Difference between revisions of "United States"

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* Press articles  
 
* Press articles  
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**[http://www.wnd.com/2015/10/cops-want-customer-dna-from-geneology-sites/ WND: Cops want customer DNA from genealogy sites (17 October 2015)]
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**[http://www.wbiw.com/state/archive/2015/10/-indiana-state-police-laboratory-achieves-major-milestone-with-5000th-codis-match.php WBIW: Indiana State Police Laboratory Achieves Major Milestone With 5,000th CODIS Match (20th October 2015)]
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**[https://boingboing.net/2015/10/17/23andme-ancestry-com-aggrega.html Boingboing: 23andme & Ancestry.com aggregated the world's DNA; the police obliged them by asking for it (17 October 2015)]
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**[http://www.wnd.com/2015/10/cops-want-customer-dna-from-geneology-sites/ WND: Cops want customer DNA from genealogy sites (17th October 2015)]
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**[http://www.popsci.com/could-submitting-your-dna-to-private-genetics-companies-land-you-in-court Popular Science: Could having your DNA tested land you in court? (16 October 2015)]
+
**[https://boingboing.net/2015/10/17/23andme-ancestry-com-aggrega.html Boingboing: 23andme & Ancestry.com aggregated the world's DNA; the police obliged them by asking for it (17th October 2015)]
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**[http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2015/oct/15/prop-47-dna-juvenile-petition-denied/ The San Diego Union-Tribune: High court declines to hear Prop 47 DNA case (15 October 2015)]
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**[http://www.popsci.com/could-submitting-your-dna-to-private-genetics-companies-land-you-in-court Popular Science: Could having your DNA tested land you in court? (16th October 2015)]
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**[http://www.wired.com/2015/10/familial-dna-evidence-turns-innocent-people-into-crime-suspects/ Wired: Your Relative’s DNA Could Turn You Into a Suspect (13 october 2015)]
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**[http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2015/oct/15/prop-47-dna-juvenile-petition-denied/ The San Diego Union-Tribune: High court declines to hear Prop 47 DNA case (15th October 2015)]
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**[http://midweekwire.com/2015/10/12/bucks-unveils-new-countywide-crime-fighting-dna-program/ The Midweek Wire: Bucks unveils new countywide crime-fighting DNA program (12 October 2015)]
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**[http://www.wired.com/2015/10/familial-dna-evidence-turns-innocent-people-into-crime-suspects/ Wired: Your Relative’s DNA Could Turn You Into a Suspect (13th october 2015)]
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**[http://www.news4jax.com/politics/Bill-would-set-rules-for-DNA-evidence-processing/35792134 News4Jax: Bill would set rules for DNA evidence processing (12 October 2015)]
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**[http://midweekwire.com/2015/10/12/bucks-unveils-new-countywide-crime-fighting-dna-program/ The Midweek Wire: Bucks unveils new countywide crime-fighting DNA program (12th October 2015)]
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**[http://www.cincinnati.com/story/opinion/editorials/2015/10/10/editorial-use-backlog-rape-evidence-solve-crimes/73732602/ Cincinnati: Editorial: Use backlog of rape evidence to solve crimes (10 October 2015)]
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**[http://www.news4jax.com/politics/Bill-would-set-rules-for-DNA-evidence-processing/35792134 News4Jax: Bill would set rules for DNA evidence processing (12th October 2015)]
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**[http://radio.wpsu.org/post/police-departments-bucks-county-launch-dna-database WPSU: Police Departments In Bucks County Launch DNA Database (9 October 2015)]
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**[http://www.cincinnati.com/story/opinion/editorials/2015/10/10/editorial-use-backlog-rape-evidence-solve-crimes/73732602/ Cincinnati: Editorial: Use backlog of rape evidence to solve crimes (10th October 2015)]
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**[http://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2015/10/the-dark-side-of-dna-databases/408709/ The Atlantic: The Dark Side of DNA Databases (8 October 2015)]
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**[http://radio.wpsu.org/post/police-departments-bucks-county-launch-dna-database WPSU: Police Departments In Bucks County Launch DNA Database (9th October 2015)]
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**[http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/oct/8/dakota-county-resumes-dna-collection-effort-is-cha/ The Washington Times: Dakota County resumes pre-conviction DNA collection (8 October 2015)]
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**[http://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2015/10/the-dark-side-of-dna-databases/408709/ The Atlantic: The Dark Side of DNA Databases (8th October 2015)]
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**[http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/10/07/dna-at-the-fringes-twins-chimerism-and-synthetic-dna.html The Daily Beast: DNA At the Fringes: Twins, Chimerism, and Synthetic DNA (7 October 2015)]
