifying any “living or deceased person[].”</nowiki><ref name="ftn5"> Act 699, § 4(2)(b)

</ref>

The Forensic DNA Databank Malaysia consists of six indices: (1) a crime scene index, (2) a suspected persons index, (3) a convicted offenders index, (4) a detainee index, (5) a drug dependants index, (6) a missing persons index, and (7) a voluntary index. The a crime scene index contains DNA profiles and any information in relation thereto derived from an intimate sample or a non-intimate sample that is found on anything or at any place where an offence was committed, on or within the body of a victim of an offence, on anything worn or carried by the victim of an offence at the time when the offence was committed, or on or within the body of any person reasonably suspected of having committed an offence.<ref name="ftn6"> Act 699, § 3(3)(a)

</ref> The suspected persons index contains DNA profiles and any information in relation thereto derived from an intimate sample or a non-intimate sample taken from persons reasonably suspected of having committed an offence and includes suspects who have not been charged in any court for any offence.<ref name="ftn7"> Act 699, § 3(3)(b)

</ref> The convicted offenders index contains DNA profiles and any information in relation thereto derived from an intimate sample or a non-intimate sample taken from persons convicted of any offence under any written law.<ref name="ftn8"> Act 699, § 3(3)(c)

</ref>

The detainee index contains DNA profiles and any information in relation thereto derived from an intimate sample or a non-intimate sample taken from a detainee.<ref name="ftn9"> Act 699, § 3(3)(d)

</ref> The drug dependants index contains DNA profiles and any information in relation thereto derived from an intimate sample or a non-intimate sample taken from a drug dependant.<ref name="ftn10"> Act 699, § 3(3)(e)

</ref> The missing persons index contains DNA profiles and any information in relation thereto derived from an intimate sample or a non-intimate sample taken from the body or parts of the body of an unidentified deceased person, anything worn or carried by a missing person or the next of kin of a missing person if so required.<ref name="ftn11"> Act 699, § 3(3)(f)

</ref> Finally, the voluntary index contains DNA profiles and any information in relation thereto derived from an intimate sample or a non-intimate sample taken from a person who volunteers to submit the same for the purpose of storage of the DNA information in the DNA Databank.<ref name="ftn12"> Act 699, § 3(3)(g)

</ref>

Any existing DNA profile and any information in relation thereto kept and maintained by the Chemistry Department of Malaysia or Royal Malaysia Police, immediately before the coming into operation of this Act shall, on the coming into operation of this Act, be deemed to have been kept and maintained in and to form part of the DNA Databank established under this Act in accordance with indices applying.<ref name="ftn13"> Act 699, § 25

</ref>

'''III. Sample Collection'''

An intimate sample of a person reasonably suspected of having committed an offence, a detainee<ref name="ftn14"> Malaysian law defines detainee as any “<nowiki>person arrested and detained under the Emergency (Public Order and Prevention of Crime) Ordinance 1969 [Ord. 5/1969] or the Dangerous Drugs (Special Preventive Measures) Act 1985 [Act 316].” </nowiki>See Act 699, § 2.

</ref>, or a drug dependant<ref name="ftn15"> Malaysian law defines a drug dependent as any “<nowiki>person who is subject to such order or decision made pursuant to the Drug Dependants (Treatment and Rehabilitation) Act 1983 [Act 283].” </nowiki>See Act 699, § 2.

</ref>, may be taken for forensic DNA analysis only if an officer authorizes it to be taken and an the appropriate consent<ref name="ftn16"> Malaysian law defines appropriate consent “(a) in relation to a person who is under the age of eighteen years, the consent in writing of his parent or guardian; (b) in relation to a person who has attained the age of eighteen years, the consent in writing of that person; or (c) in relation to a person in whom there is a condition of arrested or incomplete development of mind or body whether such condition arises from inherent causes or is induced by disease or injury and who is incapable of understanding the general nature and effect of a forensic DNA analysis or is incapable of indicating whether he consents or does not consent to give his intimate sample or non-intimate sample, the consent in writing of his parent or guardian.” See Act 699, § 2.

</ref> is given by the person from whom an intimate sample is to be taken.<ref name="ftn17"> Act 699, § 12(2)

</ref> Malaysian law defines an intimate sample as “(a) a sample of blood, semen or any other tissue or fluid taken from a person’s body, urine or pubic hair; or (b) a swab taken from any part of a person’s genitals (including pubic hair) or from a person's body orifice other than the mouth.”<ref name="ftn18"> Act 699, § 2

</ref> What’s more, an “offense” includes “any act or omission punishable by any law.”<ref name="ftn19"> Act 699, § 2

</ref> A non-intimate sample of a person reasonably suspected of having committed an offence; a detainee, or a drug dependant, may be taken only if an authorized officer authorizes it to be taken. Unlike the case of intimate samples, there is no consent requirement for the taking of a non-intimate sample.<ref name="ftn20"> Act 699, § 13(2)

</ref>

Subject to an appropriate consent being given when required, an authorized officer shall only give his authorization if he has reasonable grounds for suspecting that the person from whom the intimate sample is to be taken has committed an offence and believing that the sample will tend to confirm or disprove the commission of the offence by that person, an arrest has been effected on or a detention order has been made against a detainee, or an order or a decision has been made pursuant to the Drug Dependants (Treatment and Rehabilitation) Act 1983 against a drug dependant.<ref name="ftn21"> Act 699, § 12(3)

</ref> An authorized officer shall give his authorization under subsection in writing, or where it is impracticable to do so, may give such authorization orally, in which case he must confirm it in writing as soon as may be possible.<ref name="ftn22"> Act 699, § 12(4)

</ref> If a person from whom a non-intimate sample is to be taken under this Act refuses to give the sample or refuses to allow the sample to be taken from him without good cause or the sample cannot be obtained despite all reasonable efforts taken, that person may be taken before a magistrate and the magistrate may, if satisfied that there is reasonable cause to believe that the sample tends to prove or disprove the commission of an offence by that person, order that person to provide his non-intimate sample.<ref name="ftn23"> Act 699, § 13 (7)

</ref> The law is silent on what would constitute “good cause” for refusing consent.

Furthermore, an intimate sample or a non-intimate sample may be taken for forensic DNA analysis from any person who is serving his term of imprisonment in connection with an offence of which he has been convicted. The law is silent on the issue of consent, and thus it is likely not required in this case.<ref name="ftn24"> Act 699, § 15

</ref>

'''IV. Removal Criteria'''

Where an intimate sample or a non-intimate sample has been taken in accordance with this Act from a person reasonably suspected of having committed an offence and investigations reveal that he was not involved in the commission of any offence, the charge against him in respect of any offence is withdrawn, he is discharged by a court of an offence with which he has been charged, at trial or on appeal, he is acquitted of an offence with which he has been charged, at trial or on appeal, or he is not charged in any court for any offence within a period of one year from the date of taking of such sample from him, the Head of DNA Databank shall, within six months of so being notified by the Officer in Charge of a Police District of the fact, remove the DNA profile and any information in relation thereto of such person from the DNA Databank.<ref name="ftn25"> Act 699, § 17(a) to (d)

</ref>

'''V. Sample Retention'''

The Head of DNA Databank shall safely and securely store all intimate samples and non-intimate samples that are collected for the purpose of forensic DNA analysis, the portions of the samples that the Head of DNA Databank consider appropriate and without delay destroy any remaining portions.<ref name="ftn26"> Act 699, § 16

</ref>

'''VI. Database Access'''

Genetic profiles stored in the DNA database are derived by analysis carried out by the Chemistry Department of Malaysia or Forensic Laboratory of the Royal Malaysia Police.<ref name="ftn27"> Act 699, § 5

</ref> Access to, a communication about or use of DNA profiles or any information in relation thereto stored in the DNA Databank is limited to the Head of DNA Databank, Deputy Head of DNA Databank DNA Databank officers or any chemist. Moreover, the law prescribes that such use shall only for the purposes of forensic comparison with any other DNA profiles or information in the course of an investigation of any offence conducted by any enforcement agency, administering the DNA Databank; or making the information available to the person to whom the information relates.<ref name="ftn28"> Act 699, § 11(1)(a) to (1)(c)

</ref>

== References ==
<references/>

Europe

2014-04-08T18:04:49Z

Helenw:

Details on DNA databases in each European country can be found on the country pages. Below are resources covering the whole of Europe, including information about the sharing of DNA database matches within the European Union (which is governed by the Pruem Decisions). The UK has opted out of the agreement.
The landmark decision of the European Court of Human Rights in the case of S. and Marper v. the UK led to the removal of over 1.7 million DNA profiles taken from innocent people and from children and the destruction of 7,753,000 DNA samples in England and Wales.

== Resources ==
*External links
**[http://www.enfsi.eu/page.php?uid=98 European Network of Forensic Science Institutes]
**[http://dnadatabank.forensischinstituut.nl/dna_databanken/dna_databank_strafzaken/internationale_vergelijking/ Nederlands Forensisch Instituut: Internationale vergelijking (In Dutch)] Includes a list of countries that have implemented the Pruem agreements.
**[https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/page/member-states-131 Europol: Member States]
**[http://dnadatabank.forensischinstituut.nl/Images/enfsi-document-on-dna-database-management-2013_tcm127-497605.pdf ENFSI: DNA-DATABASE MANAGEMENT REVIEW AND RECOMMENDATIONS ENFSI DNA Working Group (April 2013)]
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmselect/cmeuleg/86-xxix/8622.htm UK Parliament: European Scrutiny Committee: Twenty-ninth Report of Session 2012-13: Section 20 The Prüm Decisions: cross-border cooperation on terrorism and crime (23rd January 2013)]
**[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2012:0732:FIN:EN:PDF REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL on the implementation of Council Decision 2008/615/JHA of 23 June 2008 on the stepping up of cross-border cooperation, particularly in combating terrorism and cross-border crime (the ‘Prüm Decision’) (7th December 2012)]
**[http://www.statewatch.org/analyses/no-197-prum-implementation.pdf StateWatch: Complex, technologically fraught and expensive" ‐ the problematic implementation of the Prüm Decision (June 2012)]
**[http://www.enfsi.eu/sites/default/files/documents/enfsi_document_on_dna-database_management_2012_0.pdf ENFSI DNA Working Group: DNA-DATABASE MANAGEMENT REVIEW AND RECOMMENDATIONS (April 2012)]
**[http://www.europeanfoundation.org/my_weblog/2012/03/margarida-vasconcelos--4.html European Foundation: Margarida Vasconcelos: DNA and Fingerprints a la carte (20th March 2012)]
**[http://lstat.kuleuven.be/jobs/files/2012%20PIES_summary_2012-09-03.pdf PIES – The Prüm Implementation, Evaluation, and Strengthening of Forensic DNA Data Exchange (2011)] Research project.
**[http://criminology.research.southwales.ac.uk/media/files/documents/2012-02-01/pub-williams-2011-transnational-exchange.pdf McCartney et al (2011): Transnational Exchange of Forensic DNA: Viability, Legitimacy, and Acceptability]
**[http://www.statewatch.org/analyses/no-134-dna-databases.pdf Statewatch Analysis "Network with errors": Europe’s emerging web of DNA databases]
**[http://www.statewatch.org/news/2011/jul/eu-council-prum-dna-exchange-guide-7609-rev1-11.pdf EU: Council of the European Union: Implementation of Council Decisions 2008/615/JHA and 2008/616/JHA- Implementation guide - DNA data exchange (12th July 2011)]
**[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:238:0001:0002:EN:PDF Council Decision 2010/482/EU of 26 July 2010] Extension of the Pruem agreements to the non-EU countries Iceland and Norway.
**[http://www.promega.com/resources/articles/profiles-in-dna/2011/forensic-dna-profiles-crossing-borders-in-europe/ van der Beek, C.P. (2011) Forensic DNA Profiles Crossing Borders in Europe (Implementation of the Treaty of Pruem)]
**[http://www.statewatch.org/semdoc/index.php?id=748 StateWatch: Cross-border police cooperation (implementation of Pruem Decision)]
**[https://www.privacyinternational.org/ephr Privacy International: European Privacy and Human Rights]
**[http://www.promega.com/~/media/files/resources/conference%20proceedings/ishi%2009/oral%20presentations/11.pdf?la=en ISHI: National DNA Intelligence Databases in Europe – Report on the Current Situation (2009)]
**[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32009F0905:EN:HTML Council Framework Decision 2009/905/JHA of 30 November 2009 on Accreditation of forensic service providers carrying out laboratory activities. Official Journal of the European Union]
**[http://www.promega.com/~/media/Files/Resources/Profiles%20In%20DNA/1201/Expansion%20of%20the%20European%20Standard%20Set.ashx Schneider PM (2009) Expansion of the European Standard Set of DNA Database Loci - the Current Situation] When massive exchanges of DNA profiles are undertaken following the implementation of the Treaty of Pruem, the seven European Standard Set (ESS) loci, required for a match to be reported under the Pruem Directive, will not be sufficient because the chance of adventitious matches will no longer be negligible. In addition, each DNA database contains a significant portion of partial profiles with an even higher probability to match randomly.
**[http://www.genewatch.org/sub-563146 GeneWatch UK: The Marper case] Press coverage, evidence and debate surrounding the case of S. and Marper v. the United Kingdom.
** [http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-90051 Case of S. and Marper v. the United Kingdom. Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights. Judgment. Strasbourg (4th December 2008)] Landmark unanimous judgment by the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights, which ruled that the UK has breached the European Convention of Human Rights by retaining DNA and fingerprints of innocent people indefinitely. Led to the adoption of the Protection of Freedoms Act in the UK.
**[http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/yadda/element/bwmeta1.element.elsevier-8d648f10-75fa-38a6-abf3-c4d172e1dad7 Kierkegaard (2008) The Prüm decision – An uncontrolled fishing expedition in 'Big Brother' Europe]
**[http://www.dna-conference.eu/ Conference: DNA data exchange in Europe (5-6 June 2008)]
**[http://database.statewatch.org/article.asp?aid=28346 StateWatch: EU: Searching for Needles in an ever expanding haystack: Cross-border DNA exchange in the wake of the Prum Treaty by Eric Topfer]
**[http://www.genewatch.org/sub-567900 GeneWatch UK: Pruem Decisions]
**[http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/police-cooperation/prum-decision/index_en.htm DG Home Affairs: Prüm Decision]
**[http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/justice_freedom_security/police_customs_cooperation/jl0005_en.htm Europa: Stepping up cross-border cooperation (Prüm Decision)]
**[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:210:0012:0072:EN:PDF COUNCIL DECISION 2008/616/JHA of 23 June 2008 on the stepping up of cross-border cooperation] 2008/616/JHA and 2008/615/JHA are jointly known as the Pruem Decisions. They allow automated exchange of DNA, fingerprint and vehicle registration data across the EU.
**[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:210:0001:0011:EN:PDF COUNCIL DECISION 2008/615/JHA of 23 June 2008 on the stepping up of cross-border cooperation]
**[http://www.academia.edu/782994/National_Forensic_DNA_Databases._Socio-Ethical_Challenges_and_Current_Practices_In_the_EU Van Camp & Dierickx: National Forensic DNA Databases: Socio-ethical challenges and current practices in the EU (2007)]
**[http://www.statewatch.org/news/2007/sep/eu-dna-9445-rev1-06.pdf Council of The European Union: DNA databases to assist with criminal investigations (16th June 2006)]
**[http://register.consilium.europa.eu/doc/srv?l=EN&t=PDF&gc=true&sc=false&f=ST%2010900%202005%20INIT&r=http%3A%2F%2Fregister.consilium.europa.eu%2Fpd%2Fen%2F05%2Fst10%2Fst10900.en05.pdf Pruem Treaty] Germany, Spain, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Austria and Belgium signed the Prüm Treaty in the German town of Prüm in 2005. The agreement was later expanded to all EU member states via the Pruem Decisions, which allow automated exchange of DNA, fingerprint and vehicle registration data across the EU.

*Press articles
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2013/jul/08/britain-european-arrest-warrant-reform The Guardian: Britain to keep European arrest warrant but try to reform it (8th July 2013)] Reports that Britain will no longer support the DNA-sharing process known as the Pruem decision.
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-21354256 BBC: DNA crime-fighting in UK 'lagging behind', experts say (8th February 2013)]
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2259319/EU-demands-access-details-UK-drivers-Orwellian-hand-personal-information-foreign-police-forces.html?ito=feeds-newsxml Daily Mail: EU demands access to details of all UK drivers: 'Orwellian' move to hand out personal information to foreign police forces (9th January 2013)]
**[http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21128285.500-euro-dna-treaty-risks-false-positives.html?DCMP=OTC-rss&nsref=online-news New Scientist: DNA super-network increases risk of mix-ups (5th September 2011)]
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1091880/One-million-innocent-people-profiles-wiped-Britains-DNA-database-court-ruling.html The Daily Mail: One million innocent people could have their profiles wiped from Britain's 'Orwellian' DNA database after court ruling (5th December 2008)]
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-a-victory-for-civil-liberties-ndash-but-the-larger-war-still-rages-1052547.html The Independent: A victory for civil liberties - but the larger war still rages (5th December 2008)]
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/3547773/DNA-database-Campaigners-welcome-ruling-that-DNA-holding-breaches-human-rights.html The Telegraph: Campaigners welcome ruling that DNA-holding breaches human rights (4th December 2008)]
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7765484.stm BBC: Europe DNA ruling resonates in UK (4th December 2008)]

United Kingdom

2014-04-08T17:25:49Z

Helenw:

== Overview ==
The UK’s DNA database was the first to be established, in 1995. Two changes in the law, made by the Blair Government in 2001 and 2003, led to a massive expansion of the database. DNA samples and records were collected routinely from everyone arrested for any recordable offence, from the age of ten, and retained indefinitely whether or not they were charged or convicted.

The 2008 Interpol survey reports that 329,660 crime scene DNA profiles and 5,093,145 individuals' profiles, plus 163 unknown/deceased DNA profiles were held in the UK at the time of the survey. The number of individuals' DNA profiles stored has since increased to about 6 million.

Scotland rejected plans to retain DNA records from innocent people indefinitely in 2006. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, public opposition to keeping innocent people on the DNA database grew as more cases emerged of people falsely accused of minor offences who had their DNA stored.

The European Court of Human Rights ruled that the law in England and Wales breached the European Convention on Human Rights in December 2008 (in the case of [http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-90051 S. and Marper v. the United Kingdom]).

The UK’s Coalition Government adopted the Protection of Freedoms Act on 1st of May 2012, which came in to force at the end of October 2013. The DNA profiles and fingerprints of more than 1.7 million innocent people and children have been removed from police databases and more than 7.7 million DNA samples have also been destroyed.

== Resources ==
*External links
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/dna-early-deletion-guidance-and-application-form Home Office: DNA early deletion guidance and application form (20th January 2014)]
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/helping-the-police-fight-crime-more-effectively/supporting-pages/national-dna-database National DNA Database]
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/home-office/groups/national-dna-database-strategy-board National DNA Database Strategy Board]
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/national-dna-database-ethics-group National DNA Database Ethics Group]
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/forensic-science-regulator Forensic Science Regulator]
**[https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/memberpage/united-kingdom-817 Europol: United Kingdom]
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/254883/Access_And_Use_Of_DNA_Samples_Profiles.pdf Home Office: The NDNAD Strategy Board Policy for Access and Use of DNA Samples, Profiles and Associated Data (4th November 2013)]
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-ethics-group-6th-annual-report-2013 NDNAD Ethics Group: 6th annual report (October 2013)]
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/252678/NDNAD_Annual_Report_2012-13.pdf NATIONAL DNA DATABASE STRATEGY BOARD ANNUAL REPORT 2012-2013]
**[http://www.forensicarchive.com/ Forensic Archive Ltd]
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmselect/cmsctech/610/610.pdf House of Commons Science and Technology Committee; Forensic Science I (July 2013)]
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmselect/cmsctech/610/610vw.pdf House of Commons Science and Technology Committee: Forensic Science II (July 2013)]
**[http://gizmonaut.net/blog/uk/2013/07/commencement_pofa_dna_provisions.html Gizmonaut: Commencement day of DNA provisions of the Protection of Freedom Act in October (22nd July 2013)]
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/1814/made The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2013] Commencement order for the provisions in the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 which relate to the destruction, retention and use of material including fingerprints, DNA samples and DNA profiles. Most provisions will come into force by 31st October 2013, with the destruction of copies coming into force by 31st January 2014.
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/1813/made The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (Destruction, Retention and Use of Biometric Data) (Transitional, Transitory and Saving Provisions) Order 2013]
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/1814/made The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (Commencement No. 7) Order 2013]
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-annual-report-2011-to-2012 National DNA Database Annual Report: 2011-12]
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-biennial-report-2009-to-2011 National DNA Database biennial report: 2009 to 2011]
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/update-on-protection-of-freedoms-act-implementation-and-national-dna-database-annual-reports-2009-to-2012 Lord Taylor of Holbeach: Update on Protection of Freedoms Act implementation and National DNA Database annual reports 2009 to 2012 (20th May 2013)]
**[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2012/9/pdfs/ukpga_20120009_en.pdf Protection of Freedoms Act 2012]
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-dna-database-statistics National DNA Database statistics (23rd April 2013)]
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/protection-of-freedoms-act-2012-dna-and-fingerprint-provisions/protection-of-freedoms-act-2012-how-dna-and-fingerprint-evidence-is-protected-in-law Home Office: Protection of Freedoms Act 2012: how DNA and fingerprint evidence is protected in law (4th April 2013)]
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-strategy-board-minutes NDNAD Strategy Board minutes]
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/equality-impact-assessment-of-the-national-dna-database Equality impact assessment of the National DNA Database (28th November 2012)]
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ndnad-annual-reports National DNA Database Annual Report 2006-07]
**[http://www.statewatch.org/news/2009/nov/uk-dna-human-genetics-commission.pdf Human Genetics Commission: Nothing to hide, nothing to fear? Balancing individual rights and the public interest in the governance and use of the National DNA Database (24th November 2009)]
**[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/117784/ndnad-ann-report-2007-09.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2007-08]
**[http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/Papers/database-state.pdf Rowntree Database State report (23rd March 2009)]
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmhaff/58/58ii.pdf Home Affairs Committee report: A Surveillance Society? (Vol II: Evidence)]
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmhaff/58/58i.pdf Home Affairs Committee Report: A Surveillance Society? (Vol I)]
**[https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/l_to_o/low_copy_number_dna_testing/ Crown Prosecution Service: DNA: Low Copy Number DNA Testing in the Criminal Justice System (23rd January 2008)]
**[http://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/sites/default/files/The%20forensic%20use%20of%20bioinformation%20-%20ethical%20issues.pdf Nuffield Council on Bioethics: The forensic use of bioinformation: ethical issues (September 2007)]
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/DNA_report2005_06.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2005/06]
**[http://www.acpo.police.uk/asp/policies/Data/NDNAD_AR_04_051.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2004/05]
**[https://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/sass/WilliamsandJohnsonInterimReport2005-1.pdf Forensic DNA Databasing: A European Perspective – A report from Durham University (June 2005)]
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/NDNAD_AR_04_05.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2004/05]
**[http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/about-us/corporate-publications-strategy/home-office-circulars/circulars-2004/058-2004/ Home Office Circular: Charges on Basis of Speculative Search Match on the National DNA Database (September 2004)]
**[http://www.statewatch.org/news/2006/jan/uk-DNA-database.pdf DNA Expansion Programme 2000-2005: Reporting achievement]
**[http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/10/PROPS Scottish Executive: Police Retention Of Prints and Samples]
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmsctech/96/96i.pdf The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee’s report on forensics, 2005 (main report)]
**[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmsctech/96/96ii.pdf The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee’s report on forensics, 2005 (evidence)]
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/NDNAD_AR_3_4.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2003/04]
**[http://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/sass/Williams_Johnson_Martin_NDNAD_report_2004.pdf Williams et al (2004) Genetic Information and Crime Investigation]
**[https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/assets/uploads/files/lawyers%27%20DNA%20guide%20KSWilliams%20190208%20%28i%29.pdf Forensic Science Service: Guide to DNA for lawyers and investigating officers(2004)]
**[https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/assets/uploads/files/pdf_000328%20-%20%20DNA%20Charging%20Guidance.pdf Crown Prosecution Service: Guidance on DNA Charging (16th July 2004 Normal 0 false false false EN-GB X-NONE X-NONE )]
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/NDNAD_Annual_Report_02_03.pdf The National DNA Database Annual Report 2002/03]
**[http://www.genewatch.org/sub-539478 GeneWatch UK: The UK Police National DNA Database]