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**[http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/oct/8/dakota-county-resumes-dna-collection-effort-is-cha/ The Washington Times: Dakota County resumes pre-conviction DNA collection (8th October 2015)]
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**[https://kutv.com/news/local/results-back-on-hundreds-of-rape-kits-tested-by-state-crime-lab KUTV: Results back on hundreds of rape kits tested by State Crime Lab (7 October 2015)]
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**[http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/10/07/dna-at-the-fringes-twins-chimerism-and-synthetic-dna.html The Daily Beast: DNA At the Fringes: Twins, Chimerism, and Synthetic DNA (7th October 2015)]
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**[http://www.philly.com/philly/news/20151007_New_Bucks_DNA_database_is_the_first_of_its_kind_nationally.html Philly.com: New Bucks DNA database is the first of its kind nationally (7 October 2015)]
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**[https://kutv.com/news/local/results-back-on-hundreds-of-rape-kits-tested-by-state-crime-lab KUTV: Results back on hundreds of rape kits tested by State Crime Lab (7th October 2015)]
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**[http://www.thenewstribune.com/opinion/editorials/article38012553.html The News Tribune: Too much evidence locked away in untested rape kits (6 October 2015)]
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**[http://www.philly.com/philly/news/20151007_New_Bucks_DNA_database_is_the_first_of_its_kind_nationally.html Philly.com: New Bucks DNA database is the first of its kind nationally (7th October 2015)]
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**[http://6abc.com/news/dna-database-program-announced-in-bucks-county/1019920/ Action News: DNA Database program announced in Bucks County (6 October 2015)]
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**[http://www.thenewstribune.com/opinion/editorials/article38012553.html The News Tribune: Too much evidence locked away in untested rape kits (6th October 2015)]
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**[http://www.philly.com/philly/news/20151007_Bucks_set_to_collect_DNA_from_crime_suspects.html Philly.com: Bucks collecting DNA from crime suspects (6 October 2015)]
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**[http://6abc.com/news/dna-database-program-announced-in-bucks-county/1019920/ Action News: DNA Database program announced in Bucks County (6th October 2015)]
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**[http://philadelphia.suntimes.com/phi-news/7/96/208187/bucks-county-forms-dna-database-for-its-police-departments Sun Times Philadelphia: Bucks County Forms DNA Database For Its Police Departments (6 October 2015)]
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**[http://www.philly.com/philly/news/20151007_Bucks_set_to_collect_DNA_from_crime_suspects.html Philly.com: Bucks collecting DNA from crime suspects (6th October 2015)]
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**[http://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2015/10/06/bucks-county-forms-dna-database-for-its-police-departments/ CBS Philly: Police Share DNA Evidence Throughout Bucks County In New Program (6 October 2015)]
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**[http://philadelphia.suntimes.com/phi-news/7/96/208187/bucks-county-forms-dna-database-for-its-police-departments Sun Times Philadelphia: Bucks County Forms DNA Database For Its Police Departments (6th October 2015)]
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**[http://www.wfmz.com/news/news-regional-southeasternpa/a-first-of-its-kind-nationwide-coming-to-bucks-county/35690454 69 News: A first of its kind, nationwide, coming to Bucks County (6 October 2015)]
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**[http://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2015/10/06/bucks-county-forms-dna-database-for-its-police-departments/ CBS Philly: Police Share DNA Evidence Throughout Bucks County In New Program (6th October 2015)]
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**[http://www.norwalkreflector.com/article/news/8217731 Norwalk Reflector: State's cold-case initiative pays off with convictions in rape cases (5 October 2015)]
+
**[http://www.wfmz.com/news/news-regional-southeasternpa/a-first-of-its-kind-nationwide-coming-to-bucks-county/35690454 69 News: A first of its kind, nationwide, coming to Bucks County (6th October 2015)]
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**[http://www.seacoastonline.com/article/20151005/NEWS/151009642 Seacoastonline: Hampton lawmaker calls for N.H. audit of untested rape kits (5 October 2015)]
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**[http://www.norwalkreflector.com/article/news/8217731 Norwalk Reflector: State's cold-case initiative pays off with convictions in rape cases (5th October 2015)]
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**[https://www.toledoblade.com/Courts/2015/10/05/State-s-cold-case-initiative-pays-off-with-convictions-in-rape-cases.html The Blade: State’s cold-case initiative pays off with convictions in rape cases (5 October 2015)]
+
**[http://www.seacoastonline.com/article/20151005/NEWS/151009642 Seacoastonline: Hampton lawmaker calls for N.H. audit of untested rape kits (5th October 2015)]
 +
**[https://www.toledoblade.com/Courts/2015/10/05/State-s-cold-case-initiative-pays-off-with-convictions-in-rape-cases.html The Blade: State’s cold-case initiative pays off with convictions in rape cases (5th October 2015)]
 
**[http://www.delcotimes.com/general-news/20151004/murder-mystery-of-gary-drais-remains-unsolved-after-10-years Delaware County Daily Times: Murder mystery of Gary Drais remains unsolved after 10 years (4th October 2015)]
 
**[http://www.delcotimes.com/general-news/20151004/murder-mystery-of-gary-drais-remains-unsolved-after-10-years Delaware County Daily Times: Murder mystery of Gary Drais remains unsolved after 10 years (4th October 2015)]
 
**[http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2015/10/state_police_urge_police_sheri.html Oregon Live: State police urge police, sheriffs to send sexual assault kits to lab within 14 days of receipt (1st October 2015)]  
 
**[http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2015/10/state_police_urge_police_sheri.html Oregon Live: State police urge police, sheriffs to send sexual assault kits to lab within 14 days of receipt (1st October 2015)]  

Revision as of 10:56, 22 October 2015

The US federal DNA database (CODIS) was established in 1998. It is the largest in the world.

The 2008 Interpol survey reported that 245,171 crime scene DNA profiles and 6,454,770 individuals' profiles, plus 519 missing persons' DNA profiles and 2,283 unknown/deceased DNA profiles were held in the US at the time of the survey. Since then the size of the database has doubled. According to FBI statistics, the National DNA Index (NDIS) contained over 10,692,400 offender profiles, 1,711,100 arrestee profiles and 527,400 forensic profiles as of November 2013.

The federal database includes DNA profiles submitted under laws which vary state by state. The Justice for All Act, 2004, expanded the national database by allowing the retention of DNA profiles from anyone charged with a felony offence. The Violence Against Women Act, 2005, allows DNA profiles to be uploaded on arrest, rather than on charge.

By end 2013, 28 US states had changed their laws to allow collection of DNA prior to conviction for a range of offences (Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Illinois, Florida, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, New Jersey, New Mexico, Nevada, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin). Of these 28 states, 10 require collection and/or analysis to occur only after changing, arraignment, indictment, or judicial determination of probable cause.

In March 2013, the Supreme Court made a 5-4 decision upholding Maryland's DNA testing law (which collects DNA on charge for some felonies and requires automatic expungement of innocent people's DNA profiles). However, laws in other states (which are broader in some cases, such as California, which collects on arrest for all felonies and has no automatic expungement process) are still subject to ongoing legal challenges. In most states, DNA profiles taken from arrested persons are not automatically removed if the person is innocent, although the individual can request removal. Automatic expungement processes exist in 7 of the 28 states which collect DNA prior to conviction.

Resources

Detailed analysis

The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s (FBI) Combined DNA Index System program (CODIS) enables federal, state and local laboratories to store and compare DNA profiles electronically and thereby link serial crimes to each other and identify suspects by matching DNA from crime scenes to convicted offenders or arrestees (where state legislation allows this). All 50 states and the FBI now collect DNA samples, retain the profiles generated from those samples in the databases, and compare the database entries against DNA profiles of biological evidence. There are obviously differences amongst the states as to collection criteria, sample retention and removal of entries from the databases. It is impossible to give a complete overview of the position in each state in this paper and the aim is merely to briefly summarise the contents of the main pieces of legislation and to highlight trends amongst states.