*Press articles
**[http://www.labmate-online.com/articles/laboratory-products/3/tracy_alexander/dna_collection_and_interpretation/1590/ Labmate: DNA: Collection and Interpretation (12th March 2014)]
**[http://ampp3d.mirror.co.uk/2014/01/15/nearly-6-million-of-us-are-on-the-dna-database-does-it-make-you-feel-any-safer/ Nearly 6 million of us are on the DNA database. Does it make you feel any safer? (15th January 2014)]
**[http://www.nottinghampost.com/Ex-offender-74-wins-right-provide-sample-DNA/story-19891968-detail/story.html Nottingham Post: Ex-offender from Nottingham wins right not to provide a sample of his DNA (5th October 2013)]
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24207612 BBC: Operation Nutmeg: Court could force police to destroy DNA (24th September 2013)]
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24224506 BBC: Court rejects ex-prisoner's DNA sample challenge (24th September 2013)]
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24224506 The Guardian: Ex-prisoner fails to halt police DNA-collection programme (24th September 2013)]
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2429637/One-year-old-baby-thousands-children-DNA-taken-police.html Daily Mail: One-year-old baby among thousands of children who have had their DNA taken by police (22nd September 2013)]
**[http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-police-take-dna-samples-6073851 Wales Online: Welsh police take DNA samples from more than 5,500 children (22nd September 2013)]
**[http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/police-take-dna-children-criminal-2259291 Mirror: Police take DNA from children in criminal investigations (8th September 2013)]
**[http://esciencenews.com/articles/2013/08/14/forensic.familial.search.methods.carry.risk.certain.false.matches e! Science News: Forensic familial search methods carry risk of certain false matches (14th August 2013)] There is a video abstract and general public explanation video available for this research.
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-23683910 BBC: University of Leicester cat DNA database to be used for solving crime (14th August 2013)]
** [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23436303 BBC: Forensics upheaval 'threat to justice', MPs warn (25th July 2013)]
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2013/jul/08/britain-european-arrest-warrant-reform The Guardian: Britain to keep European arrest warrant but try to reform it (8th July 2013)]
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/police-told-to-explain-use-of-unregulated-dna-database-8651380.html The Independent: Police told to explain use of unregulated DNA database (9th June 2013)]
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2013/may/20/police-retain-dna-thousands-children The Guardian: Police retain DNA from thousands of children (20th May 2013)]
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22595835 BBC: Police swabbing of child DNA excessive, says charity (20th May 2013)]
**[http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/police-bosses-tell-cops-don%E2%80%99t-target-gays-dna-roundup180113 GayStarNews: Police bosses tell cops: don’t target gays in DNA roundup (18th January 2013)]
**[http://www.eadt.co.uk/news/ipswich_victory_after_man_s_six_year_battle_to_have_dna_records_removed_from_police_records_1_1796207 EADT24: Ipswich: Victory after man’s six-year battle to have DNA records removed from police records (18th January 2013)]
**[http://www.politics.co.uk/news/2013/01/17/outrage-grows-over-gay-dna-witchhunt Politics.co.uk: Outrage grows over gay DNA witchhunt (17th January 2013)]
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2261239/Stephen-Close-Police-demand-DNA-sample-soldier-gay-relationship-Army.html?ITO=1490&ns_mchannel=rss&ns_campaign=1490 Daily Mail: Police demand DNA sample from former soldier because he had gay relationship in the Army 30 years ago (12th January 2013)]
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2259319/EU-demands-access-details-UK-drivers-Orwellian-hand-personal-information-foreign-police-forces.html?ito=feeds-newsxml Daily Mail: EU demands access to details of all UK drivers: ‘Orwellian’ move to hand out personal information to foreign police forces (9th January 2013)]
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/9628235/Rapists-feared-still-at-large-as-police-fail-to-update-DNA-database.html The Telegraph: Rapists feared still at large as police fail to update DNA database (23rd October 2012)]
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2211365/Adam-Scott-Innocent-man-spent-FIVE-MONTHS-prison-forensics-mix-meant-falsely-accused-rape.html Daily Mail: Innocent man spent FIVE MONTHS in prison after forensics mix-up meant he was falsely accused of rape (1st October 2012)]
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19782917 BBC: DNA rape sample procedures ‘not adequate’ (1st October 2012)]
**[http://www.littlehamptongazette.co.uk/news/sussex-police-collect-ex-cons-dna-for-national-database-1-4321532 Littlehampton Gazette: Sussex Police collect ex-cons’ DNA for national database (1st October 2012)]
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2012/sep/27/ex-offenders-targeted-dna-database The Guardian: Thousands of ex-offenders targeted in drive to add to DNA database (27th September 2012)]
**[http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1588993_police-order-thousands-of-dna-samples-from-ex-convicts-in-greater-manchester Manchester Evening News: Police order thousands of DNA samples from ex-convicts in Greater Manchester (18th September 2012)]
**[http://www.zdnet.com/blog/london/london-police-8216hack-suspects-phones-a-major-blow-to-human-rights/4775 ZDNet: London police ‘hack’ suspects’ phones: A major blow to human rights (18th May 2012)]
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/privatisation-is-a-catastrophe-warns-godfather-of-forensics-7606789.html The Independent: Privatisation is a catastrophe, warns godfather of forensics (2nd April 2012)]
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2114252/Teenager-spends-months-bars-DNA-blunder-fingers-rape-city-visited.html Daily Mail: DNA database in doubt after teenager spends three months behind bars for rape in city he has never even visited because gene samples were mixed up (13th March 2012)]
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2012/mar/08/forensics-blunder-convictions The Guardian: Forensics blunder ‘may endanger convictions’ (8th March 2012)]
**[http://www.economist.com/node/21543121 The Economist: Ignorance is bliss (21st January 2012)]
**[http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21128285.500-euro-dna-treaty-risks-false-positives.html?DCMP=OTC-rss&nsref=online-news#.UebhRG3OB0M New Scientist: DNA super-network increases risk of mix-ups (5th September 2011)]
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13440012 BBC Online: DNA and fingerprint guidelines ‘unlawful’ (18th May 2011)]
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/guidelines-on-dna-samples-unlawful-2285712.html The Independent: Guidelines on DNA samples unlawful (18th May 2011)]
**[http://www.publicservice.co.uk/news_story.asp?id=15673 Public Service: Police DNA retention policy ‘unlawful’ (18th May 2011)]
**[http://ukhumanrightsblog.com/2011/05/18/retention-of-dna-breaches-article-8-says-supreme-court/ UK Human Rights blog: Retention of DNA breaches human right to privacy, says Supreme Court (18th May 2011)]
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/libertycentral/2011/may/18/dna-retention-supreme-court-police The Guardian: DNA retention judgment won’t see discriminatory policy destroyed (18th May 2011)]
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/03/03/ico_freedoms_bill/ The Register: Supreme Court: DNA database retention regs are unlawful (18th May 2011)]
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/may/18/police-dna-database-supreme-court The Guardian: Police breaking law by keeping DNA of the innocent, supreme court rules (18th May 2011)]
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/mar/05/dna-rules-will-restore-trust The Guardian: New DNA rules will restore public trust [Letter] (5th March 2011])
**[http://www.publicservice.co.uk/news_story.asp?id=15673 Public Service: Government store DNA of over 6 million (4th March 2011)]
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/05/18/supreme_court_dna_database_ruling/ The Register: ICO evidence raises Freedoms Bill data worries (3rd March 2011)]
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-12536138 BBC: How Protection of Freedoms Bill will work (1st March 2011)]
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=18987 ITN: Government to curb DNA database (1st March 2011)]
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=18987 The Voice: Innocent black Brits may get their DNA removed from database (22nd February 2011)]
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/columnists/philipjohnston/8324874/The-Coalitions-Freedom-Bill-is-a-blow-against-the-snoopers-and-clampers.html The Telegraph: The coalition’s Freedom Bill is a blow against the snoopers and clampers (15th February 2011)]
**[http://www.24dash.com/blogs/lynne_featherstone_mp/2011/02/13/Freedoms-Bill/ 24dash.com: Freedoms Bill (13th February 2011)]
**[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12433116 BBC: DNA profiles to be deleted from police database (11th February 2011)]
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1356198/DNA-database-purge-Victory-Mail-records-1m-innocent-people-removed.html#ixzz1DsbppVHm Daily Mail: DNA database purge: Victory for the Mail as records of 1m innocent people removed (11th February 2011)]
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/8318900/DNA-of-up-to-a-million-to-be-wiped-under-Freedom-Bill.html The Telegraph: DNA of up to a million to be wiped under Freedom Bill (11th February 2011)]
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2011/feb/11/dna-profiles-deleted-police-database The Guardian: DNA profiles to be deleted from police database (11th February 2011)]
**[http://www.dailyexpress.co.uk/posts/view/228588/At-last-victory-over-Labour-s-army-of-snoops/ Daily Express: At last, victory over Labour’s army of snoops (11th February 2011)]
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2011/feb/11/criminal-checks-eased-freedom-bill The Guardian: Criminal checks on people working with children to be eased (11th February 2011)]
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-a-victory-for-civil-liberties-ndash-and-a-challenge-for-labour-2209670.html Independent: A victory for civil liberties – and a challenge for Labour (10th February 2011)]
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/8317257/Nick-Clegg-were-restoring-hard-won-British-liberties.html The Telegraph: Nick Clegg; we’re restoring hard won British liberties (10th February 2011)]
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/id-cards-go-up-in-flames-in-first-step-to-tackle-database-state-2209936.html The Independent: ID cards go up in flames in first step to tackle ‘database state’ (10th February 2010)]
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8691753.stm BBC: Deputy Prime Minister’s Reform Speech (19th May 2010)]
**[http://www.publicservice.co.uk/news_story.asp?id=15673 Public Service: Government store DNA of over 6 million (4th March 2011)]
**[http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20527424.700-unreliable-evidence-time-to-open-up-dna-databases.html?full=true New Scientist: Unreliable evidence? Time to open up DNA Databases (6th January 2010)]
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8434713.stm BBC Online: Innocent people face DNA database ‘shambles’ (31st December 2009)]
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1877525.ece The Times: From schoolboy squabble to DNA database in one easy step – if you’re black (24th November 2009)]
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8375567.stm BBC Online: New safeguards urged over routine police DNA tests (24th November 2009)]
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1223688/DNA-innocents-kept-database-years.html The Daily Mail: DNA of innocents will be kept on database for six years (29th October 2009)]
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/oct/28/dna-database-innocent-profiles The Guardian: Innocent suspects’ profiles still reaching DNA database (28th October 2009)]
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1877336.ece The Times: Record number of DNA samples taken but crimes solved with them are down (22nd October 2009)]
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/6399228/Crimes-solved-by-DNA-drop-by-a-fifth.html The Telegraph: Crimes solved by DNA drop by a fifth (22nd October 2009)]
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/oct/21/dna-database-convictions-fall The Guardian: Detections using DNA database fall despite huge rise in profiles (21st October)]
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/oct/19/innocent-dna-database The Guardian: Home Office climbs down over keeping DNA records of innocent (19th October 2009)]
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/6056725/Tory-MP-Damian-Green-has-DNA-profile-deleted-from-database.html The Telegraph: Tory MP Damian Green has DNA profile deleted from database (20th August 2009)]
**[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/18/science/18dna.html?_r=2&hp New York Times: DNA evidence can be fabricated, scientists show (17th August 2009)]
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=16083 The Voice: DNA database is damaging race relations, says expert (17th August 2009)]
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1205867/300-children-day-added-DNA-database-400-000-15s-Big-Brother-roll.html Daily Mail: 300 children a day added to DNA database (12th August 2009)]
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/aug/09/police-dna-database-black-children The Observer: ‘Racist bias’ blamed for disparity in police DNA database (9th August 2009)]
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/aug/07/dna-database-police-advice The Guardian: Police told to ignore human rights ruling over database (7th August 2009)]
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/5990033/Equality-watchdog-warns-DNA-plans-break-law.html The Telegraph: Equality watchdog warns DNA plans break law (7th August 2009)]
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/5444332/Police-arrest-innocent-youths-for-their-DNA-officer-claims.html The Telegraph: Police arrest innocent youths for the DNA, officer claims (4th June 2009)]
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1185060/Driver-thrown-police-cell-DVLA-office-blunder-wrong-shade-green-MOT-certificate.html Daily Mail: Driver thrown in police cell after DVLA office blunder (21st May 2009)]
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/apr/17/damian-green-arrest-jacqui-smith The Guardian: DPP’s verdict on papers leaked in Damian Green affair – Not a threat to security (17th April 2009)]
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/apr/15/jeffreys-dna-database-human-rights-police The Guardian: DNA pioneer Alec Jeffreys: drop innocent from database (15th April 2009)]
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/5109248/Police-will-be-banned-from-keeping-DNA-of-innocent-people-pledge-Tories.html The Telegraph: Police will be banned from keeping DNA of innocent people, pledge Tories (6th April 2009)]
**[http://www.politics.co.uk/news/legal-and-constitutional/tories-promise-to-reform-dna-database-$1285967.htm Politics.co.uk: Tories promise to reform DNA database (6th April 2009)]
**[http://www.crosbyherald.co.uk/news/crosby-news/2009/04/02/teenager-arrested-by-southport-police-for-handing-in-mobile-phone-68459-23291295/ The Crosby Herald: Teen arrested by police for handing in phone (2nd April 2009)]
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/5078599/Five-million-people-now-on-DNA-database.html The Telegraph: Five million people now on database (31st March 2009)]
**[http://www.computing.co.uk/computing/news/2239421/dna-database-grows-per-cent-two Computing: DNA database grows by 38 per cent in two years (30th March 2009)]
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7966641.stm BBC Online: ‘DNA bungle’ haunts German police (28th March 2009)]
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/the_daily_politics/7968121.stm BBC Politics Show: Time for a universal DNA database? (27th March 2009)]
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/the_daily_politics/7968054.stm BBC Politics Show: MP’s battle over DNA database (27th March 2009)]
**[http://www.thisisplymouth.co.uk/news/know-feel-Truman/article-848720-detail/article.html The Plymouth Herald: I know how you feel, Mr Truman (26th March 2009)]
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/the-big-question-are-there-illegal-government-databases-and-what-can-we-do-about-it-1652623.html The Independent: The Big Question: Are there illegal Government databases and what can we do about it? (24th March 2009)]
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-1164291/ROSS-CLARK-As-report-condemns-government-databases--Big-Brother-wasting-billions.html The Daily Mail: As report condemns Government databases…Big Brother is wasting your billions (24th March 2009)]
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7955205.stm BBC Online: Call to scrap ‘illegal’ databases (23rd March 2009)]
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/mar/19/dna-database-comment The Guardian: Mark Thomas: How I got my genes deleted (19th March 2009)]
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/libertycentral/2009/mar/16/dna-database-civil-liberties The Guardian: Question Eight: DNA Database (16th March 2009)]
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/4966168/DNA-of-one-year-old-baby-stored-on-national-database.html The Telegraph: DNA of one-year-old baby stored on national database (10th March 2009)]
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/03/02/dna_dbase_stalling/ The Register: Three months on, you still can’t get off the DNA Database (2nd March 2009)]
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/feb/27/dna-database-justice The Guardian: Government plans to keep DNA samples of innocent (27th February 2009)]
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/feb/27/dna-database-children-criminal-record The Guardian: DNA details of 1.1m children on database (27th February 2009)]
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1137022/Banish-Big-Brother-The-states-surveillance-powers-curbed-say-Lords.html The Daily Mail: Banish Big Brother: The state’s surveillance powers must be curbed, say Lords (6th February 2009)]
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/12/17/david_mery_reclaim_your_dna/ The Register: Don’t delay: Delete your DNA (17th December 2008)]
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-1094963/JAMES-SLACK-The-EUs-Big-Brother-database-poses-threat-liberties.html Daily Mail: The EU’s Big Brother database poses a threat to our liberties (16th December 2008)]
**[http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-a-victory-for-civil-liberties-ndash-but-the-larger-war-still-rages-1052547.html The Independent: A victory for civil liberties – but the larger war still rages (5th December 2008)]
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1091880/One-million-innocent-people-profiles-wiped-Britains-DNA-database-court-ruling.html The Daily Mail: One million innocent people could have their profiles wiped from Britain’s ‘Orwellian’ DNA database after court ruling (5th December 2008)]
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7765484.stm BBC Online: Europe DNA ruling resonates in UK (4th December 2008)]
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/3547773/DNA-database-Campaigners-welcome-ruling-that-DNA-holding-breaches-human-rights.html The Telegraph: Campaigners welcome ruling that DNA-holding breaches human rights (4th December 2008)]
**[http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/liverpool-news/regional-news/2008/11/19/police-order-child-s-dna-to-be-removed-from-database-64375-22290909/ Liverpool Daily Post: Police order child’s DNA to be removed from database (19th November 2008)]
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/3473483/More-than-one-million-added-to-the-DNA-database-as-children.html The Telegraph: More than one million added to the DNA database as children (17th November 2008)]
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/3418649/Crimes-solved-by-DNA-evidence-fall-despite-millions-being-added-to-database.html The Telegraph: Crimes solved by DNA evidence fall despite millions being added to database (10th November 2008)]
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/11/06/dna_database_special/page2.html The Register: The DNA Database and You (6th November 2008)]
**[http://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/north-wales-news/2008/10/30/one-in-11-from-north-wales-on-dna-file-55578-22148188/ Daily Post North Wales: One in 11 from North Wales on DNA file (30th October 2008) 30th October 2008]
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1078821/New-law-allow-police-collect-DNA-secret-teacups.html The Daily Mail: New law to allow police to collect DNA in secret from teacups (19th October 2008)]
**[http://www.christiantoday.com/article/black.church.leaders.concerned.over.criminal.dna.database/20635.htm Christian Today: Black church leaders concerned over criminal DNA database (18th July 2008)]
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/06/29/brown_dna_database_innocent_genewatch/ The Register: Gordo’s DNA database claims branded ‘ridiculous’ (29th June 2008)]
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=/opinion/2008/06/09/do0902.xml The Telegraph: MPs must act now to set limits on snooping (9th June 2008)]
**[http://www.vision.org/visionmedia/article.aspx?id=4824 Reuters: Watchdog criticises plan to share DNA data (15th May 2008)]
**[http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/joepublic/2008/05/the_scandal_of_criminalising_m.html The Guardian: The scandal of ‘criminalising’ mental health patients (12th May 2008)]
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1929849/DNA-bank-solves-one-crime-per-800-profiles.html The Telegraph: DNA bank solves one crime per 800 profiles (6th May 2008)]
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7341251.stm BBC Online: DNA technique ‘fit for purpose’ (11th April 2008)]
**[http://www.sundaymirror.co.uk/news/sunday/2008/04/06/40-000-kids-put-on-dna-crimes-list-98487-20373651/ The Sunday Mirror: 40,000 kids put on DNA crimes list (6th April 2008)]
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/mar/16/youthjustice.children The Observer: Put young children on DNA list urge police (16th March 2008)]
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=528857&in_page_id=1770 The Daily Mail: 1.5m children will have DNA taken next year amid claims of universal database ‘by stealth’ (9th March 2008)]
**[http://www.computing.co.uk/computing/news/2211158/met-police-chief-calls-european Computing: Met police chief calls for European DNA database (5th March 2008)]
**[http://blackmentalhealth.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=281&Itemid=117 Black Mental Health UK: Sarah Teather tells House of Commons DNA database discriminates (1st March 2008)]
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/feb/28/ukcrime.forensicscience The Guardian: Mixed results (28th February)]
**[http://www.newstatesman.com/200802280017 New Statesman: Spare pairs of genes (28th February 2008)]
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article3448837.ece The Times: CCTV and DNA advances add to bills but minister calls rises unacceptable (28th February 2008)]
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/technology/technology.html?in_article_id=519568&in_page_id=1965 The Daily Mail: One in eight samples filed under innocent names in Government blunder (27th February 2008)]
**[http://www.publictechnology.net/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=14351 Public Technology: Home Office Minister rejects call for a national citizen DNA database (25th February 2008)]
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=518416&in_page_id=1770 The Daily Mail: Police in retreat after public backlash over their demands for a DNA database (25th February 2008)]
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=518151&in_page_id=1770 The Daily Mail; Home Office retreat from plans to extend ‘nation of suspects’ DNA database to include litterbugs (24th February 2008)]
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article3423450.ece The Sunday Times: Should Britain have a compulsory DNA database? (24th February 2008)]
**[http://www.theherald.co.uk/news/news/display.var.2067932.0.Police_we_must_keep_DNA_of_everyone_arrested.php The Glasgow Herald: Police: we must keep DNA of everyone arrested (23rd February 2008)]
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2008/feb/23/ukcrime The Guardian: Calls for compulsory DNA database rejected (23rd February 2008)]
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2008/feb/21/conservatives.police The Guardian: Inquiry as Tories attack DNA failure (21st February 2008)]
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article3401745.ece The Times: Gordon Brown admits assaults committed while DNA data disc lost (20th February 2008)]
**[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article3399712.ece The Times: Disc listing foreign criminals lost for a year (20th February 2008)]
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2008/feb/13/ukguns.police The Guardian: Stop! Armed police! Put down your MP3 player (13th February 2008)]
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7230487.stm BBC Online: Clegg attacks surveillance UK (6th February 2008)]
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/01/07/delete_your_dna_profile/print.html The Register: How to delete your DNA Profile (7th January 2008)]
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=491714&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Big Brother UK: Police now hold DNA ‘fingerprints’ of 4.5 million Britons (5th November 2007)]
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/11/04/ndna104.xml The Telegraph: Police retain DNA of ‘petty crime suspects’ (5th November 2007)]
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/law/article2210263.ece The Times: Police told to erase ‘irrelevant’ crime records (1st November 2007)]
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/health/advice/article1790236.ece The Times: Policing the gene pool (29th Sept 2007)]
**[http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9867324 The Economist: Learning to live with Big Brother (27th Sept 2007)]
**[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7161/full/449377b.html Nature: Genome abuse (26th Sept 2007)]
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1873220.ece The Times: DNA database ‘puts innocent under suspicion’ (18th Sept 2007)]
**[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/09/17/dna_purge/ The Register: Innocent ‘terror techie’ purges DNA records (17th Sept 2007)]
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/europe/article2595861.ece The Times: Inside the world where experts try to unlock DNA clues (15th Sept 2007)]
**[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23412351-details/Outrage%20as%20DNA%20profile%20of%20seven-month-old%20baby%20is%20added%20to%20register/article.do Evening Standard: Outrage as DNA profile of seven-month old baby is added to DNA database (15th Sept 2007)]
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=482410&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Innocent people’s DNA ‘must not be kept on national database’ (10th Sept 2007)]
**[http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2007/09/11/226664/dna-plan-would-require-san-the-size-of-belgium.htm Computer Weekly: DNA plan would require SAN the size of Belgium (11th Sept 2007)]
**[http://news.scotsman.com/politics.cfm?id=1419912007 The Scotsman: Judge opens hornets’ nest with call for everyone’s DNA to go on record (6th Sept 2007)]
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6979138.stm BBC Online: All UK ‘must be on DNA database’ (5th Sept 2007)]
**[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23411070-details/Top+minister+backs+judge%27s+calls+for+DNA+database+registration+for+all/article.do Evening Standard: Ministers accused of trying to build DNA database by stealth (5th Sept 2007)]
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6979490.stm BBC Online: DNA database call prompts concern (5th Sept 2007)]
**[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23406663-details/Beware:+Minor+offences+could+land+you+on+DNA+database...for+life/article.do Evening Standard: Speeding drivers face DNA swabs under Big Brother powers (1st August 2007)]
**[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article1873007.ece The Times: Police want DNA from speeding drivers and litterbugs on database (2nd August 2007)]
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/08/02/ndna102.xml The Telegraph: Litter lout DNA samples a step too far (2nd August 2007)]
**[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2826207.ece The Independent: Police DNA database ‘risks criminalising non-offenders’ (2nd August 2007)]
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=472544&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Government accused on DNA samples (2nd August 2007)]
**[http://politics.guardian.co.uk/homeaffairs/story/0,,2139675,00.html The Guardian: Police may be given powers to take DNA samples on the street (2nd August 2007)]
**[http://politics.guardian.co.uk/homeaffairs/story/0,,2089265,00.html The Observer: Civil rights fears over DNA for everyone (27th May 2007)]
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=457046&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Police put 100,000 innocent children on DNA Database (23rd May 2007)]
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/23/ndna23.xml The Telegraph: DNA file on 100,000 innocent children]
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/humanrights/story/0,,2084290,00.html The Guardian: ‘Orwellian’ CCTV in shires alarms senior police officer (21st May 2001)]
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/crime/article/0,,2084659,00.html The Guardian: Plan to identify potential offenders condemned (21st May)]
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/19/ncrime19.xml The Telegraph: DNA police revisit high profile murder cases (19th May 2007)]
**[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2556459.ece The Independent: DNA database blunder ‘could have resulted in 200 crimes’ (18th May 2007)]
**[http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/localnews/display.var.1404197.0.youths_warned_not_to_use_fake_id.php The Argus: Youths warned not to use fake ID (17th May 2007)]
**[http://www.thisisthenortheast.co.uk/display.var.1404576.0.peer_calls_for_babies_dna_to_stored.php The Northern Echo: Peer calls for babies’ DNA to be stored (17th May 2007)]
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6665267.stm BBC Online: DNA failings ‘missed 183 crimes’ (17th May 2007)]
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/story/0,,2079721,00.html The Guardian: A database of prejudice (15th May 2007)]
**[http://new.edp24.co.uk/content/news/story.aspx?brand=EDPOnline&category=News&tBrand=EDPOnline&tCategory=news&itemid=NOED10%20May%202007%2008%3A09%3A49%3A133 EDP-24 (Norfolk): Car crime victims must foot the bill (10th May 2007)]
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=453739&in_page_id=1770 Daily Mail: Fears over innocent Britons’ DNA being given to European police forces (9th May)]
**[http://www.blink.org.uk/pdescription.asp?key=14682&grp=30&cat=138 Black Information Link: Chained by our genes (3rd May 2007)]
**[http://www.computerworlduk.com/technology/applications/databases/news/index.cfm?newsid=2669 Computer World: EU police data-sharing plan draws criticism (19th April 2007)]
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=445902&in_page_id=1766&in_a_source=&ito=1490 Mail on Sunday: Five civil servants suspended over ‘DNA espionage’ (1st April 2007)]
**[http://www.yorkshiretoday.co.uk/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleID=2194926&SectionID=55 Yorkshire Post: Yorkshire cases to test DNA sampling policy (31st March 2007)]
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/crime/article/0,,2044296,00.html?gusrc=rss&feed=11 The Guardian: Every child to be screened for risk of turning criminal under Blair justice plan (28th March 2007)]
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/uk/6452795.stm BBC Online: ‘Retail jails’ could ease police burden (15th March 2007)]
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml;jsessionid=GAUE2T1MP0CL5QFIQMGCFGGAVCBQUIV0?xml=/news/2007/02/16/ndna16.xml The Telegraph: DNA data deal ‘will create big brother Europe’ (18th February 2007)]
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=10830 The Voice: Mayor urged to support DNA profiling curb (9th February 2007)]
**[http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/article209046.ece The Sunday Times: Reid ‘buries’ news that police hold DNA of 1m innocent people (17th December 2006)]
**[http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article2016134.ece The Independent: DNA of suspects’ families to be held on police files (26th November 2006)]
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/11/05/nrace05.xml The Telegraph: Three in four young black men on the DNA database (5th November 2006)]
**[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6104876.stm BBC Online: Fear that DNA use ‘gone too far’ (1st November 2006)]
**[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,1821676,00.html The Observer: Police DNA database is ‘spiraling out of control’(16th July 2006)]
**[http://www.lookingglassnews.org/viewstory.php?storyid=5722 The Independent: More Britons have DNA held by police than rest of world (14th April 2006)]
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/01/09/ndna09.xml The Telegraph: Huge rise in juvenile DNA samples kept by the police]
**[http://www.guardian.co.uk/frontpage/story/0,16518,1678168,00.html The Guardian: DNA of 37% of black men held by police]
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/01/09/ndna09.xml The Telegraph: Freedom fears as the DNA database expands]
**[http://news.scotsman.com/scitech.cfm?id=680402005 The Scotsman article: Keep DNA of innocent and guilty alike]
**[http://www.voice-online.co.uk/content.php?show=6549 The Voice: 1 in 3 black men are DNA profiled]
**[http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18624944.900 New Scientist: Will DNA profiling fuel prejudice?]
**[http://newswww.bbc.net.uk/1/low/uk_politics/4166559.stm BBC Online: DNA database Big Brother warning]

== Detailed Analysis ==
'''Note: This section has not yet been updated to include the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012.'''

Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984 and amendments to PACE : Criminal Justice and Public Order Act (CJPOA) 1994;Criminal Evidence.

(Amendment) Act 1997;Criminal Justice and Police Act (CJPA) 001;Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 2003. Changes in the Data Protection Act (DPA) 1998, the Human Rights Act (HRA) 1998 and case law.<ref name="ftn0">E.U. 9445/1/06 at 9.</ref>

Persons convicted of any recordable offence, arrested for any recordable offense, and all crime scene stains<ref name="ftn7">See EU Current Practices at 80-81.</ref> The Counter-Terrorism Act 2008 (c.28) increased police powers for the stated purpose of countering terrorism. It allows speculative searches against DNA profiles held on behalf of the Security Service or Secret Intelligence Service and allows matches to be used “for purposes related to the identification . . . of the person from whom the material came.” In other words, a valid match can be obtained from a reference sample that did not originate from a crime scene.

For Scotland: Persons convicted of any recordable offence, arrested for any recordable offense, and all crime scene stains<ref name="ftn6">See EU Current Practices at 81-83.</ref>

England & Wales: The Justice and Public Order Act 1994 allows for the entry of the DNA profiles of all individuals who are charged with any recordable offence or who are convicted of such an offence. All DNA profiles that are derived from crime scene stains are also stored in the NDNAD.

Scotland: The Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 allows for the entry of the DNA profiles of those arrested of any recordable offence or who are convicted of such an offence. All DNA profiles that are derived from unidentified crime scene stains are also stored in the database.

<nowiki>England & Wales: Whereas the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) allowed for the coercive taking of ‘non-intimate samples’ such as hair shafts, the Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (JPOA) changed the definition of ‘non-intimate samples’ to include buccal swabs by which police sampling powers were seriously extended. [4]</nowiki><ref name="ftn5">JPOA (1994), § 58.</ref> This provision applies to both crime suspects and convicted offenders who are arrested or convicted of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn4">Id. at § 55.</ref> The police are allowed to take a DNA sample from minors who have reached the age of ten and from mentally ill persons. There are no restrictions to the collection of crime scene samples.

Scotland: A constable or a police custody and security officer at a constable’s direction can collect a mouth swab from those arrested of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn8">Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2003, Art. 55, § 2</ref> They may use reasonable force in exercising this power.<ref name="ftn3">Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, Art. 18, § 7.</ref> A constable or a police custody and security officer at a constable’s direction can also coercively collect a mouth swab from those convicted of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn2">Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2003, Art. 55, § 3.</ref> They are allowed to take a DNA sample from minors who have reached the age of ten and from mentally ill persons. There are no restrictions to the collection of unidentified crime scene samples.

Convicted persons’ and suspects’ profiles are retained indefinitely and crime scene stains are kept until they have been identified<ref name="ftn1">See EU Current Practices at 81.</ref>

For Scotland: Convicted persons’ profiles are retained indefinitely, suspects’ profiles are retained until the underlying proceeding is abandoned or the individual is acquitted, and crime scene stains are kept until they have been identified<ref name="ftn9">See EU Current Practices at 83.</ref>

England & Wales: The Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 (CJPA) allows for the indefinite retention of the DNA profiles of both crime suspects and convicted offenders who are arrested or convicted of any recordable offence.<ref name="ftn10">CJPA (2001), § 82.</ref> This provision also applies to crime suspects who are subsequently acquitted or freed of charges. The DNA profiles which are derived from unidentified crime scene stains are stored in the database until a match is found.

Scotland: The DNA profiles of those who are arrested of any recordable offence have to be removed from the database as soon as possible following the decision not to institute criminal proceedings against the person concerned or upon acquittal.<ref name="ftn11">Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, Art. 18, § 3.</ref> The DNA profiles of those convicted of any recordable offence can be retained indefinitely. The DNA profiles which are derived from unidentified crime scene stains are stored in the database until they are identified.

All samples are retained indefinitely<ref name="ftn12">See EU Current Practices at 81.</ref>

For Scotland: Convicted persons’ samples are retained indefinitely, but suspects’ samples must be destroyed upon their acquittal or when no criminal proceedings are initiated<ref name="ftn13">See EU Current Practices at 83.</ref>

England & Wales: The CJPA 2001 allows for the indefinite retention of the DNA samples of both crime suspects and convicted offenders who are arrested or convicted of any recordable offence. This provision also applies to crime suspect who are subsequently acquitted or freed of charges.

Scotland: The DNA samples of those who are convicted of any recordable offence can be retained indefinitely. Those taken from persons who are arrested of any recordable offence have to be destroyed as soon as possible following the decision not to institute criminal proceedings against the person concerned or upon acquittal.<ref name="ftn15">Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, Art. 18, § 3.</ref>

The Forensic Science Service, an Executive Designated staff employed by the Custodian Security clearance to Counter Terrorism Kingdom Agency of the Home Office, was responsible for the management of the National DNA Database since 1995, through the office of its Chief Scientist as Custodian of the Database, under a Memorandum of Understanding between the FSS and the Association of Chief Police Officers, revised in 2000, 2003 and again in 2005, and the oversight of the National DNA Database Board, chaired by ACPO. In July 2005, the Custodianship was transferred to the Home Office, then shortly thereafter to National Policing Improvement Agency.

Scotland: Although they can largely develop their own policies regarding the treatment of profiles and samples which are collected in the course of criminal investigations, it is not entirely correct to consider the databases of Scotland and England & Wales as two separate entities.<ref name="ftn16">P. Johnson & R. Williams, DNA and crime investigation: Scotland and the “UK National DNA Database,” 10 Scottish J. Crim. Justice Stds. 74 (2004).</ref> As Scotland exports all its profiles and unidentified crime scene stains to the NDNAD, the latter in fact contains nearly all UK profiles. As Scotland does not retain the profiles of suspects who are acquitted and against whom no criminal proceedings are instituted, these are the only profiles that stay in the custody of the Scottish police.

Oracle platform with Loader (input) and Match reporting database (repository for match information) It is an Oracle 9i database. Profiles are loaded electronically but from CSV files submitted as a batch rather than messaging.

All new profiles added to the Database are automatically searched on loading against all profiles held. The search regime uses 4 SGM discriminator loci to identify a matching sub-set which is then searched again using the remaining SGM Plus loci. Both exact and partial matches between Subject/crime scene and crime scene/crime scene are reported immediately (failed or rare alleles are treated as wild ‘cards’). Subject/subject matches are reported periodically.

One-off ‘snapshot’ speculative searches of sample profiles that do not meet the criteria for loading to the Database are also carried out using the same search regime. ‘Familial searches’ are also carried out to help identify potential relatives of offenders whose profiles are not on the Database A monthly search is also carried out for ‘near matches’ that differ by only 1 allele; these are then investigated to see if there has been an error in the profiling.

== References ==
<references/>

South Korea

2014-04-08T15:42:31Z

Helenw:

South Korea adopted DNA database legislation in 2010. The law requires the erasure of DNA identification information acquittal, exoneration, or dismissal of public prosecution and destruction of all biological samples once the relevant DNA profiles have been obtained.
As of July 2011, about 26,000 offender profiles had been accumulated.
South Korea has maintained a DNA database of missing children since 2002.

== Resources ==
* External links
**[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23683293 Sim et al. (2013) High-throughput STR analysis for DNA database using direct PCR]
**[http://www.promega.com/~/media/files/resources/conference%20proceedings/ishi%2023/oral%20presentations/22-choung.pdf?la=en Choung et al.(2012) Introduction of the Korean DNA Identification in National Forensic Services]
**[http://www.promega.com/~/media/files/resources/conference%20proceedings/ishi%2022/poster%20abstracts/006%20kim.pdf?la=en Kim et al (2011) THE CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE CHALLENGES OF KOREAN CRIMINAL DNA DATABASE]
**[http://www.loc.gov/lawweb/servlet/lloc_news?disp3_l205402199_text Global Legal Monitor: South Korea: DNA Database System Established to Effectively Prosecute Violent Criminals (31st August 2010)]
**[https://www.privacyinternational.org/reports/south-korea/ii-surveillance-policy Privacy International Report: South Korea: Chapter: II. Surveillance policy]
**[http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/Korea_law_2010.pdf Statutes of the Republic of Korea ACT ON USE AND PROTECTION OF DNA IDENTIFICATION INFORMATION Act No.9944,Jan.25,2010 Amended by Act No.10258,Apr.15,2010]
* Press articles
** [http://www.forensictalk.ca/Community/showthread.php?10474-South-Korean-Prosecutors-Police-to-Share-Criminal-DNA-Database South Korean Prosecutors, Police to Share DNA Database (13th Sept 2012)] 
**[http://asiancorrespondent.com/63131/south-koreas-dna-debate/ South Korea’s DNA debate (23rd August 2011)]
** [http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_editorial/471831.html The Hankyoreh: DNA collection to intimidate unions (7th April 2011)] Reports that prosecutors have been collecting DNA samples from workers convicted of engaging in strikes and other activities.
** [http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2925255 Korea JongAng Daily: First use of DNA database pays dividends (28th August 2010)]
** [http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/07/22/2010072201180.html The Chosunilbo: DNA Database of Criminals to Be Assembled This Year (22nd July 2010)] Reports that the new DNA law allows the government to take samples of criminals sentenced for 11 serious crimes.
** [http://www.koreaherald.com/national/Detail.jsp?newsMLId=20100721000900 Korea Herald: Police to keep DNA database of suspected criminals (21st July 2010)]
** [http://www.koreaherald.com/national/Detail.jsp?newsMLId=20091230000080 Korea Herald: Gov`t to create DNA database for convicted felons (30th March 2010)]

==Detailed analysis==

Act on the Use and Protection of DNA Identification Information, Act No. 9944 of Jan. 25, 2010; Enforcement Decree of the Act on the Use and Protection of DNA Identification Information, Presidential Decree No. 22341 of Aug. 13, 2010.

Yemen

2014-04-07T16:23:45Z

Helenw: Created page with "A DNA database is planned in Yemen. ==Resources== *External links [http://bioinfo-cbs.org/avd/en/pmid/str/11355397.pdf Klintschar et al. (2001) Significant differences betwee..."

A DNA database is planned in Yemen.

==Resources==
*External links
[http://bioinfo-cbs.org/avd/en/pmid/str/11355397.pdf Klintschar et al. (2001) Significant differences between Yemenite and Egyptian STR profiles and the influence on frequency estimations in Arabs]
*Press articles
**[http://www.yementimes.com/en/1661/health/2142/Pre-marriage-genetic-blood-tests-cast-unwarranted-doubt-on-young-women%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98virtue%E2%80%99-and-family-reputations.htm Yemen Times:Pre-marriage genetic blood tests cast unwarranted doubt on young women’s ‘virtue’ and family reputations (21st March 2013)]

Macedonia (FYR)

2014-02-03T17:03:46Z

Helenw:

FYR Macedonia has a small DNA database and is developing DNA database legislation in preparation for accession to the EU.

The 2008 Interpol survey reports that 1,500 crime scene DNA profiles and 510 individuals' profiles were held in FYR Macedonia at the time of the survey.

==Resources==
*External links
**[http://www.ic-mp.org/icmp-worldwide/southeast-europe/fryommacedonia/ ICMP: FYROM/Macedonia]
**[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3118707/pdf/CroatMedJ_52_0235.pdf Marjanovic et al (2011) Forensic DNA databases in Western Balkan region: retrospectives, perspectives, and initiatives]
*Press articles

Montenegro

2014-02-03T16:58:00Z

Helenw:

There are two Forensic DNA laboratories in the Republic of Macedonia. One is a part of the Institute of Forensic Medicine, Criminology and Medical Deontology and is an independent scientific institution. The other is the forensic laboratory associated with the Ministry of the Internal Affairs.

==Resources==
*External links
**[http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/montenegro/screening_reports/screening_report_montenegro_ch24.pdf EU (2012): Screening report Montenegro Chapter 24 - Justice, freedom and security]
**[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3118707/pdf/CroatMedJ_52_0235.pdf Marjanovic et al (2011) Forensic DNA databases in Western Balkan region: retrospectives, perspectives, and initiatives]
**[http://www.questionnaire.gov.me/Annexes/Annex161.pdf CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE (Official Gazette of Montenegro 57/09 of 18 August 2009)]
**[https://www.devex.com/en/projects/support-to-the-ministry-of-internal-affairs-dna-training-and-dna-laboratory-iso-certification-acquirement-in-serbia-and-montenegro/secure?mem=ua&src=tender Devex.com: Support to the Ministry of Internal Affairs - DNA training and DNA Laboratory ISO Certification Acquirement in Serbia and Montenegro (2006)]

*Press articles

==Detailed analysis==
Taking samples for DNA analyses by the Police in Montenegro is regulated by the Criminal Procedure Law (Official Gazette of the Republic of Montenegro, Nos. 71/03, 7/04, Article 230), which empowers police authorities to obtain a sample from persons and collect evidence for DNA analysis. The Law on Police (Official Gazette of the Republic of Montenegro 28/05, Article 19) permits keeping personal records, fingerprints, photographs, and DNA profiles for the identification purposes. The Criminal Procedure Law (Official Gazette of Montenegro 57/09, August 18th, 2009, Article 147) enacted in 2009, regulates taking of samples or biological material for DNA analyses, packaging, storage, and processing of biological material, and storage of DNA samples and the results of DNA analyses. New legislation is required to bring the requirements into line with the EU Pruem Decisions.

CPP §§ 147, 154, 226, 257, 277

<nowiki>Predlog Zakona o nacionalnom DNK registru [Draft law on the National DNA Registry]</nowiki><ref name="ftn1"> This document appears to be presently classified.

</ref>

A physical examination of a suspect or accused can be conducted at any time without their consent if a magistrate deems it is “necessary to establish facts relevant to criminal proceedings.”<ref name="ftn2"><nowiki> Zakonik o Krivičnom Postupku [Code of Criminal Procedure], Sl. list Crne Gore od 1. januara 2009 [CCP] Art. 154(1), (3) (“potrebno da se utvrde činjenice važne za krivični postupak”).</nowiki>

</ref> What’s more, any person may be subject to a full physical examination upon the mere suspicion that their body harbors trace evidence of a crime.<ref name="ftn3"> CCP Art. 154(1).

</ref> In addition to coerced bodily exams, blood and other biological samples can be collected from anyone if the court deems them “necessary . . . to determine other facts relevant to the criminal proceedings.” The only exception to this rule is if the act of taking the sample itself would pose a serious health hazard.<ref name="ftn4"> CCP Art. 154(2).

</ref> Without the need for court approval, DNA can be collected from any person at any time via buccal swab.<ref name="ftn5"> CCP Art. 154(3).

</ref>

----
<references/>

Turkey

2014-02-03T16:29:23Z

Helenw:

Turkey does not have a DNA database.
From 2009-13 it received funding to improve its forensic DNA testing capacity from the EU.
Establishing a DNA database would be a requirement for Turkey to join the EU.

==External links==

**[http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/turkey/ipa/2008/tr080214_strenghtening_forensic_capacity_of_turkey-_final_en.pdf EU: Strengthening Forensic Capacity of Turkey]
**[http://www.enfsi.eu/member/headquarters-police-forensic-laboratories-kpl EFSNI: Turkey: Headquarters of Police Forensic Laboratories (KPL)]
**[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073803001695 Cakir et al (2003) Allele frequencies for 15 STR loci in Van–Ağrı districts of the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey]

==Press articles==

Sweden

2014-02-03T16:03:49Z

Helenw:

Sweden set up a DNA database in 1998.

==Resources==
*External links
**[https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/memberpage/sweden-815 Europol: Sweden]
**[http://www.skl.polisen.se/Global/www%20och%20Intrapolis/Informationsmaterial/SKL/Fact%20sheet%20database%20information.pdf SKL: Fact sheet - The National DNA Database (26th September 2012)]
**[http://www.skl.polisen.se/Global/www%20och%20Intrapolis/Informationsmaterial/SKL/Fact%20sheet%20match%20report%20iformation.pdf SKL: Fact sheet - Match Reports from the National DNA Database (26th September 2012)]
**[http://www.polisen.se/Global/www%20och%20Intrapolis/Informationsmaterial/01%20Polisen%20nationellt/Engelskt%20informationsmaterial/Polisen_en_presentation_110506.pdf The Swedish Police: An Introduction]
**[http://www.regeringen.se/content/1/c4/15/40/472970fc.pdf THE SWEDISH CODE OF JUDICIAL PROCEDURE]

*Press articles
**[http://www.thelocal.se/20131013/50764 The Local: Sweden to share DNA files with foreign police (7th November 2013)]
**[http://falkvinge.net/2012/07/19/sweden-paradise-lost-part-3-comprehensive-population-dna-database/ Falkvinge.net: Sweden holds DNA database of everybody under 38 (19th July 2012)]

==Detailed analysis==

The legislation concerning the national DNA database of DNA profiles is found in Code of Judicial Procedure, Chapter 28, Article 12-13 and in the Police Data Act (1998:622), Article 22-28<ref name="ftn1"> E.U. 9445/1/06 at 8.

</ref>,<ref name="ftn2"> The DNA profiles of persons convicted of serious crimes against a person’s life or health, personal integrity or security or crimes involving public danger, are inserted in our national DNA database if the crime can lead to an imprisonment for more than two years. The database only includes DNA profiles regarding the identity.

</ref>

Persons serving a prison sentence of 4 years or more, suspects charged of an offence that could lead to a prison sentence of 4 years or more (approval of prosecutor is required), and all crime scene stains<ref name="ftn3"> See EU Current Practices at 77.

</ref>

There are no restrictions to the entry of DNA profiles that are derived from unidentified crime scene stains. The DNA profiles of crime suspects can be entered into the database when this penalty is in proportion to the prison sentence they may have to serve. The DNA profiles of convicted offenders can be entered into the database when they are condemned to another sentence than a monetary one.

The police have the authority to collect DNA samples from crime suspects and unidentified crime scene stains, but not from convicted offenders. The taking of a DNA sample from a minor is not allowed. The taking of a DNA sample from mentally ill persons is allowed when they are suspected of a crime.