Legislation:

  • The DNA Identification Act, 1994, allows for DNA identification records to be kept of: (a) Persons convicted of crimes, this will vary from State to State in accordance with the DNA database laws of each State; (b) DNA samples recovered from crime scenes; (c) DNA samples recovered from unidentified human remains; and (d) DNA samples voluntarily contributed from relatives of missing persons. (Refer to See 42 U.S.C.S. §14132(a).).
  • The Justice for All Act, 2004, allows for the retention in the National DNA Index System (NDIS) of DNA profiles from persons who have been charged in an indictment, even if the charges are eventually dropped or not pursued. The Act affects the qualifying offences for entry onto the National DNA database. Previously these were limited to sexual offences and other serious violent crimes, but have been amended to include "any felony". In terms of the Act, DNA profiles may not be uploaded to the NDIS if: (a) The arrestee has not been charged; or (b) DNA samples have been submitted voluntarily for the purposes of elimination from a crime sample.
  • The Violence Against Women Act, 2005, allows for the uploading of an arrestee's DNA profile into the NDIS at the same time that their fingerprints are taken and uploaded onto the national fingerprint database. Previously DNA could not be uploaded until the arrestee was charged or indicted. The Act removes the burden from the State to remove an arrestee sample from the NDIS if the arrestee was later acquitted or if the charges were dismissed. The burden shifts onto the arrestee, who will be required to file a certified copy of a final court order establishing that all indexable charges have been dismissed, resulted in acquittal or that no charges were filed. The Act allows the Federal Government to take and retain DNA samples from Federal arrestees and from non-U.S. citizens or permanent residents who are detained under Federal authority. The Act gives the Attorney General the authority to issue regulations requiring the collection of such DNA profiles including requiring other Federal agencies to collect these: e.g. immigration agencies.

Who must provide a sample:<ref name="ftn1"> See http://www.ncsl.org/programs/cj/dnadatabanks.htm “State Laws on DNA Data Banks Qualifying Offenses, Others Who must provide sample” (July 2008).


</ref>

  • Twelve states: Alaska, Arizona, California, Kansas, Louisiana, Minnesota, New Mexico, North Dakota, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia – now have laws authorizing arrestee sampling.
  • All 50 states require that convicted sex offenders provide a DNA sample, and states are increasingly expanding these policies to include all felons or many serious felony offenders. To date (July 2008), 46 states require that all convicted felons provide a DNA sample to the state’s database.
  • Eleven states to date specify certain misdemeanors among those who must provide a sample.
  • There are 28 states that include DNA from delinquent juveniles in the database, of these there are 12 states that restrict the scope of qualifying offences with regard to juveniles. For example, California provides that qualifying offences are the same for adult convicts and juvenile delinquents, but juvenile arrestees, unlike adults, are excluded from the database.

Retention of information and samples:<ref name="ftn2"> See Survey of State DNA Database Statutes (2004) available at www.aslme.org/dna_04/grid/guide.pdf.


</ref>

  • Thirty-eight states contain statutes that detail expungement criteria and procedure. DNA samples and records are expunged upon a change in the disposition of the case in the convict’s favor, provided that the offender has not been convicted of a separate qualifying offence. The state statutes differ, however, in the extent to which the disposition of the case must change before expungement proceedings begin. Some states only require that the defendant’s conviction be reversed, whereas others require that the conviction be reversed and the case dismissed. Of the 38 statutes that detail the expungement procedure, 33 require the offender to initiate the process. Of these 33 it is only Texas that contains a statutory provision requiring the defendant to be advised after his acquittal of his right to expungement.
  • The criteria for retention vary from immediate removal, if a sample is not used, to retention of a sample for at least 35 years, to permanent retention for certain specified offences.

In general, the statutes authorize use of DNA and the database for law enforcement purposes, and for purposes of maintaining and improving the database. However, in certain states the creation of population statistical databases, tools which allow for the statistical analysis and interpretation of anonymous DNA profiles collected from convicted offenders, are established. DNA databases in the US typically authorize certain uses of offender’s genetic information and prohibit unauthorized uses and are therefore usually exempted from genetic privacy laws. The DNA statutes of the states also differ with regard to the criminal and civil liabilities provided therein for the misuse of the DNA database. Typically criminal penalties are imposed for: a) tampering with the DNA samples or records; b) improper entry of DNA samples and records into the database; c) improper access to and use of DNA samples and records; and d) improper disclosure of DNA samples and records. Only seven states provide for a private cause of action for individuals aggrieved by the misuse of the database and four states explicitly provide immunity from civil and / or criminal liability for misuse of the database.



<references/>

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