Convicted persons’ profiles are kept for twenty years after their entry for individuals sentenced to no more than six years, thirty years for individuals sentenced to more than six years, or at most twenty years after the individual’s death; suspects’ profiles are removed upon acquittal and crime scene stains are deleted after twelve, twenty, or eighty years depending on the severity of the underlying offense<ref name="ftn4"> See EU Current Practices at 77-78.

</ref>

The DNA profiles that are derived from unidentified crime scene stains have to be removed from the database when a match is made, when the crime is solved in a different way than by DNA profiling or, depending on the severity of the crime, after fifteen or thirteen years. The DNA profiles of crime suspects have to be removed upon acquittal. The DNA profiles of convicted offenders have to be removed ten years after the passing of their sentence.

Have to be destroyed twenty years after their creation for individuals sentenced to no more than six years, thirty years for individuals sentenced to more than six years, or at most twenty years after the individual’s death; suspects’ samples must be destroyed upon their acquittal<ref name="ftn5"> See EU Current Practices at 78.

</ref>

The DNA samples of crime suspects and convicted offenders have to be destroyed as soon as possible and can in any case no longer be retained than six months after the DNA profiles have been created.

National Laboratory of Forensic Science. The National Police Board is responsible for the database.

The database managers and the DNA scientists of the Swedish National Laboratory of Forensic Science have access to all information that is contained in the database. DNA profiles can be exchanged with the other EU Member States through Interpol. It is an Oracle database in combination with CODIS.

----
<references/>

Spain

2014-02-03T15:57:49Z

Helenw:

Spain set up a DNA database in 2007.

==Resources==
*External links
**[https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/memberpage/spain-757 Europol: Spain]
**[http://www.gep-isfg.org/en/The Spanish and Portuguese-Speaking Working Group of the International Society for Forensic Genetics (GHEP-ISFG)]
**[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2652800/ JJ et al. (2007) Spanish public awareness regarding DNA profile databases in forensic genetics: what type of DNA profiles should be included?]
**[http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2007/10/09/pdfs/A40969-40972.pdf Spain: Organic Law 10/2007 of 8 October, Regulating the Police Database for DNA Identification]
**[http://www.isfg.org/files/67dcf7d7d9946629c70003d18d286e67abe87cfd.05016213_241435876761.pdf Terres et al. (2006) The inclusion of profiles of evidence of sexual aggressions in DNA databases: The viewpoint of a forensic genetics laboratory]
**[http://www.gep-isfg.org/archivos/201301/03Profiles%20in%20DNA.GEP%20History.pdf The Spanish and Portuguese ISFG Working Group: Ten Years Coordinating DNA Typing In Spain, Portugal and Latin America (August 2000)]
**[http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Penal/lecr.html Ley de Enjuiciamiento Criminal] Criminal Procedures Act.

*Press articles
**[http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/175707/spain-to-set-up-dna-database-to-track-stolen-babies Inquirer News: Spain to set up DNA database to track 'stolen babies' (12th April 2012)]
**[http://www.theolivepress.es/spain-news/2011/04/26/dna-database-has-helped-solve-7500-crimes-in-spain/ The Olive Press: Spanish DNA database has helped solve 7,500 crimes (27th April 2011)]
**[http://expatlifespain.com/dna-database-fighting-crime-in-malaga ExpatLife Spain: DNA database fighting crime in Malaga (15th June 2009)]

==Detailed analysis==
'''Criminal Procedure Law'''<ref name="ftn1"> E.U. 9445/3/06 at 8.

</ref><ref name="ftn2"> Criminal Procedures Act, BOE No. 260 of September 17, 1882 (Spain).

</ref>

'''Article 326.'''

When the crime is prosecuted has left traces or elements of their commission, the examining magistrate or in lieu thereof the collected and retained for the trial if possible, proceeding to effect a visual inspection and description of everything that may be linked to the existence and nature of the act.

To this end cars will enter in the description of the crime scene, the site and state who are the objects in it are, the terrain or situation of the rooms and all other details that can be used both for the prosecution and the defense.

When you were to indicate the existence of traces or relics whose biological analysis might help to clarify the facts under investigation, the Coroner shall take or order the judicial police or the coroner to take the necessary measures for the collection, custody and examination of those samples is tested in conditions that ensure their authenticity, without prejudice to Article 282.

'''Article 363.'''

Courts ordered the practice of chemical analysis only where they are deemed absolutely essential for the necessary legal research and the proper administration of justice.

Provided that accredited proper circumstances, the Coroner may decide at a reasoned decision, obtaining biological samples from the suspect which are essential to determining their DNA profile. To this end, decide to practice those acts of inspection, survey or body intervention that are appropriate to the principles of proportionality and reasonableness.

'''Law 15/1999 on Protection of Personal Data'''<ref name="ftn3"> Organic Law No. 15/1999 of December 13 on the Protection of Personal Data, BOE No. 289, December 14, 1999 (Spain).

</ref>

'''Article 7.''' Sensitive data.

1. In accordance with the provisions of paragraph 2 of Article 16 of the Constitution, no person shall be compelled to testify about his ideology, religion or belief.

When on these data is appropriate to seek the consent referred to the next section, will warn the person concerned about their right not to lend.

2. Only with the express written consent of the person concerned may be processed personal data revealing the ideology, trade union membership, religion and belief. Exceptions are files maintained by the political parties, unions, churches, denominations or religious communities and associations, foundations and other nonprofit entities whose purpose is political, philosophical, religious or trade-in terms of their associated data or shall, without prejudice to the provision of such data always require the consent of the affected.

3. The personal data referring to racial origin, health and sex life can only be collected, processed and transferred when, for reasons of general interest, so provides a law or expressly consents affected.

4. Are prohibited files created with the sole purpose of storing personal data revealing the ideology, trade union membership, religion, creed, race or ethnic origin, or sexual preference.

5. The personal data relating to the commission of criminal or administrative violations may only be included in files of the competent public administrations in the circumstances envisaged in the respective regulatory standards.

6. Notwithstanding the preceding paragraphs may be processed personal data referred to in paragraphs 2 and 3 of this Article, if such treatment is necessary for the prevention or medical diagnosis, assisting care or treatment or management of health services, if such data processing is performed by a health professional subject to professional secrecy or by another person also subject to an equivalent obligation of secrecy.

They may also be processed data referred to above where processing is necessary to protect the vital interests of another person affected or in the event that the person concerned is physically or legally incapable of giving consent.

'''Article 22.''' Files of the Security Forces.

1. Files created by the Security Forces which contain personal data, having been collected for administrative purposes, must be subject to registration, shall be subject to general rules of this Law

2. The collection and processing for law enforcement purposes of personal data by the Security Forces without consent of those affected are limited to those cases and categories of data that are necessary to prevent a real danger to public safety or to the prosecution of criminal offenses and should be stored in specific files established for that purpose, to be categorized according to their degree of reliability.

3. The collection and processing by the Security Forces of the data, as referred to in paragraphs 2 and 3 of Article 7 may be made only in cases where it is absolutely necessary for the purposes of a specific investigation, without prejudice legality of administrative action or the obligation to settle the claims made in his case the interest attributable to the courts.

4. The personal data for law enforcement purposes will be canceled when not needed for the investigation that led to their storage.

To this end, particular the age of the affected and the nature of the stored data, the need to maintain the data until the completion of a particular investigation or proceeding, the final judicial decision, especially the acquittal, pardon, rehabilitation and prescribing responsibility.

----
<references/>

Slovenia

2014-02-03T15:37:05Z

Helenw:

The 2008 Interpol survey reports that 5,000 crime scene DNA profiles and 11,000 individuals' profiles were held in Slovenia at the time of the survey.

==Resources==

*External links
**[https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/memberpage/slovenia-809 Europol: Slovenia]
**[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3118707/pdf/CroatMedJ_52_0235.pdf Marjanovic et al (2011) Forensic DNA databases in Western Balkan region: retrospectives, perspectives, and initiatives]
**[http://web.ceu.hu/celab/Genebank/GeneBanC_slov.pdf CELAB: THE LEGAL REGULATION OF BIOBANKS National Report: Slovenia (April 2010)]
**[http://www.uradni-list.si/1/objava.jsp?urlid=200570&stevilka=3112 3112. Zakon o policiji (uradno prečiščeno besedilo) (ZPol-UPB4), Stran 7205.] Police Act.

*Press articles

==Detailed analysis==

Police Act (Official Journal of the Republic of Slovenia nr. 49/98, 93/2001, 79/2003, 50/04) -Articles 59 - 63.<ref name="ftn1"> E.U. 9445/1/06 at 8.

</ref>

<nowiki>Police Act [Zakon o policiji]</nowiki>

IV. Collection, Protection and Security Of Data<nowiki> [Zbiranje, Varstvo in Zavarovanje Podatkov] </nowiki>

The police managed the collection of personal data (hereinafter referred to as records) by the performance of the collected, processed, stored, transmitted and used by police officers. With regard to the exercise of police powers Police keep and maintain the following records: . . . (8) DNA records of investigations. <ref name="ftn2"><nowiki> Zakon o policiji (uradno prečiščeno besedilo) [</nowiki>Police Act (official consolidated text)] (ZPol-UPB7), Uradni list RS, št. 66/2009 z dne 21. 8. 2009 S. 9317, Art. 59 (hereinafter “ZPol-UPB7”)

</ref> Minister prescribes in detail the method of keeping police records.

In addition to common data containing individual records the following information: . . . (8) DNA records of investigations: the place, time and reason for taking a sample of DNA, the name of the person deprived of his sample and DNA profile of the samples taken<ref name="ftn3"> ZPol-UPB7 at Art. 61

</ref>

Data are stored: Records from § 8 of Article 59 of this Act to stop a police investigation or the completion of actions to protect, or to issue a decision to reject an instance of the criminal, failing that, to the limitation of law enforcement<ref name="ftn4"> ZPol-UPB7 at Art. 63

</ref>

After the deadlines specified in the preceding article, the data from police records are treated in accordance with the regulations governing the operations of public authorities with a permanent collection of documentary material and the handling of public archival material. Access to this information is granted only to the police and to those in other government authorities authorized only to investigate suspected criminal offense for which the perpetrator is prosecuted ex officio, or in other cases specified by law. <ref name="ftn5"> ZPol-UPB7 at Art. 64

</ref>

<nowiki>Code of Criminal Procedure [Zakon o kazenskem postopku]</nowiki>

<nowiki>XVIII Investigative Actions [Preiskovalna Dejanja]</nowiki>

<nowiki>7. Expert Actions [7. Izvedenstvo]</nowiki>

Article 266<ref name="ftn6"><nowiki> Zakon o kazenskem postopku (uradno prečiščeno besedilo) [Criminal Procedure Act (official consolidated text)] (ZKP-UPB3), Uradni list RS, št. 8/2006 z dne 26.1. 2006 S. 745, Art. 266 (Slovn.)</nowiki>

</ref>

(1) Physical examination of a defendant shall also be made without its consent, if need be ascertain the facts relevant to criminal proceedings. Physical examination of other persons may be carried out without their consent only if they must determine whether it is in their body established trail or a result of crime.

(2) Collection of blood and other medical acts under the rules of medical science made the analysis and findings of other facts relevant to criminal proceedings may be made without the consent of the review, unless the resulting damage to his health.

(3) Not allowed to the defendant or witness to use medical interventions or to give them such funds, which would impact on their available in izpovedovanju. (as witnesses?—no clear translation)

Authority: Police as a body within the Ministry of the Interior, department: General Police Directorate - Forensic Science Laboratory.

DB 2 IBM

The searches are concluded with fully or partly defined DNA profiles.

----
<references/>

Slovakia

2014-02-03T15:29:41Z

Helenw:

The 2008 Interpol survey reports that 3,400 crime scene DNA profiles and 8,370 individuals' profiles, plus 29 missing persons' DNA profiles and 267 unknown/deceased DNA profiles were held in Slovakia at the time of the survey.

==Resources==
*External links
**[https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/memberpage/slovakia-811 Europol: Slovakia]
**[http://web.ceu.hu/celab/Genebank/GenebanC_Slovakia.pdf CELAB: THE LEGAL REGULATION OF BIOBANKS National Report: Slovakia (April 2010)]
**[http://www.zbierka.sk/sk/predpisy/zakon-417-2002-z-z.p-6580.html?aspi_hash=NDE3LzIwMDIgWi56Lg 417/2002 Z.z. Zákon o používaní analýzy deoxyribonukleovej kyseliny na identifikáciu osôb] DNA Identification Law.

*Press articles
**[http://spectator.sme.sk/articles/view/18380/1/ The Slovak Spectator: DNA database launched (17th January 2005)]

==Detailed analysis==
The Act n. 417/2002 -Use of DNA analysis for identification of persons<ref name="ftn1"> E.U. 9445/1/06 at 8.

</ref>

Persons condemned to punishment other than a fine, all suspects, if warranted by possible prison sentence, and all crime scene stains<ref name="ftn2"> See EU Current Practices at 74.

</ref>

There are no restrictions to the entry of DNA profiles which are derived from unidentified crime scene stains. The DNA profiles of crime suspects and convicted offenders can be entered into the database when they are suspected or convicted of any recordable offence.

There are no restrictions to the collection of DNA samples from crime suspects, convicted offenders and unidentified crime scene stains. The taking of a DNA sample from minors and mentally ill persons is only allowed when this is necessary for the search for missing persons.

Convicted persons’ profiles are retained for ten years after conviction, suspects’ profiles are removed upon their acquittal, and crime scene stains are kept until they are identified, when the underlying case is solved, or after fifteen or thirty years depending on the severity of the underlying offense<ref name="ftn3"> See EU Current Practices at 75.

</ref>

According to the provisions in § 69 (6) and § 69 (7) of the amended Act on the Police Force of the Slovak republic, any data (including DNA profiles) should be destroyed without undue delay if the police do not need these data for the fulfilling of its tasks. Police officials are obliged to check at least once within three years whether storage of these data is still necessary. Based on the purpose of the DNA profiles which are derived from crime scene stains, it can therefore be concluded that these DNA profiles are stored in the database until a match is made. DNA profiles of convicted offenders must be removed hundred years following the birth of the individual. This provision is also valid for the profiles of persons who could not be prosecuted due to a non compos mentis state at the time of committing the crime or who can not be prosecuted due to insanity. The DNA profiles of crime suspects must be removed upon acquittal.

All samples must be destroyed “as soon as possible”<ref name="ftn4"> See EU Current Practices at 75.

</ref> <nowiki>[GET QT FROM LAW]</nowiki>

The DNA samples of convicted offenders can be retained. Those of crime suspects must be destroyed upon acquittal.

The Forensic Institute

The database administrator and the DNA analysts have access to all information contained in the database (surname, given names, birth date and place of birth, personal no. or passport number (foreign nationals), resident address, nationality, other data characterizing the person). Police officials and judicial officials only have access to the results of the comparisons that are made between the various DNA profiles. DNA profiles can be exchanged with the other EU Member States through Interpol.

CODIS v5.7 Software

----
<references/>

Romania

2014-02-03T15:19:50Z

Helenw:

__TOC__

== Overview ==
Romania established its national DNA database in 2008. The database contains the genetic profiles, personal data, and investigation data for persons suspected or convicted of crimes certain crimes, unidentified crime scene stains, genetic profiles of unknown bodies, missing persons, or persons suspected of having died in natural disasters, acts of mass murder and acts of terrorism. A written court order is required to collect DNA from suspects; persons convicted of certain crimes are required to submit to DNA analysis. Suspects’ DNA profiles are kept on the database until the investigating authority or a court orders their deletion. DNA profiles of convicted persons are retained until they reach the age of sixty. If they die before reaching sixty, their profile is deleted five years after their death. The 2008 Interpol survey reports that 38 crime scene DNA profiles and 7,000 individuals' profiles were held in Romania at the time of the survey.

==External links==
**[http://www.criminalistic.ro/lege-nr-762008-privind-organizarea-si-functionarea-sistemului-national-de-date-genetice-judiciare/ Lege nr. 76/2008 privind organizarea si functionarea Sistemului National de Date Genetice Judiciare]
**[https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/memberpage/romania-805 Europol: Romania]
** [http://web.ceu.hu/celab/Genebank/GeneBanC_ro.pdf CELAB: THE LEGAL REGULATION OF BIOBANKS National Report: Romania (September 2009)]
** [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2702745/ Stanciu et al. (2009): Population Data for 15 Short Tandem Repeat Loci from Wallachia Region, South Romania]
** [http://www.edri.org/edri-gram/number7.2/romania-privacy-in-public-debate EDRI: Romania: Is really privacy a topic in the public debate? (28th January 2009)]

==Press articles==

== Detailed Analysis ==
'''I. Law on Point'''

Law No 76/2008 establishes the National System of Judicial Genetic Data (hereinafter “SNDGJ”).<ref name="ftn1"> <nowiki>Lege nr. 76/2008 privind organizarea si functionarea Sistemului National de Date Genetice Judiciare [Law No. 16/2008 </nowiki><nowiki>Establishing the National Judicial System of Genetic Data] [M.O.1] nr. 289 of 14 April 2008. </nowiki>See ''Id.'', Art. 1.

</ref>

'''II. Entry Criteria'''

The SNDGJ contains the genetic profiles, personal data, and investigation data for persons suspected or convicted of crimes cited in the appendix,<ref name="ftn2"> ''Supra'' note 291, Art. 4(1)(a) & (1)(b).

</ref> unidentified crime scene stains,<ref name="ftn3"> ''Supra'' note 291, Art. 4(1)(c)

</ref> genetic profiles of unknown bodies, missing persons, or persons suspected of having died in natural disasters, acts of mass murder and acts of terrorism.<ref name="ftn4"> ''Supra'' note 291, Art. 4(1)(d)

</ref>

The SNDGJ is comprised of a set of independent subunits in which is stored information used for the purposes specified in Art. 1, namely: “to prevent and control certain categories of crimes which seriously harm the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals, especially the right to life and physical and mental integrity, and to identify unidentified corpses, persons missing or deceased in natural disasters, accidents, mass murder offenses, or acts of terrorism.”<ref name="ftn5"> ''Supra'' note 291, Art. 1.

</ref> The SNDGJ includes three sub-databases: (1) the personal database, (2) the investigation database, and (3) the DNA profiles database.<ref name="ftn6"> ''Supra'' note 291, Art. 2(c).

</ref> The personal database contains the personal data of persons that could be perpetrators, instigators, or accomplices of crimes contained in the appendix.<ref name="ftn7"> ''Supra'' note 291, Art. 2(d); Art. 4(1)(a). As noted, the police may take biological samples from persons suspected of crimes cited in the appendix to Law No. 76/2008. See ''Supra'' note 291, Art. 3. The appendix lists the following crimes: (1) Crime of murder, provided by art. 174 of the Criminal Code; (2) Crime of murder qualified, provided by art. 175 of the Criminal Code; (3) Particularly serious crime of murder, provided by art. 176 of the Criminal Code; (4) The crime of infanticide, provided by art. 177 of the Criminal Code; (5) Crime of murder of guilt, provided by art. 178 of the Criminal Code; (6) Crime or of facilitating the determination of suicide, provided by art. 179 of the Criminal Code; (7) The offense of the injury, provided by art. 181 of the Criminal Code; (8) Felony serious injury, provided by art. 182 of the Criminal Code; (9) Impactor crime causing death or injury, provided by art. 183 of the Criminal Code; (10) The fault personal injury crime, provided by art. 184 of the Criminal Code; (11) Offense of deprivation of liberty unlawfully, provided by art. 189 of the Criminal Code; (12) Crime of slavery, provided by art. 190 of the Criminal Code; (13) Crime of rape, provided by art. 197 of the Criminal Code; (14) Crime of sexual intercourse with a minor, provided by art. 198 of the Criminal Code; (15) Offense of sexual perversion, provided by art. 201 of the Criminal Code; (16) Sexual corruption offenses, provided by art. 202 of the Criminal Code; (17) Crime of incest, provided by art. 203 of the Criminal Code; (18) Offense of robbery, provided by art. 211 of the Criminal Code; (19) Crime of torture, provided by art. 2671 of the Penal Code; (20) Offense of failure of the system of nuclear material or other radioactive materials, provided by art. 2791 of the Penal Code; (21) Offense of failure of the regime of explosive materials, provided by art. 280 of the Criminal Code; (22) Minor crime of ill treatment, provided by art. 306 of the Criminal Code; (23) Propaganda for war crime, provided by art. 356 of the Criminal Code; (24) Crime of genocide, provided by art. 357 of the Criminal Code; (25) Crime of inhumane treatment, provided by art. 358 of the Criminal Code; (26) Felony destruction of property and ownership objectives, stipulated in art. 359 of the Criminal Code; (27) Crime of destruction, pillage or acquiring cultural values, provided by art. 360 of the Criminal Code; (28) Terrorism provisions of Law no. 535/2004 on preventing and combating terrorism; (29) Crimes mentioned in art. 2, 3, 10 and 12 of Law no. 143/2000 on combating illicit drug trafficking and consumption, with subsequent modifications; and (30) Offense referred to in Art. 22 para. (3) of Government Emergency Ordinance no. 121/2006 on the legal regime of drug precursors, approved with modifications by Law no. 186/2007.

</ref> The personal database also includes the personal data on individuals incarcerated for crimes listed in the appendix.<ref name="ftn8"> ''Supra'' note 291, Art. 2(d); Art. 4(1)(b).

</ref> The investigation database contains information relating to crimes and other data of interest to police, including profiles derived from crime scene stains that have been identified as belonging to a specific person.<ref name="ftn9"> ''Supra'' note 291, Art. 2 (e).

</ref> The DNA profiles database contains the genetic profiles of individuals included on the personal database as well as those derived from unidentified crime scene stains.<ref name="ftn10"> ''Supra'' note 291, Art. 2(f).

</ref>

'''III. Sample Collection'''

Romanian law permits taking DNA samples from innocent persons whose genetic material my inadvertently be found at a crime scene (e.g. in a public place) as well as the victims of crimes for the purpose of excluding them from suspicion—provided such samples are collected with the individual’s consent.<ref name="ftn11"> ''Supra'' note 291, Art. 4(3).

</ref> Genetic profiles derived from these samples will be verified by comparison to the SNDGJ only the purpose for which sample was taken, but will not be stored in any of the databases.<ref name="ftn12"> ''Supra'' note 291, Art. 4(4).

</ref>

Romanian law requires that biological samples be collected via buccal swab or the “noninvasive” collection of facial epithelial cells.<ref name="ftn13"> ''Supra'' note 291, Art. 5(1).

</ref> The law provides that all said biological samples are to be collected subject to the written request of the investigating prosecutor or the court. In the case of minors, the consent of a legal guardian or court order is required.<ref name="ftn14"> ''Supra'' note 291, Art. 5(2) to 5(5).

</ref>

An order of conviction for any of the crimes listed in the appendix functions also as an order for the collection of a biological sample from the convicted person and the inclusion of the DNA profile derived from that sample in the SNDGJ.<ref name="ftn15"> ''Supra'' note 291, Art. 7.

</ref>

'''IV. Removal Criteria'''

The genetic profiles of suspects are retained on the database until the investigating prosecutor or a court of competent jurisdiction orders their deletion.<ref name="ftn16"> ''Supra'' note 291, Art. 13(1) to (2).

</ref> The genetic profiles of persons convicted of crimes listed in the appendix are retained until they reach the age of sixty. If said persons die prior to age sixty, their profiles are kept for five years after their death.<ref name="ftn17"> ''Supra'' note 291, Art. 14

</ref> Genetic profiles derived from unidentified crime scene stains or taken from unidentified bodies or missing persons are kept until identified or for twenty five years after their entry onto SNDGH.<ref name="ftn18"> ''Supra'' note 291, Art. 16

</ref>

'''V. Sample Retention'''

The biological samples collected from persons suspected or convicted of any offense enumerated in the appendix are retained as long as the law permits that the genetic profiles derived therefrom be kept.<ref name="ftn19"> ''Supra'' note 291, Art. 17.

</ref>

'''VI. Database Access'''

The authority responsible for processing the data contained in SNDGJ is the Forensic Institute of the Romanian Police General Inspectorate (hereinafter “Romanian Forensic Institute”), itself a subdivision of the Ministry of the Interior and Administrative Reform. The Romanian Forensic Institute is the custodian and manager of SNDGJ<ref name="ftn20"> ''Supra'' note 291, Art. 9(1).

</ref> The Romanian Forensic Institute is structured in such a way so that access to the different databases is restricted to different personnel, among which communication is tightly controlled.<ref name="ftn21"> ''Supra'' note 291, Art. 9(2).

</ref> The processing of personal data entered in SNDGJ shall be subject to the Law no. 677/2001 on the protection of personal data.<ref name="ftn22"> ''Supra'' note 291, Art. 9.(6)

</ref>

Law No. 76/2008 forbids the use of biological samples taken pursuant thereto for any purposes other than those specifically enumerated therein.<ref name="ftn23"> ''Supra'' note 291, Art. 10.

</ref> Said biological samples may only be subject to analysis that yields genetic profiles that do not contain health data or any other personal information that may affect the right to intimate and familial relations and personal integrity.<ref name="ftn24"> ''Supra'' note 291, Art. 12.

</ref>

== References ==
<references/>

New Zealand

2014-01-27T20:41:51Z

Helenw:

The Criminal Investigations (Bodily Samples) Amendment Act expanding New Zealand's database was passed in October 2009. Previously samples could be taken only from people charged with crimes carrying sentences of seven years or more, or by order from a judge. The new law allows the police to take samples from anyone they intend to charge.

In 2013, New Zealand signed a "Pruem-like" sharing agreement (named after the EU's Pruem data-sharing agreement) with the US, to allow each country legal access to the other's fingerprint database under specified conditions, for automated searching. The agreement will also allow each country legal access to the other's DNA database, at a future stage.

The 2008 Interpol survey reports that 20,170 crime scene DNA profiles and 85,300 individuals' profiles were held in New Zealand at the time of the survey.

== Resources ==
* External links
**[http://www.justice.govt.nz/policy/criminal-justice/copy_of_organised-crime/national-interest-analysis Ministry of Justice: NATIONAL INTEREST ANALYSIS Agreement between the Government of the United States and the Government of New Zealand on Enhancing Cooperation in Preventing and Combating Crime (September 2013)]
**[http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2009/0046/latest/DLM1829219.html Criminal Investigations (Bodily Samples) Amendment Act 2009]
* Press articles
**[http://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/289246/cost-barrier-establishing-dna-database Otago Daily Times: Cost barrier to establishing DNA database (26th January 2014)]
**[http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/9180359/US-can-access-NZ-fingerprint-info Stuff.co.nz: US can access NZ fingerprint info (18th September 2013)]
**[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11126185 New Zealand Herald: Fingerprint data shared with US (18th September 2013)]
**[http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/8199938/Privacy-fear-for-DNA-dragnet Stuff.co.nz: Privacy fear for DNA dragnet (20th January 2013)]
** [http://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/newsdetail1.asp?storyID=204818 NewsTalkZB: Concern over police DNA database (16th September 2011)]
** [http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10626665 New Zealand Herald: Global DNA search a step closer, says expert (17th February 2010)]
** [http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10615959 New Zealand Herald: DNA advance and $8 theft capture killer (17th December 2009)]
** [http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/15146/diversion-for-disclosure-of-dna-information Radio New Zealand: Diversion for disclosure of DNA information (28th August 2009)]
** [http://www.databreaches.net/?p=4663 DataBreaches.Net: NZ: Privacy Commissioner calls for DNA database oversight (7th June 2009)]
** [http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10576530 New Zealand Herald: ESR worker in court over DNA database leak (5th June 2009)]
** [http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10576279 New Zealand Herald: Suspected data leak: ESR calls in police (4th June 2009)]
** [http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10573819 New Zealand Herald: Recession hits planned expansion of DNA tests (22nd May 2009)]
** [http://www.guide2.co.nz/politics/news/jump-in-number-of-hits039-expected-from-dna-on-arrest039-law-esr/11/6989 guide2.co.nz: Jump in number of 'hits' expected from 'dna on arrest' law - ESR (8th April 2009)]
** [http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10555712 New Zealand Herald: Expansion of DNA database delayed (9th February 2009)]

==Detailed analysis==

Criminal Investigations (Bodily Samples) Act of 1995<ref name="ftn1"> Put. Act. 1995 No. 55 (Oct. 24, 1995).

</ref>

Criminal Investigations (Bodily Samples) Amendment Act of 2003<ref name="ftn2"> Pub. Act. 2003 No. 11 (Oct. 30, 2003).

</ref>

Criminal Investigations (Bodily Samples) Amendment Act 2009<ref name="ftn3"> Pub. Act. 2009 No. 46 (Nova. 2, 2009).

</ref>

----
<references/>

Philippines

2014-01-21T22:54:42Z

Helenw:

A Bill to create a DNA database in the Philippines was introduced in late July 2013.

==Resources==
*External links
**[http://202.57.33.10/plis/Public/PB_bill_view.asp?system_id=199132 Senate Legislative Information System: Bill SBN-1127]
**[http://www.senate.gov.ph/lis/bill_res.aspx?congress=16&q=SBN-1127 Philippines: Senate Bill No. 1127 DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) IDENTIFICATION ACT (29th July 2013)]
**[http://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/vol140no1/pdfs/1_expansion%20of%20the%20philippine%20autosomal%20short%20tandem%20repeat.pdf Maiquilla et al (2011): Expansion of the Philippine Autosomal Short Tandem Repeat Population Database for DNA-based Paternity Testing]

*Press articles

Poland

2014-01-08T23:46:06Z

Helenw:

The 2008 Interpol survey reports that 276 crime scene DNA profiles and 16,690 individuals' profiles were held in Poland at the time of the survey.

==Resources==
*External links
**[http://clk.policja.pl/clk/english/50802,Welcome-to-the-Central-Forensic-Laboratory-of-the-Police.html Central Forensic Laboratory of the Police]
**[https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/memberpage/poland-793 Europol: Poland]
**[http://pila.szkolapolicji.gov.pl/joomla/images/stories/Biblioteka/Ebiblioteka/PDF/010_bielinski_kryminalistyczno.pdf Leszek Bieliński & Wojciech Miś (2009) Kryminalistyczno-procesowe zabezpieczanie śladów na miejscu zdarzenia]
**[http://web.ceu.hu/celab/Genebank/GeneBanC_pl.pdf CELAB: THE LEGAL REGULATION OF BIOBANKS National Report: Poland (September 2009)]
**[http://www.osmologia.wortale.net/177-Slady-kryminalistyczne-Ujawnianie-zabezpieczanie-wykorzystanie-Praca-zbiorowa.html Ślady kryminalistyczne. Ujawnianie, zabezpieczanie, wykorzystanie. Praca zbiorowa pod red. M. Goca i J. Moszczyńskiego, Difin 2007]
**[http://www.forensicscience.pl/pfs/50_goc.pdf Goc & Debrowska (2002) THE PRESENT AND FUTURE OF DNA DATABASE IN POLAND]

*Press articles
**[http://www.thenews.pl/1/6/Artykul/125640,DNA-database-to-identify-Stalinist-regime-victims Polski Radio: DNA database to identify Stalinist regime victims (29th January 2013)]

==Detailed analysis==

Code of Criminal Procedure<ref name="ftn1"><nowiki> Kodeks Postępowania Karnego z dnia 6 czerwca 1997 r. [Code of Criminal Procedure of 6 June 1997], Dz. U. Nr. 89 poz. 555, Arts. 74 & 192a (Pol.).</nowiki>

</ref>

Art 74. § 1 The accused is not obliged to command his innocence nor any obligation to supply evidence against himself.

§ 2 The accused, however, is obliged to submit to:

1) visually inspected the outside of the body and the other tests are not connected with the violation of the integrity of the body, in particular, may be downloaded from the accused's fingerprints, photograph it and show for finding other people,

2) psychological and psychiatric examinations and tests connected to making a treatment on his body, with the exception of surgery, provided that they are made by that employee is entitled to health care in preserving the knowledge of medical indications and do not endanger the health of the accused, if studies are essential , in particular, the accused is required while maintaining the conditions subject to collecting blood, hair or body secretions, subject to paragraph 3,

3) collected by a body of criminal proceedings cheek swab from the mucosa, where it is essential and there is no fear that it would jeopardize the health of the accused or others.

§ 3 In relation to the suspected person can make a research or activities referred to in § 2 paragraph 1 and, by the requirements specified in § 2 paragraph 2 or 3, get blood, hair, a swab from the cheek mucosa or other body secretions.

§ 4 Minister of Justice, in consultation with the minister responsible for health shall determine, by regulation, detailed terms and manner of the accused to undergo tests and the suspected person, and make their participation activities referred to in § 2 paragraph 1 and 3 and § 3 , bearing in mind that the collection, recording and analysis of evidence were made in accordance with current knowledge in the field of criminalistics and forensic medicine.

Police Act<ref name="ftn2"><nowiki> Ustawa o Policji z dnia 6 kwietnia 1990 r. [Police Act of 6 April 1990], Dz. U. Nr. 30 poz. 179, Arts. 1, 21a to 21e (Pol.).</nowiki>

</ref>

Article 21a. 1. Commander in Chief of the Police maintain a database containing information about the results of the analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), hereinafter referred to as "DNA database" and is the administrator of the Act on protection of personal data.

2. The DNA database collects and processes: (1) the information referred to in paragraph 1 in relation to: (a) the persons mentioned in Article. 74, 192 and 192a of the Code of Criminal Procedure, (b) the unidentified people and try to hide their identity, (c) the human remains unidentified, (d) the traces of unknown offenders<nowiki>; and (</nowiki>2) the person referred to in Article. 74, 192 and 192a of the Code of Criminal Procedure and unidentified people, or trying to hide his identity, including: (a) the names or aliases, (b) the names of the parents at birth and those who (c) the date and place of birth, (d) the designation and identification features of the identity document, (e) the address, (f) the number of the SSN, (g) the nationality and gender.

3. Including the database maintained by the collection of DNA samples collected from individuals or from human corpses in order to analyze the DNA in the form of cheek swabs of the mucosa, blood, or secretions of the hair bulb, and for human corpses as a biological material in a sample of tissue, hereinafter "biological samples.

4. The Chief Police Commander shall verify the data stored in the DNA database, using the appropriate provision of Article. Paragraph 20(17).

Article 21b. The information referred to in Article. Paragraph 21a. 1, introduced into the DNA database based on: (1) order the authority conducting the investigation or the court - in the case of DNA analysis carried out in connection with criminal proceedings or proceedings in juvenile cases, (2) Ordinance of the competent local police authority - in the case of human remains unidentified, unidentified people and try to hide his identity.

Article 21c. Information gathered in the DNA database shall be given to investigating criminal police and the authorities conducting the identification operations.

Article 21d. 1. Biological samples and information about DNA analysis results are stored in a database of DNA for 20 years and used to fight crime and for the identification of persons and bodies. 2. Biological samples and information on the results of DNA analysis of suspects, accused or convicted in connection with the commission of crimes and offenses referred to in Chapters XVI-XIX, XXV and XXXV of the Penal Code, as well as those referred to in Article. 94 § 1 of the Penal Code, may be stored in a database of DNA for up to 35 years.

Article 21e. Remove the information referred to in Article. Paragraph 21a. 1, the DNA database and the destruction of biological samples makes a commission appointed by the Chief of Police of these operations by making the protocol in relation to people: (1) have been acquitted or against whom criminal proceedings were discontinued - immediately after the relevant decision becomes final, (2) against which criminal proceedings were discontinued conditionally - after 6 months of the end of the test set by the court, (3) to which the proceedings were discontinued under the provisions of the Witness - one year after the date of validation of the order of redemption.

Legislative Report, A Bill to Amend the Police Act and the Code of Criminal Procedure<ref name="ftn3"><nowiki> enacted as Ustawa z dnia 17 grudnia 2004 r. o zmianie ustawy o Policji oraz ustawy - Kodeks postępowania karnego [Act of 17 December 2004 Amending the Police Act and the Code of Criminal Procedure], Dz.U. z 2005 r. Nr 10, poz. 70.</nowiki>

</ref>

The Act assumes that the purpose of identifying a person using only the DNA test results from non-coding regions of the human genome. Under Articles. 74 § 2 and 3 of the Criminal Procedure Code. collection of biological samples for DNA testing, in the form of the mucosa cheek swabs, blood, hair bulb or secretions from the suspects, suspected and convicted - can also be done without their consent.

Also, without the consent of the persons concerned in criminal proceedings will be able to take samples for preliminary studies, from people leaving genetic traces of the scene of a crime, but not suspected of authorship - as determined Articles. 192a Code of Criminal Procedure "in order to reduce the circle of suspects or determine the probative value revealed traces. In other cases, consent will be required for those persons who are to be sampled. The Law on Police was added in Article. 15, paragraph. 1 point 3a granting police the power to collect cheek swabs from the mucosa in a manner and cases provided for in the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Police officers have the power in all EU member states.

The Act stipulates that the DNA test results will be used only in certain criminal proceedings in the case of persons suspected tion of the authorship of all crimes and offenses referred to in Chapters XVI-XIX, and XXV, and Article XXXV. 94 § 1 of the Penal Code, whose genetic data will be left in the DNA database - just in order to combat crime. Leaving a database of DNA information on individuals suspected of committing serious crimes will use this information to fight crime and a higher than current effectiveness of police investigations. As a rule introduced 20-year period of storage of samples biological and information on the results of DNA analysis. Exception to the above. rules will be applied to biological samples and the results of DNA analysis of suspects, accused or convicted in connection with the commission of crimes and offenses referred to in Chapters XVI-XIX, XXV and XXXV of the Penal Code. In relation to their adopted a maximum 35 - year period of storage of information to cover all periods of limitation in criminal and prosecution of crimes. Review the information gathered, led by Chief of Police, as administrator of the DNA database every 10 years will ensure the removal of unnecessary data in terms of the collection, for example in case of death of the person.

Mentions that, according to the current legal status (Article 20 of the Law on Police) Police may collect, process and use for detection and identification data on the genetic code, the non-coding regions of the genome. On the basis of the authorization granted in Article. Paragraph 20. 19 of the Law on the Police Chief Police Commander after consultation with the Inspector General for Personal Data Protection, on May 16, 2002. Decree No. 6 issued on the acquisition, processing and use of information by the Police and how their establishment and operation of these collections of information, providing isolation collections of information in police databases for genetic traces of unknown offenders, and this base - called the "genome" has been organized since 2000

----
<references/>

Netherlands

2014-01-08T23:30:02Z

Helenw:

__TOC__

== Overview ==
In the Netherlands, the national DNA database contains genetic profiles from unidentified crime scene stains and persons suspected or convicted of an offence that is punishable by “provisional detention.” The police are not permitted to forcibly collect DNA samples for analysis; a court order from an investigating magistrate is required for coercive sampling. Profiles are removed from the database upon a suspect’s acquittal or the expiration of one hundred years after an offender is convicted.

The 2008 Interpol survey reports that 36,154 crime scene DNA profiles and 59,443 individuals' profiles were held in the Netherlands at the time of the survey.

== Resources ==
*External links
**[https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/memberpage/netherlands-789 Europol: Netherlands]
**[http://www.forensicinstitute.nl/ Netherlands Forensic Institute ]
**[http://dnadatabank.forensischinstituut.nl/ Netherlands DNA bank] Includes figures on the number of stored DNA profiles, updated every month.
**[http://www.academia.edu/515387/Forensic_DNA_databases_in_England_and_the_Netherlands_governance_structure_and_performance_compared_2012_ Toom V (2012): Forensic DNA databases in England and the Netherlands: governance, structure and performance compared]
**[http://dnadatabank.forensischinstituut.nl/Images/poster-arnoud-kal-2012-definitief_tcm127-456702.pdf Kal et al (2012): Familial Searching Combining Autosomal and Y chromosomal STRs and Surnames]
**[http://wrongfulconvictionsblog.org/2012/04/04/dna-familial-searching-now-allowed-in-the-netherlands/ The Wrongful Convictions Blog: DNA-familial searching now allowed in The Netherlands (4th April 2012)]
**[http://www.erasmusmc.nl/erasmusjournalofmedicine/2787834/2973678/47-49_DNA_database_by_L_Kon1.pdf Konings & van Rossum (2011): Should we record the DNA profiles of the entire Dutch population in a DNA database?]
**[http://www.cs.vu.nl/~rmeester/preprints/Familial%20Searching_17_oct.pdf Slooten & Meester (2011): DATABASE LIKELIHOOD RATIOS AND FAMILIAL DNA SEARCHING]
**[http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20110314/08421913486/dutch-chief-police-suggests-national-dna-database-all-citizens.shtml Techdirt: Dutch Chief Of Police Suggests National DNA-Database For All Citizens (15th March 2011)]
**[http://tweakers.net/nieuws/73208/ministerie-is-tegen-opslaan-dna-van-alle-burgers.html Ministerie is tegen opslaan dna van alle burgers (14th March 2011)] The Dutch government opposes a proposal by the Chief of Police of the greater Rotterdam area to create a DNA database of all citizens.
**[http://www.wetboek-online.nl/wet/Wet%20DNA-onderzoek%20bij%20veroordeelden.html Netherlands DNA law (16th September 2004)]
**[http://www.promega.com/~/media/files/resources/conference%20proceedings/ishi%2014/poster%20abstracts/van%20der%20beek.pdf?la=en Van der Beek: THE DUTCH DNA-LAW AND DNA-DATABASE (2003)]

*Press articles
** [http://www.rnw.nl/africa/bulletin/big-brother-dna-databank-proposal-rejected Radio Netherlands: Big brother DNA databank proposal rejected (14th March 2011)]
**[http://www.expatica.com/es/news/local_news/More-juvenile-delinquents-in-DNA-database_43991.html Radio Netherlands: More juvenile delinquents in DNA database (17th June 2008)]
**[http://www.dutchnews.nl/news/archives/2008/06/juveniles_on_dna_database_trip.php Dutch News: Juveniles on DNA database tripled (16th June 2008)]

== Detailed Analysis ==
'''I. Law on Point'''

The national code of criminal proceedings stipulates that by means of a national administrative order the handling of DNA-profiles and organic cell material can be regulated. Article 14 of this Ministerial Decree provides for the legal basis for the DNA database including comparative DNA-testing of suspects, DNA-testing to determine externally visible properties and forensic kinship testing.[1] There is a separate law for the DNA-database inclusion of convicted persons. All practical rules including those of the DNA-database are in the Ministerial Decree See: http://dnadatabank.forensischinstituut.nl/wet_en_regelgeving/dna_de_regels_op_hoofdlijnen/huidige_wet_en_regelgeving/)

.<ref name="ftn1"> E.U. 9445/1/06 at 7. Comparative

</ref>

'''II. Entry Criteria'''

Persons convicted or suspected of an offence for which preventative custody is allowed and all crime scene stains[2]

DNA profiles of crime suspects can only be entered into the database when they are suspected of a crime that can lead to provisional detention and by order of an investigation judge or prosecutor.[3] According to the law of 2 February 2005, the creation of DNA profiles from samples taken from convicted offenders is only permitted when they are convicted of a crime that can lead to provisional detention.[4] This provision is retroactively valid for those who were convicted before 2 February 2005 and for those who have not been incarnated yet.[5] There are no conditions for the entry of the DNA profiles that are derived from unidentified crime scene stains.[6]. However if a crime scene stain comes from a crime for which no provisional detention is allowed, the corresponding suspect cannot be forced to take a DNA-test to prove that he is the owner of the stain. However if the suspect is already on the DNA-database, the match can be used (e.g. spitting at a bus-driver) Other DNA-profiles which are included in the Dutch DNA-database are: dead victims of crimes (both identified and unidentified), persons who are missing as a result of a (suspicion of a) crime and convicted persons who already have completed their punishment (on a voluntary basis)

'''III. Sample Collection'''

Police officers are allowed to collect all crime scene DNA stains that possibly belong to a criminal offender. However, they are not authorized to order a DNA analysis of these DNA samples. This power only comes to the public prosecution officer and the judge-commissioner.[7] The officer of justice can order the coercive sampling of a crime suspect when there are serious indications that he is involved in an offence that can lead to provisional detention and the DNA-test can contribute to the investigation (which implies that also crime scene traces must be available for comparision).[8] Crime suspects also have the opportunity to voluntary cede a DNA sample.[9] In that case, a written consent has to be signed by the suspect. He has the right to be assisted by an attorney when taking a decision. When the suspect consents, the suspect can choose whether sampling is performed by taking cheek adhesive, blood or hair shafts. Sampling is normally performed by a doctor or a nurse. Upon the suspects’ consent, sampling can also be performed by an investigation officer. In that case, the investigation officer is only allowed to take cheek adhesive or hair shafts. An appeal can be made against the creation of a profile from a sample taken from a convicted person, but not against the collecting itself. The Dutch DNA law does not provide for a different treatment of punishable minors and mentally ill persons.[11]

'''IV. Removal Criteria'''

Convicted persons’ profiles are kept for 20, 30, 50 or 80 years depending on the seriousness of the offence and the conviction,

Suspects’ profiles are removed upon their acquittal, and crime scene stains are removed when the custodian has received a notification of the public prosecutors office that they have dealt with the case.[12]

DNA profiles which are derived from unidentified crime scene stains are removed from the database after twelve, twenty or eighty years, depending on the seriousness of the offence.[13] This period can be extended for another twenty or thirty years when the crime suspect or convicted offender is peremptory convicted for another offence.[k1]

'''V. Sample Retention'''

Convicted persons’ samples are retained as long as their corresponding DNA-profiles; suspects samples must be destroyed upon their acquittal[16]

All regulations regarding the entry and removal of DNA profiles are also valid for the DNA samples from which they were derived.[17]

The DNA DB is managed, on behalf of the Minister of Justice by the Director of the Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI).[18] who has mandated this to the head of the DNA-database department.

'''VI. Database Access'''

Only authorized personnel of the NFI have access rights to the DNA database and the register that contains the matching personal data of the suspects and convicted offenders whose profile is entered into the database. The NFI are only allowed to provide relevant data to judiciary officials, police officials and officials of the Central Judicial Collection Agency in as far as they use it for the tasks that are listed in the law.[19] and to National Contact Points of other EU countries according to the EU Prum Council Decisions. The NFI may only provide case information from the DNA database to police officials when this it is related to an unsolved case. Information related to persons must be limited to the name, birth date, and birth place of the individual. This last restriction also applies to the Central Judicial Collection Agency.[20] The NFI may only provide information to the various authorized persons upon their written request and is obliged to register the identity of the applicant, the nature of the submitted information, and date of the transfer.[21] The Central Judicial Collection Agency is exempted from the obligation to submit a written request. They can consult the information electronically without authorization from the NFI. The CJCA can also authorize judiciary officials and police officials to consult the information electronically. In that case, the CJCA has to register the identity of the applicant and the date of the information transfer. The regulations regarding requests for legal assistance apply to the international exchange of DNA profiles.[23] Written or electronic requests by foreign judicial authorities must therefore be submitted to a Dutch public prosecution officer[1]. The Netherlands have signed and ratified the Convention of Prüm, which was converted into EU-legislation in 2008 and therefore have automatic access to the forensic DNA databases of other EU-countries which are already Prüm-DNA-operational.(see: http://dnadatabank.forensischinstituut.nl/dna_databanken/dna_databank_strafzaken/internationale_vergelijking/#paragraph11).

CODIS is the application implemented by NFI. It was originally built by SAIC but has been modified by Unisys on behalf of FBI. The DB is based on MS SQL-server.

The query algorithms are integrated in the applications. It is possible to configure the number of DNA-characteristics (loci) and matching characteristics (loci). It is also possible to categorize profiles allowing a targeted comparison, such as suspects with traces and with mixed traces. The latest version (7) of CODIS also allows for the creation of and search against pedigrees to facilitate the identification of unidentified human remains and to perform familial searches.

[1] All incoming and outgoing legal requests have to go through one of the International Legal Request Centres in the Netherlands where they are registered in a central system (LURIS) and hence can be monitored

==References==

[1] http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0012791

[2] http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001903/TweedeBoek/TitelI/Tweedeafdeeling and http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001903/TweedeBoek/TitelI/Tweedeafdeeling

[3] Ministerial Decree on Forensic DNA-testing (DNA-besluit), Art. 14(4)(d).

[4] Id., §4, Art. 14(4)(e).

[5] Law on DNA investigation of convicts, Art. 8(1).

[6] Law on DNA investigation in criminal proceedings, §4, Art. 14(4)(e).

[7] Act on criminal proceedings, art. 195a, §1.

[8] Id., art. 151b, §1.

[9] Id., art. 151a, §1.

[10] Law on DNA investigation of convicts, art. 2(1).

[11] See EU Current Practices at 71-72.

[12] See EU Current Practices at 71-72.

[13] Ministerial Decree on Forensic DNA-testing (DNA-besluit),, Art. 18(9).

[14] Id., Art. 18(1).

[15] Id., §4, art. 16(1), 16(2).

[16] See EU Current Practices at 72.

[17] Ministerial Decree on Forensic DNA-testing (DNA-besluit),,, Art. 18(11).

[18] The latter oversees the destruction of DNA-profiles and organic material within the period foreseen by law. He is not responsible however for assessing the lawfulness of the supply of organic (cell) material and the profiles obtained on the basis of that material. This responsibility remains with the authority that ordered the DNA investigation, i.e. public prosecutor or the “juge d’instruction.”

[19] Ministerial Decree on Forensic DNA-testing (DNA-besluit),,,, Art. 15(2)a to e.

[20] Id. at §4, Art. 15(5).

[21] Id. at §4, Art. 15(6) to 7.

[23] See EU Current Practices at 71-72.

Lithuania

2014-01-08T23:26:12Z

Helenw:

__TOC__

== Overview ==
The Lithuanian national DNA database contains genetic profiles derived from crime scene stains, as well as from samples taken from suspects and convicted offenders. With the exception of the mentally ill, the police are empowered to coercively collect samples from any suspect. The DNA profiles of suspects or convicted persons are kept for one hundred years after their entry into the database or ten years after the individual’s death. Genetic samples must be destroyed once they have been analyzed to create a DNA profile. A 2008 Interpol survey reports that 1,464 crime scene DNA profiles and 11,301 individuals' profiles were held in Lithuania at the time of the survey.

==Resources==
*External links
**[https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/memberpage/lithuania-777 Europol: Lithuania]
**[http://web.ceu.hu/celab/GeneBanC_Lit.pdf CELAB report: Lithuania]
**[http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter3/dokpaieska.showdoc_l?p_id=303449&p_query=Identifikavimo%20dnr&p_tr2=2 DĖL LIETUVOS POLICIJOS KINOLOGIJOS CENTRO REORGANIZAVIMO PRIJUNGIMO PRIE LIETUVOS POLICIJOS KRIMINALISTINIŲ TYRIMŲ CENTRO BŪDU 2007 m. rugpjūčio 22 d. Nr. 5-V-568]
**[http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter3/dokpaieska.showdoc_l?p_id=319053 BAUDŽIAMOJO PROCESO KODEKSO PATVIRTINIMO, ĮSIGALIOJIMO IR ĮGYVENDINIMO ĮSTATYMAS 2002 m. kovo 14 d. Nr. IX-785 (In Lithuanian)]
**[http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter3/dokpaieska.showdoc_l?p_id=325623&p_query=&p_tr2= POLICIJOS VEIKLOS ĮSTATYMAS 2000 m. spalio 17 d. Nr. VIII-2048 (In Lithuanian)]

*Press articles

== Detailed Analysis ==
'''I. Law on Point'''

Art. 156 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Lithuania provides the legal basis to carry out genetic fingerprinting of individuals.

Lithuanian Police Activity Law provides the legal basis to accumulate and maintain various forensic intelligence databases.

Instructions on DNA Database Management, approved by the Order of the General Commissar of the Lithuanian Police and agreed with the Director of the Forensic Medicine Institute of the M. Romeris University<ref name="ftn1"> E.U. 9445/1/06 at 7.

</ref>

'''II. Entry Criteria'''

All convicted persons, suspects, and crime scene stains<ref name="ftn2"> See EU Current Practices at 64.

</ref>

There are no restrictions to the entry of DNA profiles of crime suspects, convicted offenders and unidentified crime scene stains into the database.

'''III. Sample Collection'''

There are no restrictions to the collection of DNA samples from crime suspects and unidentified crime scene stains. Lithuanian police officers and officers from the Prison department of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Lithuania are not allowed take a DNA sample from convicted offenders. However, if a convicted offender is suspected of having committed any other recordable offence, an officer of the criminal or the local police is allowed to take a DNA sample from the convicted offender. The police are not allowed to take a DNA sample from mentally ill persons.

'''IV. Removal Criteria'''

Convicted persons’ and suspects profiles are retained for one hundred years after their entry or ten years after their death and crime scene stains are kept indefinitely<ref name="ftn3"> See EU Current Practices at 64.

</ref>

No time limit has been established for the retention of DNA profiles which are derived from unidentified crime scene stains. The DNA profiles of crime suspects and convicted offenders are removed after hundred years after entry or ten years after the passing away of the individual.

'''V. Sample Retention'''

All samples must be destroyed once they have been analyzed and a DNA profile derived therefrom<ref name="ftn4"> See EU Current Practices at 64.

</ref>

DNA samples of crime suspects and convicted offenders must be destroyed immediately after they have been analyzed and the related DNA profiles have been stored into the database.

'''VI. Database Access'''

Authorized database managers and scientists have access to all information contained in the DNA database. Police officers can only check whether a particular person’s profile is included into the DNA database. DNA profiles can be exchanged with other EU Member States through Interpol.

== References ==
<references/>

Interpol

2014-01-07T09:20:18Z

Helenw:

The international policing agency, Interpol, conducts surveys of its member countries' use of DNA. Interpol also manages DNA data exchange between countries. By the end of 2012, Interpol's DNA Gateway contained more than 136,000 DNA profiles contributed by 67 member countries. However, use of Interpol's DNA Gateway is relatively limited and regional and bilateral agreements on automated DNA profile matching have been expanding rapidly: see [http://wiki.dnapolicyinitiative.org/index.php?title=International_resources International resources].

==Resources==
*External links
**[http://www.interpol.int/INTERPOL-expertise/Forensics/DNA Interpol: Forensics]
**[http://www.promega.co.uk/~/media/files/resources/conference%20proceedings/ishi%2023/oral%20presentations/21-mestman.pdf?la=en Mestman R (2012) Interpol DNA Hit Catches International Serial Rapist - Only the Second Interpol DNA Hit with the United States]
**[http://www.interpol.int/Public/ICPO/Publications/HandbookPublic2009.pdf Interpol: Interpol Handbook on DNA data exchange and practice (2009) ]
**[http://scm.oas.org/pdfs/forense/INTERPOL.ppt Interpol: International DNA exchange (ppt) (September 2009)]
**[http://www.dnaresource.com/documents/2008INTERPOLGLOBALDNASURVEYREPORTV2.pdf Interpol: Global DNA profiling survey: Results and analysis (2008)]
**[http://www.interpol.int/Public/Forensic/dna/Inquiry/InquiryPublic2002.pdf Interpol: Global DNA database inquiry: Results and analysis (2002)]

*Press articles
**[http://allafrica.com/stories/201112301067.html AllAfrica.com: Africa: 2011- A Ground-breaking Year for INTERPOL's Future (30th December 2011)]

Egypt

2014-01-03T22:17:15Z

Helenw:

Egypt set up its DNA database in 2004. It has no specific DNA database legislation.

The 2008 Interpol survey reports that 30 crime scene DNA profiles and 320 individuals' profiles, plus 1,500 unknown/deceased DNA profiles were held in Egypt at the time of the survey.

==Resources==
*External links
**[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1687157X12000194 El-Alfy & El-Hafez (2012) Paternity testing and forensic DNA typing by multiplex STR analysis using ABI PRISM 310 Genetic Analyzer]
**[http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=198606&local_base=GEN01 GOMAA, R., 2010. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA variation in the Egyptian population and its implications for forensic DNA analysis]
*Press articles
**[http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/police-skirt-law-create-migrant-dna-database.premium-1.518707 Haaretz: Israel Police skirt law, create migrant DNA database (2nd May 2013)] For over a year Israel Police have collected DNA samples from African migrants crossing into Israel from Egypt as a means of helping them solve crimes.

Afghanistan

2014-01-03T21:56:10Z

Helenw:

US and UK intelligence services have been building a database of DNA collected in Afghanistan and Iraq.

== Resources ==
* External links
** [http://kabul.usembassy.gov/im_dna_testing2.html Embassy of the United States: DNA Testing is now conducted at U.S. Embassy Kabul]
**[http://www.royalsociety.org.nz/2002/03/05/attack-guantanamo/ Royal Society of New Zealand: Blood from Afghan detainees could form DNA database (5th March 2002)]
* Press articles
**[http://www.dvidshub.net/news/117967/csi-afghanistan-forensic-experts-help-turn-bomb-maker-into-convict#.Usbi17TFqwF DVIDS: Forensic Experts in Afghanistan Help Turn Bomb Maker into Convict (10th December 2013)]
** [http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2009/07/20/troops-on-dna-patrol-for-bomb-terrorists-115875-21533968/ The Mirror (UK): Troops on DNA patrol for bomb terrorists (20th July 2009)]
** [http://www.fas.org/blog/secrecy/2008/11/dna_database.html FAS Project on Government Secrecy: Joint Intelligence DNA Database Described (18th November 2008)]
** [http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/30574726-b4fe-11dd-b780-0000779fd18c.html#axzz1DJH6xARi Financial Times: Fears over covert DNA database (17th November 2008)]
** [http://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/03/world/a-nation-challenged-captives-us-seeks-dna-of-all-captives-in-afghan-war.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm New York Times: A NATION CHALLENGED: CAPTIVES; U.S. Seeks DNA Of All Captives In Afghan War (3rd March 2002)]

Cuba

2014-01-03T21:55:08Z

Helenw:

According to INTERPOL, Cuba is actively working to implement a National DNA database.<ref name="ftn1"> Personal communication with INTERPOL DNA Working Group.

</ref> Nevertheless, no significant evidence of their activities has been found to date.

DNA samples have been taken by the USA from detainees at its base at Guantanamo Bay.

==Resources==
*External links

*Press articles

----
<references/>

Vietnam

2014-01-03T21:33:46Z

Helenw:

DNA testing is used in specific police cases in Vietnam and in attempts to identify war dead and adopted children.
==Resources==
*External links
**[http://operationreunite.org/other-current-projects/adoptee-dna-project/ Operation Reunite: Adoptee DNA Project]
*Press articles
**[http://www.vietnambreakingnews.com/2012/08/dna-tests-link-war-dead-to-families/#.Uscr4rTFqwE Vietnam Breaking News: DNA tests link war dead to families (28th August 2012)]

Brunei

2014-01-03T21:12:27Z

Helenw:

Brunei is setting up a DNA database.

== Resources ==
* Press articles
** [http://www.bt.com.bn/2013/01/04/labs-strive-attain-international-accreditation Brunei Times: Labs strive to attain international accreditation (4th January 2013)]
** [http://www.bt.com.bn/news-national/2011/05/31/public-health-laboratory-under-way Brunei Times: Public health laboratory under way (31st May 2011)]
** [http://www.bt.com.bn/features/2011/01/01/duty-nation-and-rakyat-rbpf Brunei Times: Duty to Nation and Rakyat: RBPF (1st January 2011)]
** [http://brudirect.com/index.php/2010020715448/Local-News/creating-a-criminal-dna-database.html Borneo Bulletin: Creating a criminal DNA database (7th February 2010)]
** [http://brudirect.com/index.php/2010020715455/Local-News/rbpf-moves-a-step-further-towards-setting-up-dna-database.html RBPF moves a step further towards setting up DNA database (7th February 2010)]
** [http://brudirect.com/index.php/2009122012669/Second-Stories/brunei-to-set-up-criminal-dna-database.html Brunei Times: Brunei to set up criminal database (21st December 2009)]

Botswana

2014-01-03T18:54:26Z

Helenw:

Botswana's DNA database was introduced in 2006.

The 2008 Interpol survey reports that 1074 individuals' DNA profiles were held in Botswana at the time of the survey.

==Resources==

*External links
**[http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/State-President/Botswana-Police-Service-/news1/BPS-holds-2nd-Forensic-Scuience-Conference/ Botswana Police Service: BPS holds 2nd Forensic Science Conference (2nd December 2011)]
**[http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/State-President/Botswana-Police-Service-/news1/Kapinga-calls-for-timely-scientific-evidence/ Botswana Police Service: Kapinga calls for timely scientific evidence(19th October 2010)]

*Press articles
**[http://palapye.wordpress.com/2007/10/24/us-college-helps-police-set-up-dna-data-base/ Botswana Press Agency: US college helps police set up DNA data base (24th October 2007)]
**[http://www.olddailynews.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20070226 Botswana Press Agency: Govt recognises importance of forensic science in crime investigating (26th February 2007)]

==Detailed analysis==
In 1989 a forensic science laboratory was established in Gaborone. The laboratory started with five scientists. At the end of 2007 it had 32. In recent years, the Botswana Police Service has acquired state of the art equipment used in the analysis of forensic evidence such as DNA, drugs, alcohol, questioned documents and firearms. The organization is in the process of acquiring databases, which are intended to provide investigation leads in cases where suspects would be unknown, including the automated fingerprint identification system (AFIS) and combined DNA Index System (CODIS). For the 2007 fiscal year, the Botswana Parliament approved P2 million for the pre-construction formalities of an office block for the forensic science laboratory.<ref name="ftn1"> ''Government Recognizes Importance of Forensic Science in Crime Investigating'', Botswana Press Agency, February 26, 2007.

</ref>

In late 2007, the Sam Houston University College of Criminal Justice in the United States agreed to help the Botswana Police Service establish a national DNA database, an illicit drug detection system, and provide training in toxicology and crime scene reconstruction. A press release from the Botswana Police Service says Commissioner Thebeyame Tsimako recently visited the university to “operationalise” a memorandum of understanding signed between the two institutions in 2006. The memorandum of understanding provides for technical assistance in forensic science, law enforcement training, a graduate exchange program, and the sponsoring of Botswana police officers. According to the press release, the university has agreed to send the first team of its graduates next year, and that some police officers will go for training in the United States.<ref name="ftn2"> ''US College Helps Police Set Up DNA Data Base'', Botswana Press Agency, October 24, 2007.

</ref>

A 2008 Interpol survey reports that 1074 individuals' DNA profiles were held in Botswana at the time of the survey.

----
<references/>

Bermuda

2014-01-03T18:36:36Z

Helenw:

Plans to build a DNA database in the British Overseas Territory of Bermuda were announced by Prince Andrew in 2005. The contract to establish and maintain a Bermuda criminal DNA database and a Bermudian general population database is with Florida-based firm Trinity DNA solutions. Bermuda has begun to implement a DNA database of arrested persons and to keep samples and DNA profiles indefinitely from innocent people, but it has not yet attempted to build the proposed general population database. In early March 2011 there were 2,500 people on Bermuda's DNA database.

== Resources ==
*External links
**[http://www.gov.bm/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_0_12224_0_0_43/http;/ptpublisher.gov.bm;7087/publishedcontent/publish/ministry_of_legislative_affairs/additional_documents/police_and_criminal_evidence_act_4.pdf?qid=1881822&rank=1 Police and Criminal Evidence Act 2006: Codes of Practice]
**[http://www.bermudalaws.bm/Laws/Consolidated%20Laws/Police%20and%20Criminal%20Evidence%20Act%202006.pdf Police and Criminal Evidence Act 2006]
* Press articles
** [http://bermudasun.bm/Content/NEWS/News/Article/Shadow-AG-sets-record-straight-on-police-powers-/24/270/63654 Bermuda Sun: Shadow AG sets record straight on police powers (19th February 2013)]
**[http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20121211/NEWS01/712119915 The Royal Gazette: Where the parties stand on crime (10th December 2012)]
** [http://bermudasun.bm/main.asp?Search=1&ArticleID=59298&SectionID=65&SubSectionID=187&S=1 Bermuda Sun: Government Contracts Awarded For The Month Ended March 31, 2012 (27th June 2012)] Contract Awarded To Trinity DNA Solutions. Total Value of Contract USD550,000.00 (March 27, 2012).
** [http://bermudasun.bm/main.asp?SectionID=24&SubSectionID=270&ArticleID=50824 Bermuda Sun: Forensic experts detail tests helping cops win the war against gun crime (3rd February 2011)] Reports that there are about 2,500 DNA profiles on the database.
** [http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20100830/NEWS/308309985 The Royal Gazette: DNA database links 10 suspects to past crimes (30th August 2010)] Reports that between January 1 and July 31 2010, a total of 1,190 DNA samples have been received by the Forensic Support Unit of the Bermuda Police Service from 1,155 people detained under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 2006. Starting in September 2008, everyone detained by Police for a recordable offence is required to provide a DNA sample.
** [http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20100213/NEWS/302139972 Royal Gazette: Island courts are set to use newly created Bermuda DNA database (13th February 2010)]
** [http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20090918/NEWS/309189993 Royal Gazette: DNA expert gives presentation on local statistics (18th September 2009)]
** [http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20090604/NEWS/306049948 The Royal Gazette: DNA samples to stay on Police database, says Burch (4th June 2009)]
** [http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20090702/NEWS/307029977 Royal Gazette: People line up in the rain for DNA swab, $40 (2nd June 2009)]
** [http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20090507/NEWS/305079984 Royal Gazette: Crime-fighting DNA database is to be set up in Bermuda (7th May 2009)] Reports that last week, the Police signed a 987,000 dollar three-year contract with Florida-based firm, Trinity DNA Solutions, to set up the project and do the profiling work.
** [http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20090507/NEWS/305079982 Royal Gazette: Unsolved murder cases could be cracked, detectives hope (7th May 2009)]
** [http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20090502/NEWS/305029988 Royal Gazette: GlobalHue to get $28m to promote Island (2nd May 2009)] Reports that the Ministry of Labour, Home Affairs and Housing handed out a $987,000 contract to Trinity DNA Solutions to establish and maintain a Bermuda criminal DNA database and a Bermudian general population database.
** [http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20080909/NEWS/309099952 Royal Gazette: Police get increase in fingerprint and DNA powers (9th September 2008)]
** [http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20080421/NEWS/304219940 Royal Gazette: Police: DNA database ready as early as next year (21st April 2008)]
** [http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20080421/NEWS/304219941 Royal Gazette: At a glance - bringing in the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (21st April 2008)]
** [http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20051213/NEWS/312139970 Royal Gazette: PACE: A long time coming? (13th December 2005)] Reports Cole Simons, Shadow Minister of the Environment, asking what happens when an accused person is found innocent: is that person's DNA profile removed from the database?
** [http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20051105/NEWS/311059989 Royal Gazette: A Bermuda for everyone (5th November 2005)] The Duke of York's speech at the Cabinet Office includes: "Throughout Bermuda's history, crime detection and evidence analysis has faced numerous challenges.To ameliorate current conditions, the Government will bring forward legislation to establish a DNA database in Bermuda."

Belgium

2014-01-03T18:26:35Z

Helenw:

__TOC__

Belgium's DNA database was established in 1999.

According to Interpol's 2008 survey Belgium's DNA databases held DNA profiles from 14,000 crime scenes and 14,000 individuals in 2008.

Individuals suspected of crimes carrying a prison sentence of five years or more can have their DNA taken without consent if ordered by a magistrate and if relevant crime scene evidence exists. Only people convicted of serious offences (mainly rape and murder) have their records retained. Individuals' DNA samples are destroyed once the profiles have been obtained.

==Resources==

*External links
**[https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/memberpage/belgium-185 Europol: Belgium]
**[http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/cgi_loi/arch_a1.pl?sql=%28text+contains+%28%27%27%29%29&rech=1&language=fr&tri=dd+AS+RANK&value=&table_name=loi&F=&cn=1999032252&caller=archive&fromtab=loi&la=F&ver_arch=001 Belgium: Law on Identification Procedures for the Analysis of DNA in Criminal Proceedings]

*Press articles
**[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/belgium/10455380/Belgian-justice-official-demands-universal-police-DNA-database.html The Telegraph: Belgian justice official demands universal police DNA database (2nd December 2013)]

== Detailed analysis ==
The Belgian National DNA database was established in 1999 and contains two databases, each administered by the National Institute for Criminalistics and Criminology. The first of these databases, the “criminalistics” database, contains DNA profiles derived from crime scene stains. The second database, or “convicts” database, contains profiles derived from DNA samples of persons convicted of a “serious offence.” There is no database containing DNA suspects’ DNA profiles. Convicted persons’ profiles are kept for ten years after their death and crime scene stains are removed when no longer considered useful. When the police are unable to identify profiles, they must be removed after thirty years. When the police are able to identify a profile, it must be removed when the underlying criminal proceedings are exhausted. Convicted persons’ profiles are kept for ten years after their death. Convicted persons’ samples must be destroyed once their DNA profile is derived. Suspects’ samples must be destroyed once the prosecutor has determined that their request for independent DNA analysis will not be granted.

'''I. Law on Point'''

The Belgian National DNA database was established in 1999 pursuant to the Law of 22 March 1999 Concerning the Identification Procedure by DNA Analysis in Criminal Matters and is subject to the Royal Decree of 4 February 2002.<ref name="ftn1"> E.U. 9445/1/06 at 5.

</ref> <nowiki>The law of March 22, 1999 created two databases, each administered by the Nationaal Instituut voor Criminalistiek en Criminologie [National Institute for Criminalistics and Criminology] (hereinafter “NICC”).</nowiki><ref name="ftn2"> Law of 22 March 1999, Art. 4, § 1, & Art. 5, § 1.

</ref> The first of these databases, the “criminalistics” database, contains DNA profiles derived from crime scene stains.<ref name="ftn3"> Id. at Art. 4, §1.

</ref> Belgian law permits the creation of crime scene stain profiles at the express authorization of the prosecutor. The law also requires that, whenever practicable, forensic technicians gather sufficient trace biological evidence from crime scenes so that any future defendant can subject them to a counter-examination by his or her own expert witness.

The second database, or “convicts” database, contains profiles derived from DNA samples of persons convicted of a “serious offence,” at term defined elsewhere in the law.<ref name="ftn4"> Id. at Art. 5, §1.

</ref> It is required that convicted persons be informed that their DNR profile has been included in the “convicts” database and, to the extent the law allows, that it will be compared against trace biological evidence in future investigations. Notably, there is no database containing DNA information on persons only suspected of crimes.

'''II. Entry Criteria'''

In criminal investigations, unidentified crime scene stains may be collected and submitted for analysis by order of the prosecutor. Belgian law requires the prosecutor to have a reasonable basis for this decision. When Belgian police recover human biological samples from a crime scene in the course of an investigation, they may request a DNA sample from any suspect over the age of eighteen. In such cases, the prosecutor has an affirmative right to inform the suspect of his rights, after which the suspect must voluntarily consent before the police may take a sample of his DNA. In judicial investigations, however, the examining magistrate can compel a suspect to provide a DNA sample in cases where (1) the crime under investigation carries a penalty in excess of five years’ incarceration, (2) human biological samples were recovered from the crime scene in question, and the magistrate has sufficient evidence that the suspect is directly linked to the crime.

'''III. Sample Collection'''

In either case, a senior police officer or a doctor must collect the genetic sample. In the case of a buccal swab, only a senior police officer is needed. A sample of blood, however, must be extracted by a doctor. In the event that a magistrate orders an unwilling individual to provide a genetic sample, the police may use all reasonable force to collect said sample by buccal swab. Belgian law prohibits compelling a defendant to submit to the extraction of a blood sample. After taking the sample, the senior police officer or doctor must record the following information for transmittal with the sample to the INCC for analysis: (1) the date and time when the sample was taken; (2) the relevant criminal file number; (3) the name of the prosecutor or magistrate who requested the sample; (4) the full name, date of birth, place of birth, nationality, and sex of the person in question; and (5) the circumstances in which the sample was taken.

'''IV. Removal Criteria'''

Convicted persons’ profiles are kept for ten years after their death and crime scene stains are removed when no longer considered useful (an order of public prosecution office is necessary)<ref name="ftn5"> See EU Current Practices at 36-37.

</ref> The office of the public prosecutor can authorize the removal of profiles from the criminalistics database when their storage is no longer useful for future investigations.<ref name="ftn6"> Id. at Art. 4, § 4.

</ref> When the police are unable to identify profiles, they must be removed after thirty years. When the police are able to identify a profile, it must be removed when the underlying criminal proceedings are exhausted. Convicted persons’ profiles are kept for ten years after their death.<ref name="ftn7"> Id. at Art. 5, § 5.

</ref>

'''V. Sample Retention'''

Convicted persons’ samples must be destroyed once their DNA profile is derived. <ref name="ftn8"> Id. at Art. 5, § 2.

</ref> Suspects’ samples must be destroyed once the prosecutor has determined that their request for independent DNA analysis will not be granted or when the result of such request has been communicated to the suspect.<ref name="ftn9"> Id. at Art. 2, § 5.

</ref>

'''VI. Database Access'''

When a match is found between a DNA profile that is derived from a crime scene sample and a DNA profile from the database and a positive match is established, the law permits only the public prosecution office and the examining magistrate to be informed about the identity of the person in question.<ref name="ftn10"> Id. at Art. 4, § 3.

</ref> The only people who have access to the information on the database include the manager that is responsible for the database within the NICC, certain other members of the NICC, the public prosecutor and the examining magistrate. They have access to the record number of the criminal file, the name of the magistrate who ordered the establishment of the DNA profile and its file number, details of the laboratory that analyzed the DNA sample, the sex of the person and the code number allocated by the magistrate linking the DNA profile to the person concerned. To ensure that the legally protected privacy measures are being met, an expert of the NICC is entrusted with the task of the implementation and safekeeping of the regulations that are imposed by the Commission for the protection of the privacy.<ref name="ftn11"> Id. at Art 7.

</ref>

The DNA data is managed using the CODIS system: SQL Server 2000 (network Windows 2000). The administrative data is managed on Access 97 but will be transferred on SQL Server in the current of this year. The algorithms used are those developed for CODIS (Autoseacher et Searcher). We consider only the perfect matches (high stringency) and the matches pure profile/ complex profile (moderate stringency).

== References ==
<references/>

Belarus

2014-01-03T18:20:33Z

Helenw:

According to Interpol's 2008 survey, Belarus set up a DNA database in 2006 and is planning to implement specific DNA database legislation.

==Resources==
*External links
**[http://forum.molgen.org/index.php?topic=1524.10;wap2 Kushniarevich et al. (2010) Diversity Of Mitochondrial DNA Of Belarusians and Its Forensic Application]
**[http://fsigeneticssup.com/article/S1875-1768%2809%2900136-X/abstract Borovko et al. (2009) Missing people: Problems of identification of unknown bodies using DNA database]
**[http://www.law.bsu.by/content/?5570 Law School: Criminalistics study group]

*Press articles
**[http://charter97.org/en/news/2010/5/5/28717/ Charter97: Belarusian Interior Ministry needs citizens’ DNA codes (5th May 2010)]

==Detailed analysis==

I. Law on Point'''

Minister of Justice Order No. 471 of December 5, 2008<ref name="ftn1"> Министра юстиции, 05.12.2008 Приказ <nowiki>№471, Устав, «Центр Судебной Экспертизы И Криминалистики Министерства Юстиции Республики Беларусь» [Charter, “Center for forensic and Criminalistics of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Belarus”].</nowiki>

</ref>

Ministry of Justice Resolution No. 20 of July 21, 2003<ref name="ftn2"> <nowiki>Министерства юстиции, 31 июля 2003г. Постановление № 20, Инструкция о порядке производства судебных экспертиз и специальных исследований в Научно-исследовательском учреждении Научно-исследовательский институт проблем криминологии [Instruction on the production of forensic analysis and special studies at the Research Establishment of the Scientific Research Institute for Criminology].</nowiki>

</ref>

----
<references/>

Barbados

2014-01-03T18:01:25Z

Helenw:

The 2008 Interpol DNA profiling survey lists Barbados as a country that is planning a DNA database.
Barbados adopted its Forensic Procedures and DNA Identification Act in 2005.

==Resources==
*Press articles
**[http://barbadosparliament.com/htmlarea/uploaded/File/Budget/Approved%20Estimates%202013-2014.pdf Barbados Estimates 2013-2014] Includes estimates of forensic testing costs.
**[http://www.barbadostoday.bb/2013/06/27/handling-evidence/ Barbados Today: Handling evidence (27th June 2013)]
**[http://www.barbadostoday.bb/2013/06/20/forensic-procedure/?w3tc_preview=1 Barbados Today: Forensic procedure (20th June 2013)]
**[http://barpublish.bits.baseview.com/story/56585509576607.php NationNews: Interest in DNA testing (14th December 2005)]

*External links
**[http://barbadosparliament.com/Forensic%20Procedures%20and%20DNA%20Identification%20Bill,%202005.pdf Forensic Procedures and DNA Identification Bill 2005]

==Detailed analysis==
Forensic Procedures and DNA Identification Act<ref name="ftn1"><nowiki> [CITE CODIFIED FORM] (hereinafter “Barbados DNA Identification Act”)</nowiki>

</ref>

The Barbados DNA database system is comprised of seven sub-databases: a crime scene DNA index, a missing persons index, an unknown deceased persons index, a serious offenders index, a volunteers (unlimited purposes) index, a volunteers (limited purposes) index, a suspects index. The “crime scene DNA index” is a database of DNA profiles derived from forensic material found at any place whether in or outside Barbados where a serious offence was, or is reasonably suspected of having been committed, on or within the body of a victim, or a person reasonably suspected of being a victim of a serious offence, on anything worn or carried by the victim when a serious offence was, or is reasonably suspected of having been committed, or on or within the body of anyone, on anything, or at any place, associated with the commission of a serious offence.<ref name="ftn2"> For the purposes of the present statute, “serious offence” means an indictable offence including an offence under the Road Traffic Act that is punishable on indictment an offence punishable by a term of more than 3 years imprisonment. Barbados DNA Identification Act, § 2.

</ref> The “missing persons index” is a database of DNA profiles derived from forensic material of persons who are missing and volunteers who are relatives by blood of missing persons. The “unknown deceased persons index” is a database of DNA profiles derived from forensic material of deceased persons whose identities are unknown. The “serious offenders index” is a database of DNA profiles derived from forensic material taken from suspects who have been convicted of a serious offence.<ref name="ftn3"> Barbados DNA Identification Act, § 2, 64.

</ref>

The “suspects index” is a database of DNA profiles derived from forensic material taken from suspects. A “suspect” means any of the following persons: a person suspected by a police officer, on reasonable grounds, to have committed an offence, a person charged with an offence, and a person who has been summoned to appear before a Court for an offence. The “volunteers (limited purposes) index” is a database of DNA profiles derived from forensic material taken from volunteers who, or whose parents or guardians have been informed that information obtained shall be used only for the purpose of a criminal investigation or any other purpose for which the DNA system may be used. The “volunteers (unlimited purposes) index” is a database of DNA profiles derived from material taken from volunteers who, or whose parents or guardians, have been informed that information obtained may be used for the purpose of a criminal investigation or any other purpose for which the DNA database system may be used and from deceased persons whose identity is known.<ref name="ftn4"> Barbados DNA Identification Act, § 64.

</ref>

Samples may be coercively collected from any individual meeting the criteria of a suspect: a person suspected by a police officer, on reasonable grounds, to have committed an offence, a person charged with an offence, and a person who has been summoned to appear before a Court for an offence.<ref name="ftn5"><nowiki> Barbados DNA Identification Act, § 2, 31 (section 31 provides that ““[a]n authorised person or a police officer who is authorised to carry out a forensic procedure on a person, may use such reasonable force as is necessary (a) to enable that procedure to be carried out; or (b) to prevent loss, destruction or contamination of any sample.”).</nowiki>

</ref>

Where a magistrate disallows an interim order for the carrying out of a forensic procedure, the magistrate shall order any forensic material obtained as a result of the carrying out of the procedure and a copy of the results of any analysis of that forensic material to be destroyed as soon as practicable after the disallowance. Where an order by a Court for the carrying out of a forensic procedure or the retention of forensic material states a period for which the material obtained as a result of the carrying out of the procedure may be retained, the material shall be destroyed as soon as practicable after the end of the period. Where a police officer obtained an order for the carrying out of a forensic procedure on a serious offender whose conviction was quashed after the making of the order, the Commissioner shall inform the Director of the quashed conviction and ensure that any forensic material obtained as a result of the carrying out of the procedure is destroyed by the Director as soon as practicable after the conviction is quashed. <ref name="ftn6"> Barbados DNA Identification Act, §§ 59, 60.

</ref>

Where a proceeding for an offence to which the forensic material relates has not been instituted within one year after the material was taken or the proceeding has been discontinued, the material shall be destroyed by the Director as soon as it is practicable to do so unless a warrant for the apprehension of the suspect has been issued or the Court otherwise directs. Where forensic material has been taken from a person who is a suspect and the person is found to have committed an offence to which the forensic material relates but no conviction is recorded or the person is acquitted of an offence to which the forensic material relates and no action is brought in respect of the decision or acquittal, the forensic material shall be destroyed as soon as practicable. Nevertheless, where an investigation into, or a proceeding against a person is pending in relation to another offence to which the material relates, the material may be retained. The Court may, on application by the Director of Public Prosecutions, extend for not longer than one year the period for which forensic material may be retained under this section, where the Court is satisfied that the extension is justified in the circumstances.<ref name="ftn7"> Barbados DNA Identification Act, § 61.

</ref>

----
<references/>

Austria

2014-01-03T17:36:35Z

Helenw:

__TOC__

== Overview ==
Austria's DNA database was established in 1997 and is run by the Ministry of Interior. DNA is collected from convicted offenders and persons suspected of serious offences. DNA profiles may be deleted and samples destroyed on acquittal but only on written application.

The 2008 Interpol survey reports that 32,000 crime scene DNA profiles and 117,150 individuals' profiles, plus 103 missing person and 61 unknown/deceased DNA profiles were held in Austria at the time of the survey.

==Resources==
*External links
**[https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/memberpage/austria-791 Austria: Europol]
**[http://gerichtsmedizin.at/walther_parson.html Prof. Walther Parson, PhD]
**[http://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung/Bundesnormen/10005792/SPG,%20Fassung%20vom%2019.01.2011.pdf Austria: Security Police Act (as amended on 24th September 2013)]
**[http://www.promega.com/~/media/files/resources/conference%20proceedings/ishi%2009/oral%20presentations/11.pdf?la=en ISHI: National DNA Intelligence Databases in Europe – Report on the Current Situation (2009)] Focuses on Austria.
**[http://neuron.mefst.hr/docs/CMJ/issues/2001/42/3/11387633.pdf Steinlechner & Parson (2001) Automation and High Through-put for a DNA Database Laboratory: Development of a Laboratory Information Management System]
**[http://www.faqs.org/espionage/An-Ba/Austria-Intelligence-and-Security.html Espionage Information: Austria, Intelligence and Security]
**[http://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokument.wxe?Abfrage=BgblAuth&Dokumentnummer=BGBLA_2004_I_151 BGBl. I Nr. 151/2004] Federal law.

*Press articles

== Detailed Analysis ==

The Austrian forensic DNA database contains the genetic profiles derived from unidentified crime-scene samples, persons suspected of having committed a “serious offence,” and persons convicted of crimes. The police have the authority to coercively collect DNA samples from crime suspects and convicted offenders. DNA profiles are removed from the database if the person is subsequently acquitted or when he/she turns eighty. In both cases, a written petition from the individual is required to delete their DNA profile.

Austrian Federal law regarding the organisation of the (internal) security management and the practice of the state police (state police law – SPG), BGBL No. 566/1991 as published in BGBL. I No. 151/2004.<ref name="ftn1"> Council of the European Union, Ad hoc Group on Information Exchange, DNA Databases to Assist with Criminal Investigations, at 5, E.U. Doc. No. 9445/1/06 (REV 1) (Jun. 16, 2006) (hereinafter “E.U. 9445/1/06”).

</ref>,<ref name="ftn2"> Providing in relevant part:

§ 67. (1) the DNA of a person may be determined within the framework of an identity examination, if that person is suspected of having committed a dangerous attack committed and if due to this act or the personality of that person it can be expected, that he/she will leave traces while committing further dangerous attacks and these traces would make his/her recognition possible on the basis of the determined genetic information. An identity examination according to § 65 par. 2 may also be made in relation to the DNA of people, as far as this is necessary for the evaluation of existing DNA traces.

(1a) An identification examination in relation to missing persons (§ 65a) and to corpses (§ 66) may also include the determination of (their) DNA.

(2) Genetic information generated by an identification examination, may be evaluated exclusively for the purposes of the identification examination. The molecular-genetic investigation has to be made via a service provider, to whom the entire investigation material has to be transmitted, however no identification data of the person concerned shall be transmitted (to the service provider).

(3) The police authorities have to take contractual precautions ensuring that the service provider examines only those areas of the DNA, which aim at the recognition, and that the service provider destroys the investigation material, if the police authority is obliged to delete the identification data. § 75 SPG reads: Central recognise-official evidence.

§ 75. (1) The police authorities are authorized to process identity data collected in accordance with §§ 65 paragraph 1, 65a and 66 paragraph 1, existing identity data (§ 65 paragraph 6) and the reason why the data was collected in a central police records data base.

(2) The police authorities are authorized to use the data stored by them in a central police records data base. Transmissions of the data processed in accordance with paragraph 1 are permissible to authorities for purposes of the state police, of the criminal jurisdiction and in other fields of the security management, as far as this is necessary for purposes of recognition. In all other respects transmissions are permissible, if for this an express legal authorization exists.

</ref>

Convicted persons, suspects charged of a serious offences and all crime scene stains<ref name="ftn3"> See Nathan Van Camp & Kris Dierickx, GeneBanc, National Forensic DNA Databases: Socio-Ethical Challenges & Current Practices in the EU 33 (2007) (hereinafter “EU Current Practices”).

</ref>

DNA profiles of crime suspects can be entered when they are suspected of having committed an offence that is classified in law as a ‘serious offence’. There are no restrictions to the entry of convicted offenders’ DNA profiles and DNA profiles that are derived from unidentified crime scene stains.

Law enforcement officers have the authority to coercively collect a DNA sample from convicted offenders and from persons who are suspected of having committed a ‘serious offence’. They are also allowed to collect a DNA sample from minors and mentally ill persons.

Profiles of convicted persons are retained indefinitely, suspects’ profiles are removed upon acquittal, <nowiki>[but only after submitting a written request]</nowiki>, and crime scene stains are kept until a case is solved.<ref name="ftn4"> See EU Current Practices at 31.

</ref>

The DNA profiles that are derived from unidentified crime scene stains are stored in the database until the corresponding case is solved. Crime suspects’ DNA profiles are removed from the database when the suspect is acquitted. As an additional requirement, the individual has to submit a written application to the BMI. The DNA profiles of convicted offenders are retained indefinitely.

Convicted persons’ samples must be destroyed when individual reaches age eighty, suspects samples are retained despite suspects’ acquittal, <nowiki>[a written request for destruction must be submitted]</nowiki><ref name="ftn5"> See EU Current Practices at 34.

</ref>

Crime suspects must apply for sample destruction upon their acquittal. Otherwise, their sample is retained. The DNA samples of convicted offenders have to be destroyed when the person concerned has reached the age of eighty years. DNA samples of minors must be destroyed 3 years after collection.

Ministry of the Interior (BMI), Federal Criminal Investigation Office, office 6.1.

The staff members of the forensic institutes of Innsbruck, Salzburg and Vienna only have access to the DNA profile values and a reference number. Judicial authorities have full access rights and can therefore also consult personal information. The legal basis for the international exchange of DNA profiles can be found in both the Police Cooperation Law and the Data Protection Law. DNA profiles are exchanged through Interpol but because Austria has signed and ratified the Convention of Prüm, it also has automatic access to the forensic DNA databases of its contracting partners.

WEB users interfaces. Data base Microsoft SQL. Enquiry and Matchtool self development program ++ with C

Interrogation and Matchtool self development program ++ with C There are special search algorithms, automatic error control with reference values and special functions such as tools for mixed traces. In the case of hits automatic confirmation analysis requirement at the institutes concerned.

The history and practices of the Austrian forensic DNA database is discussed in a dedicated chapter in Hindmarsh, Richard, and Prainsack, Barbara (2010) (eds): Genetic Suspects: Global Governance of Forensic DNA Profiling and Databasing. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

== References ==
<references/>

Lebanon

2014-01-03T15:51:25Z

Helenw:

According to INTERPOL, Lebanon is actively working to implement a National DNA database.<ref name="ftn1"> Personal communication with INTERPOL DNA Working Group.

</ref> Nevertheless, no significant evidence of their activities has been found to date.

----
<references/>

==Resources==
*External links
**[http://www.memoryatwork.org/?/topic/2/2151/ Memory at Work: Dead...but Where are the Corpses?]

*Press articles
**[http://www.forensicmag.com/news/2014/01/lebanon-working-confirm-dna-al-qaida-suspect#.UsbcGbTFqwE AP: Lebanon Working to Confirm DNA of al-Qaida Suspect (2nd January 2014)]

Zimbabwe

2013-12-22T23:51:13Z

Helenw:

Interpol's 2008 survey lists Zimbabwe as a country planning a DNA database.

==Resources==
*External links

*Press articles
[http://allafrica.com/stories/201203200097.html?viewall=1 The Herald: Zimbabwe: DNA - Boon for Yet Another Application of Modern Science (20th March 2012)]

Trinidad and Tobago

2013-12-22T22:26:15Z

Helenw:

Trinidad & Tobago adopted DNA legislation in 2007, which was revised in 2012.

== Resources ==
* External links
**[http://www.ttparliament.org/legislations/a2012-05.pdf Trinidad and Tobago: An Act to repeal and replace the DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) ACT, Chap 5:24. Act No. 5 of 2012]
**[http://www.justice.gov.tt/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/DNA-Act-No.-24-of-2007.pdf Trinidad and Tobago: DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) ACT. Act 24 of 2007]
* Press articles
** [http://www.stabroeknews.com/2012/news/regional/02/10/tt-dna-bill-passes-after-marathon-debate-2/ Starbroek News: T&T DNA Bill passes after marathon debate (10th February 2012)]
** [http://www.guardian.co.tt/news/2012-02-09/senate-votes-29-0-amended-dna-bill Trinidad & Tobago Guardian: Senate votes 29-0 for amended DNA bill (9th February 2012)]
** [http://www.guardian.co.tt/2012-01-24/certain-practices-can-create-room-flaws Trinidad & Tobago Guardian: Certain practices can create room for flaws (24th January 2012)]
** [http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,152122.html Trinidad & Tobago Newsday: DNA profiles to be kept 'indefinitely'(12th December 2011)]
** [http://www.guardian.co.tt/news/2011/11/16/volney-expect-more-guilty-pleas-dna-law Trinidad and Tobago Guardian: Volney: Expect more guilty pleas with DNA law (16th November 2011)]
** [http://www.trinidadexpress.com/news/Volney___Feminist_posture__unacceptable_for_DNA_bill-134011703.html Trinidad Express Newspapers: Volney: 'Feminist posture' unacceptable for DNA bill (16th November 2011)]
** [http://www.newsday.co.tt/politics/0,150496.html Trinidad & Tobago Newsday: House nod for DNA testing (13th November 2011)]
** [http://www.genewatch.org/sub-567536 Trinidad and Tobago Guardian: DNA Bill passed in Lower House (11th November 2011)]
** [http://www.guardian.co.tt/news/2011/11/10/volney-dna-we-ll-catch-them-all Trinidad & Tobago Guardian: Volney: With DNA we'll catch them all (10th November 2011)]
** [http://www.trinidadexpress.com/news/House_meets_tomorrow_to_discuss_DNA_bill-133412693.html Trinidad Express Newspapers: House meets tomorrow to discuss DNA bill (7th November 2011)]
** [http://www.guardian.co.tt/news/2011/10/07/cabinet-green-light-user-friendly-dna-bill Trinidad and Tobago Guardian: Cabinet green light for 'user-friendly' DNA Bill (7th October 2011)]
** [http://guardian.co.tt/news/2011/02/21/experts-blame-lack-trust-and-technology-tt-s-low-crime-detection-rate Trinidad and Tobago Guardian: Experts blame lack of trust and technology for T&T's low crime detection rate (21st February 2011)]
** [http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,135695.html Trinidad and Tobago's Newsday: DNA legislation crisis (13th February 2011)]

Uganda

2013-12-22T22:09:02Z

Helenw: Created page with "==Resources== *Press articles **[http://appablog.wordpress.com/2012/03/22/eac-to-establish-forensic-referral-center/ APO: East African Community to Establish Forensic Referral..."

==Resources==
*Press articles
**[http://appablog.wordpress.com/2012/03/22/eac-to-establish-forensic-referral-center/ APO: East African Community to Establish Forensic Referral Center (23rd March 2012)]

Rwanda

2013-12-22T22:08:27Z

Burundi

2013-12-22T22:07:35Z

Switzerland

2013-12-22T21:47:33Z

Helenw:

Switzerland set up a DNA database in 2000 under temporary legislation. Legislation was adopted in 2005.

The 2008 Interpol survey reports that 19,245 crime scene DNA profiles and 99,217 individuals' profiles, plus 95 missing persons' DNA profiles and 101 unknown/deceased DNA profiles were held in Switzerland at the time of the survey.

==Resources==
*External links
**[http://www.ejpd.admin.ch/content/ejpd/en/home/themen/sicherheit/ref_personenidentifikation/ref_dna-profile.html Swiss Federal Office of Police: DNA analysis]
**[http://scholarship.law.uc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1136&context=uclr Gillieron (2012) Wrongful convictions in Switzerland: a problem of summary proceedings]
**[http://www.isfg.org/files/67dcf7d7d9946629c70003d18d286e67abe87cfd.05016249_761669264566.pdf Haas et al (2006) A new legal basis and communication platform for the Swiss DNA database]
**[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0531513105015815 Voegeli et al (2006): Evaluation of the 4-year test period of the Swiss DNA database]
**[http://www.isfg.org/files/ea84de9e210d90fc6b60188b862dcc26772e235c.0301536x_547407544881.pdf Kratzer et al (2004) Evaluation of stain cases of the Swiss DNA Database]

*Press articles
**[http://genevalunch.com/2013/12/06/swiss-ok-photos-federal-data-base/ Geneva Lunch: Swiss ok photos for federal data base (6th December 2013)]
**[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/states-in-switzerland-push-for-dna-testing-on-asylum-seekers/story-e6frg6so-1226699838251 AFP: States in Switzerland push for DNA testing on asylum-seekers (19th August 2013)]
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2191106/Swiss-police-demand-DNA-samples-asylum-seekers-fight-rise-crime.html Daily Mail: We need DNA samples of all asylum seekers to fight rise in crime say Swiss cops (20th August 2012)]
**[http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/DNA_database_helps_crack_crime.html?cid=2783812 SwissInfo: DNA database helps crack crime (24th June 2002)]

==Detailed analysis==

DNA-Profil-Gesetz<ref name="ftn1"> <nowiki>DNA-Profil-Gesetz [DNA Profile Law], SR 363 (Swis).</nowiki>

</ref>

DNA-Profil-Verodnung<ref name="ftn2"> <nowiki>DNA-Profil-Verodnung, [DNA Profile Regulations] December 4, 2004 SR 363.1 (Swis.)</nowiki>

</ref>

DNA-Analyselabor-Verodnung<ref name="ftn3"> <nowiki>DNA-Analyselabor-Verodnung [DNA Laboratory Analysis Regulation], June 25, 2005, SR 363.11(Swis.)</nowiki>

</ref>

Recording of DNA profiles from:

• Persons who are suspected as perpetrators or participants of a crime or offense

• persons convicted

• Dead People

• Traces

• unidentified persons living or dead

• biological materials, the missing

Persons can be assigned

• relatives of dead or missing persons who are identified outside of the criminal justice process

Not included are

The DNA profiles of:

• victims identified

• crime scene people whose traces of offenders must be distinguished

• Persons who have been excluded in a mass examination as perpetrators

• suspected persons, has shown to have been that they can be excluded as the perpetrator of the crime or offense in question

• Persons who were involved in a process that has been set

Offenses:

• crime or offense

----
<references/>

== Resources ==
* Press articles
** [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2191106/Swiss-police-demand-DNA-samples-asylum-seekers-fight-rise-crime.html We need DNA of all Asylum Seekers to Fight Crime Say Swiss Cops (23rd August 2012)]

Somalia

2013-12-03T20:58:47Z

Helenw:

There is an international plan to build a DNA database of Somali pirates.

== Resources ==
* Press articles
** [http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2011/06/29/78/0301000000AEN20110629010600315F.HTML Yonhap: Global forum to build DNA database of Somali pirates by 2012 (29th June 2011)]

Singapore

2013-12-03T20:34:11Z

Helenw:

Singapore set up its DNA database in 2004.

==Resources==

*External links
*[http://www.academia.edu/4245661/Trumping_Communitarianism_Crime_Control_and_Forensic_DNA_Typing_and_Databanking_in_Singapore_in_press_2014_ Toom (2013): TRUMPING COMMUNITARIANISM: CRIME CONTROL AND FORENSIC DNATYPING AND DATABASING IN SINGAPORE]
*[http://www.hsa.gov.sg/publish/hsaportal/en/applied_sciences/forensic_science/dna_database_laboratory.html Singapore Government: Health Sciences Authority: DNA database Laboratory]
*[http://www.mha.gov.sg/basic_content.aspx?pageid=51 Singapore: The Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions)(Amendment) Bill (16th June 2007)]
*[http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId%3A%22c0059ba2-6041-4ccb-bcd2-89dcbc282ccb%22%20Status%3Ainforce%20Depth%3A0;rec=0 Singapore: Registration of Criminals Act (as amended 2003)]

*Press articles
*[http://www.academia.edu/1031498/No_innocents_in_forensic_DNA_2011_ The Straits Times: No innocents in forensic DNA (20th October 2011)]
*[http://www.singaporeupdate.com/previous2004/220704_dnadatabaselaunchedinsingapore.htm Singapore Update: DNA Database launched in Singapore (14th July 2004)]

==Detailed analysis==

Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act<ref name="ftn1"> Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act, (2000) Cap. 67, §§ 27 to 27C (Sing.)

</ref>

Registration of Criminals Act<ref name="ftn2"> Registration of Criminals Act, (1985) Cap. 268, §§ 13A to 13H (Sing.)

</ref>

The provisions of the two statutes work in tandem to establish and regulate Singapore’s National DNA database.

<nowiki>Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act (Chapter 67) §§ 27 to 27C [added by Act No. 32 of 2004, see Digest of Acts Passed Between 1 September 2004 and 28 February 2005, 17 S. Ac. L.J. 485, 487-88 (2005) (Sing.).]</nowiki>

27. Interpretation of sections 27A, 27B and 27C

(1) In sections 27A, 27B and 27C —

"appropriate consent" means (a) for a person aged 16 years and above, the written consent of that person; (b) for a person aged 14 years and above but below the age of 16 years, the written consent of both that person and of his parent or guardian; and (c) for a person below the age of 14 years, the written consent of his parent or guardian, given to a police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau in charge of the case after that officer has informed the person concerned, his parent or guardian or both, as the case may be, of the purpose for which a body sample is required from such person and the manner by which such body sample is to be taken from him;

"DNA information" means genetic information derived from the forensic DNA analysis of a body sample;

(2) Subject to subsection (3), the Minister may prescribe additional types of body samples that may be taken under section 27A.

(3) The additional types of body samples that may be prescribed under subsection (2) shall not include samples to be obtained from (a) the genital or anal area of a person’s body; (b) a person’s body orifice other than the mouth; or (c) the breasts of a woman.

27A Taking of photographs, finger impressions, body samples, etc., from person arrested, detained or subject to police supervision

(1) A police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau may exercise all or any of the following powers in respect of any person referred to in subsection (2): . . . (c) cause body samples of such person to be taken by a person authorised under section 27B (1); or (d) send any photograph, finger impression, record of particulars or body sample so taken or made to the Commissioner of Police for identification and report.

(2) The powers referred to in subsection (1) may be exercised in respect of any of the following persons: (a) a person who, on 21st October 2004, is under arrest and detained under section 44 or 45; (b) a person who, on 21st October 2004, is under detention or subject to supervision under section 30, 32 or 38; (c) a person who, on or after 21st October 2004, is arrested, detained or placed under police supervision under any of the provisions of this Act.

(3) Every person mentioned in subsection (2) shall . . . (c) subject to subsection (5), submit to the taking of his body samples by a person authorised under section 27B (1).

(4) Where any person mentioned in subsection (2) fails, without reasonable excuse, to comply with subsection (3) (a) that person shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $1,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one month or to both; and (b) a police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau may use such force as is reasonably necessary to take or cause to be taken the photographs, finger impressions and body samples of that person.

27B Further provisions for taking of body samples

(1) For the purposes of section 27A(1)(c), a body sample may only be taken by (a) a registered medical practitioner; (b) a police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau who has received training for the purpose; or (c) any other suitably qualified or trained person who is duly appointed in writing by the Commissioner of Police as an authorised person for the purpose.

27C Retention of photographs, finger impressions, particulars and body samples taken

(1) The Commissioner of Police shall cause to be maintained . . . (b) a DNA database (whether in a computerised form or otherwise) in which shall be stored all DNA information derived from a body sample taken from a person under section 27A.

(2) Any information stored in the register and the DNA database under subsection (1) may be used for all or any of the following purposes: (a) for comparison with any other information or any other DNA information, as the case may be, obtained in the course of an investigation of an offence conducted by a police officer or officer of the Central Narcotics Bureau; (b) for comparison with information in the register established under section 4 of the Registration of Criminals Act (Cap. 268) or with DNA information in the DNA Database established under section 13F of that Act, as the case may be; (ba) for comparison with information or DNA information, as the case may be, in the register or DNA database, respectively, established under (i) section 26D of the Intoxicating Substances Act (Cap. 146A); or (ii) section 40D of the Misuse of Drugs Act (Cap. 185); (c) for any proceedings for any offence; (d) for administering the register and DNA database for the purposes of this Act; (e) for such other purposes as may be prescribed.

(3) Where any photograph, finger impression, record of particulars or body sample has been taken under section 27A from an arrested person and that person is subsequently released, without being (a) convicted of any offence under this Act; or (b) placed on detention or supervision under this Act, the Commissioner of Police shall cause all such photographs, finger impressions, records of particulars and body samples taken from that person to be removed from the register and DNA database maintained under subsection (1).

(4) For the purposes of subsection (2)(c), . . . (b) any DNA information stored in the DNA database under subsection (1)(b); and (c) any certificate or report purporting to have been compiled or made from information stored in the register or DNA database maintained under subsection (1), shall, if produced from proper custody and authenticated by the signature of the Commissioner of Police or a police officer authorised by the Commissioner of Police, be admissible in evidence in any proceedings, without proof of signature; <nowiki>and, until the contrary is proved, shall be proof of all matters contained therein or appearing thereon. [i.e. creates a rebuttable presumption of whatever the DNA evidence is offered to prove?]</nowiki>

<nowiki>Registration of Criminals Act (Chapter 268) §§ 13A to 13H [added by Act No. 45 of 2002, see Digest of Acts Passed Between 1 September 2002 and 28t February 2003, 15 </nowiki>S. Ac. L.J. 167, 179-80 (2003) (Sing.).]

13A Interpretation of this Part

(1) In this Part — see Singapore Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act § 27.

Body samples may be taken from arrested persons, convicted persons <nowiki>and prisoners. [if normal cannons of statutory construction apply, inclusion of “and prisoners” implies that there are “prisoners” who are not “convicted persons” (accord. </nowiki>''Russello v. United States'', 464 U.S. 16, 23 (1983) (courts should not construe different terms within the same statute to embody the same meaning.)).

13B.

(1) Subject to the provisions of this Part, a body sample may be taken for forensic DNA analysis from any person who, on or after the date of commencement of the Registration of Criminals (Amendment) Act 2002, (a) is arrested and accused of a crime; (b) is convicted of a crime; or (c) is serving his term of imprisonment in connection with a crime of which he has been convicted.

13C Consent for taking of blood sample

(1) No sample of blood shall be taken from a person who is arrested and accused of a crime unless the appropriate consent is given for the taking of the sample.

(2) If the appropriate consent required under subsection (1) for the taking of a sample of blood from a person is refused without good cause or cannot be obtained despite all reasonable efforts, that person may be taken before a Magistrate and the Magistrate may, if satisfied that there is reasonable cause to believe that the sample may confirm or disprove whether that person was involved in committing the crime, order that the person provide the sample required.

(3) Where it is shown that the appropriate consent required under subsection (1) for the taking of a sample of blood from a person was refused without good cause, the court, in determining (a) whether to commit that person for trial in connection with the crime of which he is accused of committing; (b) whether there is a case to answer against that person; or (c) whether that person is guilty of the crime with which he has been charged, <nowiki>may draw such inference from the refusal as it thinks proper and, based on such inference, may treat the refusal as corroboration or amounting to corroboration of any relevant evidence against that person.[i.e. refusal to submit to DNA sample creates rebuttable corroboration of whatever underlying act warranted the DNA sample?]</nowiki>

13F DNA database

(1) The Registrar shall maintain (whether in computerised form or otherwise) a DNA database in which shall be stored all DNA information derived from a body sample taken from a person under this Part.<nowiki> [i.e. profiles not samples]</nowiki>

(2) Any information stored in the DNA database may be used for any of the following purposes: (a) for forensic comparison with any other DNA information in the course of an investigation of an offence conducted by a police officer; (aa) for comparison with DNA information in the DNA database established under (i) section 27C of the Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act (Cap. 67); (ii) section 26D of the Intoxicating Substances Act (Cap. 146A); or (iii) section 40D of the Misuse of Drugs Act (Cap. 185); (b) for any proceedings for any offence; (c) for administering the DNA database for the purposes of this Part; and (d) for such other purposes as may be prescribed.

13G Removal of DNA information from register upon acquittal or discharge, etc.

Where any body sample has been taken under section 13B(1)(a) from a person who is under arrest and accused of a crime . . . and (a) investigations reveal that he was not involved in the commission of any crime . . . (b) it is decided that he shall not be charged with any crime and he has neither admitted to, nor been dealt with by way of being cautioned by any police officer in respect of any crime; (c) the charge or all the charges against him in respect of any crime or crimes (as the case may be) is or are withdrawn; (d) he is discharged by a court before conviction of the crime or of all the crimes (as the case may be) with which he has been charged; (e) he is acquitted of the crime or of all the crimes (as the case may be) with which he has been charged, at trial or on appeal; or (f) he is subsequently convicted of the crime but the Commissioner of Police directs under section 7 that he need not be registered under Part II, the authorised officer in charge of the case shall immediately inform the Registrar of the occurrence of the relevant event and the Registrar shall immediately remove the DNA information of that person from the DNA database.

13H Removal of registrable particulars, etc., of person upon death or attainment of 100 years of age

The Registrar shall remove from the register and from the DNA database the registrable particulars and DNA information of any person (a) whose death has been registered under the Registration of Births and Deaths Act (Cap.267); or (b) who, the Registrar is satisfied, has attained 100 years of age.

----
<references/>

Bosnia and Herzegovenia

2013-12-03T19:47:47Z

Helenw:

According to Interpol's 2008 survey, Bosnia and Herzegovenia is planning a DNA database.

==Resources==

**External links
[http://www.ic-mp.org/icmp-worldwide/southeast-europe/bosnia-and-herzegovina/ ICMP: Bosnia and Herzegovina]

*Press articles
**[http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/features/2012/11/15/feature-02 SETimes.com: Republika Srpska to form criminal DNA database (15th November 2012)]
**[http://www.network54.com/Forum/84302/thread/996455826/996455826/New+DNA+database+to+identify+the+war+dead+could+help+bridge+Balkan+divide AP: New DNA database to identify the war dead could help bridge Balkan divide (29th July 2001)]

Serbia

2013-12-03T19:45:39Z

Helenw:

==Resources==

*External links
**[http://www.ic-mp.org/icmp-worldwide/southeast-europe/republic-of-serbia/ ICMP: Republic of Serbia]
**[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3118707/pdf/CroatMedJ_52_0235.pdf Marjanovic et al (2011) Forensic DNA databases in Western Balkan region: retrospectives, perspectives, and initiatives]
**[https://www.devex.com/en/projects/support-to-the-ministry-of-internal-affairs-dna-training-and-dna-laboratory-iso-certification-acquirement-in-serbia-and-montenegro/secure?mem=ua&src=tender Devex.com: Support to the Ministry of Internal Affairs - DNA training and DNA Laboratory ISO Certification Acquirement in Serbia and Montenegro (2006)]

*Press articles
**[http://www.network54.com/Forum/84302/thread/996455826/996455826/New+DNA+database+to+identify+the+war+dead+could+help+bridge+Balkan+divide AP: New DNA database to identify the war dead could help bridge Balkan divide (29th July 2001)]

Senegal

2013-12-03T19:14:30Z

Helenw: Created page with "The first forensic DNA testing lab in Africa was set up in Senegal in 2008. *External Links **[http://www.sorensonforensics.com/forensics-lab-forensic-dna-testing/dna-forensi..."

The first forensic DNA testing lab in Africa was set up in Senegal in 2008.

*External Links
**[http://www.sorensonforensics.com/forensics-lab-forensic-dna-testing/dna-forensics-lab-news-forensic-lab-development/sorenson-forensics-configures-the-first-forensic-dna-laboratory-on-the-african-continent-in-senegal Sorenson Forensics: First DNA Forensic Lab in Africa (2008)]

*Press articles

Saudi Arabia

2013-12-03T19:05:13Z

Helenw:

Industry-funded website DNA Resource [http://www.dnaresource.com/documents/2012_1.pdf reported] in 2012 that "Saudi Arabia has now developed an impressive network of DNA laboratories and is planning implementation of an offender DNA database program".

Saint Kitts and Nevis

2013-12-03T18:59:46Z

Helenw:

St.Kitts and Nevis adopted DNA database legislation in 2013.

==Resources==

*External links

**[http://www.gov.kn/node/1627 Gov.kn: Integrity in Public Life and DNA legislation among six bills for debate on Monday (6th September 2013)]

**[http://www.gov.kn/node/499 Gov.kn: DNA testing, modern jury system, and new sexual offences act and criminal code laws for new Law Year (27th September 2012)]

*Press articles

**[http://www.thestkittsnevisobserver.com/2013/09/13/dna-legistlation.html St. Kitts & Nevis Observer: DNA legislation Now In Effect In St. Kitts-Nevis (13th September 2013)]

**[http://www.thestkittsnevisobserver.com/2012/09/28/nisbett-bills.html AG Nisbett Pledges to Introduce DNA Bill, Jury Bill(28th September 2012)]

Bangladesh

2013-12-03T15:42:13Z

Helenw:

Bangladesh is planning a DNA database.

==Resources==

*External links
**[http://photos.state.gov/libraries/bangladesh/621750/2013%20Speeches%20and%20Remarks/Amb_Remarks_CODIS_Graduation_Ceremony_Sept_26_2013.pdf REMARKS BY U.S. AMBASSADOR DAN MOZENA AT THE COMBINED DNA INDEX SYSTEM (CODIS) GRADUATION CEREMONY (26th September 2013)]
**[http://www.humanrights.asia/news/ahrc-news/AHRC-STM-095-2013 Asian Human Rights Commission: BANGLADESH: Collapsed criminal justice system compounds violence against women]

*Press articles
**[http://www.dhakatribune.com/law-amp-rights/2013/nov/26/cabinet-approves-dna-database-act Dhaka Tribune: Cabinet approves DNA database act (26th November 2013)]
**[http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/2013/11/26/5899 The Financial Express: Cabinet approves draft DNA bill (26th November 2013)]
**[http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/interim-cabinet-gives-final-nod-to-dna-law/ The Daily Star: Interim cabinet gives final nod to DNA law (26th November 2013)]
**[http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2013/nov/25/cabinet-clears-draft-dna-law Dhaka Tribune: Cabinet clears draft DNA law (25th November 2013)]
**[http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/2013/11/25/5696 Financial Express: Draft of DNA Act to be placed today for final nod (25th November 2013)]
**[http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/2013/11/25/5764 Financial Express: 7yrs jail for DNA Act violation (25th November 2013)]
**[http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/pm-advisers-skip-cabinet-meeting/ The Daily Star: PM advisers skip cabinet meeting (25th November 2013)]
**[http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/dna-act-draft-gets-cabinet-nod/ The Daily Star: DNA act draft gets cabinet nod (25th November 2013)]
**[http://www.dhakatribune.com/development/2013/sep/27/cutting-edge-dna-indexing-system-introduced-bangladesh Dhaka Tribune: Cutting edge DNA indexing system introduced in Bangladesh (27th September 2013)]
**[http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/bangladesh-armed-with-cutting-edge-technology/ The Daily Star: Cutting-edge tech introduced (27th September 2013)]
**[http://www.risingbd.com/english/detailsnews.php?nssl=abc99d6b9938aa86d1f30f8ee0fd169f&nttl=201309260626347068#.UksprRAfj3U risingbd: FBI to share DNA tech with Bangladesh (27th September 2013)]
**[http://unbconnect.com/codis-to-help-better-identify-perpetrators-of-crimes-mozena/#&panel1-3 UNBConnect: CODIS to help better identify perpetrators of crimes: Mozena (26th September 2013)]
**[http://www.risingbd.com/english/detailsnews.php?nssl=29c0605a3bab4229e46723f89cf59d83&nttl=240920136968#.UkssKBAfj3U risingbd.com: HC directs govt to collect DNA samples from Tazreen victims (24th September 2013)]
**[http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/dna-report-next-month/ The Daily Star: DNA report next month (22nd September 2013)]
**[http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/dna-act-in-the-offing/ The Daily Star: DNA act in the offing (20th September 2013)]
**[http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/index.php?ref=MjBfMDlfMDNfMTNfMV8zXzE4MjA3OA== Financial Express: DNA Bill 2013 approved (3rd September 2013)]
**[http://unbconnect.com/pm-cabinet-4/#&panel1-10 UNBConnect: Cabinet clears DNA Bill 2013 (2nd September 2013)]
**[http://www.unpan.org/PublicAdministrationNews/tabid/115/mctl/ArticleView/ModuleID/1467/articleId/38785/default.aspx UNPLAN Asia & Pacific: Bangladesh: Cabinet Clears DNA Bill 2013 (2nd September 2013)]
**[http://www.risingbd.com/english/detailsnews.php?nssl=4ccb2d64b8159636a44b29fe2e62a841&nttl=020920136173#.Uksq2xAfj3U risingbd.com: Cabinet okays draft of DNA Act (2nd September 2013)]
**[http://www.gov.kn/node/499 The News Today: DNA test process to come under legal framework (2nd September 2013)]
**[http://unbconnect.com/pm-cabinet-4/#&panel1-10 UNBConnect: Cabinet clears DNA Bill 2013 (2nd September 2013)]
**[http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/non-submission-of-dna-report-irks-hc/ The Daily Star: Non-submission of DNA report irks HC (28th July 2013)]
**[http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/fbi-to-assist-in-matching-dna-with-family-members/ The Daily Star: FBI to assist in matching DNA with family members (28th July 2013)]
**[http://www.risingbd.com/english/detailsnews.php?nssl=bfbb56bee68d99affaa64f189045d5f2&nttl=090620133271#.UksryhAfj3U risingbd.com: Tazreen victims: Collect DNA of 37 families, asks HC (9th June 2013)]
**[http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/dna-profiling-to-take-more-time/ The Daily Star: DNA profiling to take more time (23rd May 2013)]

Nepal

2013-09-30T19:24:40Z

Helenw:

Nepal announced it would set up a DNA database in 2009, but there has been no activity in this area for some time.

== Resources ==
*External links
**[https://www.privacyinternational.org/reports/nepal/iv-privacy-issues Privacy International: Nepal: Privacy issues (22nd October 2012)]
**[http://bsnbiotech.wordpress.com/2011/04/28/world-dna-day-biotech-youth-meet-2011/ Biotechnology Society of Nepal's Blog: World DNA Day: Biotech Youth Meet 2011 (28th April 2011)] In the program Mr. Jivan Rijal from NAFOL stressed the need of DNA Databank for crime investigation, identification of missing individuals and wildlife management.
**[https://www.devex.com/en/jobs/strong-nepal-forensic-legal-specialist-x28-1-2-weeks-x29-strong Devex: Nepal, Forensic Legal Specialist (1-2 weeks) (March 2011)]
**[http://bsnbiotech.wordpress.com/tag/nafol/ NAFOL: All kinds of DNA testing within a month (31st October 2010)]
**[http://nepallaw.blogspot.co.uk/2006/01/dna-tests-start-from-sunday-lalitpur.html Nepal Law: DNA tests start from Sunday (14th January 2006)]
* Press articles
**[http://www.dcnepal.us/news_nepali_archive.php?nid=6278 DC Nepal: DNA testing service halted (25th July 2011)] The only machine in the country to test DNA has been nonfunctional for the past six months. The equipment imported from an American company Applied Biosystem and placed at Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) in Lalitpur has failed to support operational software since January and requires 2 million rupees to install it.
**[http://archives.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=26449 Republica: Of disappearances, and forensic science (24th December 2010)]
** [http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=DNA+data+bank+to+curb+crime+on+cards+&NewsID=244762 The Himalayan Times: DNA data bank to curb crime on cards (20th May 2010)]

Morocco

2013-09-30T17:53:08Z

Helenw:

The results of a survey conducted by INTERPOL in 2010 indicate the existence of a Nation-wide DNA Database.<ref>INTERPOL Global DNA Profiling Survey (2010).</ref>
However, Morocco is not listed elsewhere as having a DNA database.

==Resources==
*External links
**[http://www.forensicmag.com/articles/2011/10/seven-days-morocco#.Ukm3lhAfj3U Forensic Magazine: Seven Days in Morocco (18th October 2011)]
*Press articles
----
<references/>

Guatemala

2013-09-30T17:37:52Z

Helenw:

==Resources==
*External links
**[http://www.atlasdna.co.uk/using-dna-testing-to-find-missing-children/ AtlasDNA.co.uk: Using DNA Testing to Find Missing Children (10th September 2012)]
*Press articles
**[http://www.forensicmag.com/news/2013/09/migrants-dna-could-help-id-missing-guatemalans#.UkmyxhAfj3U AP: Migrants' DNA Could Help ID Missing Guatemalans (23rd September 2013)]