Difference between revisions of "United States"

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== Resources ==
 
== Resources ==
 
* External links (Federal)
 
* External links (Federal)
 +
**[https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/11/12/us-proposal-collect-dna-detained-immigrants-violates-privacy-rights Human Rights Watch: US Proposal to Collect DNA from Detained Immigrants Violates Privacy Rights (12th November 2019)]
 +
**[https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/department-justice-announces-interim-policy-emerging-method-generate-leads-unsolved-violent Department of Justice: Department of Justice Announces Interim Policy on Emerging Method to Generate Leads for Unsolved Violent Crimes (24th September 2019)]
 +
**[https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/department-justice-publish-notice-proposed-rulemaking-comply-fully-dna-fingerprint-act-2005 Department of Justice to Publish Notice of Proposed Rulemaking to Comply Fully with DNA Fingerprint Act of 2005 (20th October 2019)]
 +
**[https://www.geneticsandsociety.org/biopolitical-times/forensic-dna-and-golden-state-killer Center for Genetics and Society: Forensic DNA and the "Golden State Killer" (2nd May 2018)]
 
**[https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/249805.pdf National Institute of Justice: Down the Road: Testing Evidence in Sexual Assaults (June 2016)]
 
**[https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/249805.pdf National Institute of Justice: Down the Road: Testing Evidence in Sexual Assaults (June 2016)]
 
**[http://www.swgdam.org/ Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM)]
 
**[http://www.swgdam.org/ Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM)]
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* External links (States)
 
* External links (States)
 +
* Arizona
 +
**[https://legiscan.com/AZ/text/SB1475/2019 Bill Text: AZ SB1475 (2019)] Bill failed.
 
* Arkansas
 
* Arkansas
 
**[http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/assembly/2015/2015R/Acts/Act731.pdf Act 731 - AN ACT FOR THE STATE CRIME LABORATORY APPROPRIATION FOR THE 2015-2016 FISCAL YEAR.]
 
**[http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/assembly/2015/2015R/Acts/Act731.pdf Act 731 - AN ACT FOR THE STATE CRIME LABORATORY APPROPRIATION FOR THE 2015-2016 FISCAL YEAR.]
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**[http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/assembly/2015/2015R/Acts/Act1022.pdf Act 1022 - TO CLARIFY THE RIGHTS OF PUTATIVE PARENTS IN PROCEEDINGS REGARDING JUVENILES WHO ARE THE SUBJECTS OF PUTATIVE PARENT CLAIMS.]
 
**[http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/assembly/2015/2015R/Acts/Act1022.pdf Act 1022 - TO CLARIFY THE RIGHTS OF PUTATIVE PARENTS IN PROCEEDINGS REGARDING JUVENILES WHO ARE THE SUBJECTS OF PUTATIVE PARENT CLAIMS.]
 
**[http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/assembly/2015/2015R/Acts/Act1084.pdf Act 1084 - TO CLARIFY THE REQUIREMENT FOR DRAWING DNA SAMPLES FROM JUVENILES ADJUDICATED DELINQUENT.]
 
**[http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/assembly/2015/2015R/Acts/Act1084.pdf Act 1084 - TO CLARIFY THE REQUIREMENT FOR DRAWING DNA SAMPLES FROM JUVENILES ADJUDICATED DELINQUENT.]
 +
* California
 +
**[https://www.eff.org/cases/center-genetics-and-society-v-becerra EFF: Center for Genetics and Society v. Becerra]
 
* Idaho
 
* Idaho
 
**[https://www.legislature.idaho.gov/idstat/Title19/T19CH55.htm TITLE 19 CRIMINAL PROCEDURE: CHAPTER 55 THE IDAHO DNA DATABASE ACT OF 1996]
 
**[https://www.legislature.idaho.gov/idstat/Title19/T19CH55.htm TITLE 19 CRIMINAL PROCEDURE: CHAPTER 55 THE IDAHO DNA DATABASE ACT OF 1996]
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**[https://www.lawserver.com/law/state/tennessee/tn-code/tennessee_code_40-35-321 Tennessee Code  40-35-321.  Collection of biological specimens for DNA analysis -- Persons convicted of certain offenses -- Condition of release from imprisonment.]
 
**[https://www.lawserver.com/law/state/tennessee/tn-code/tennessee_code_40-35-321 Tennessee Code  40-35-321.  Collection of biological specimens for DNA analysis -- Persons convicted of certain offenses -- Condition of release from imprisonment.]
 
**[https://www.lawserver.com/law/state/tennessee/tn-code/tennessee_code_title_40_chapter_30_part_3 Tennessee Code § 40-30-304  (2015). Post-Conviction DNA Analysis Act of 2001.]
 
**[https://www.lawserver.com/law/state/tennessee/tn-code/tennessee_code_title_40_chapter_30_part_3 Tennessee Code § 40-30-304  (2015). Post-Conviction DNA Analysis Act of 2001.]
 +
*Vermont
 +
**[http://legislature.vermont.gov/assets/Documents/2018/WorkGroups/House%20Judiciary/Bills/H.422/W~John%20Treadwell~State%20v%20Medina~3-14-2017.pdf  State v. Medina (Vt. 2014) 102 A.3d 661, 663.]
 
* Wisconsin
 
* Wisconsin
 
**[https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/165/77 Wisconsin Statutes: 165.77 Deoxyribonucleic acid analysis and data bank.]
 
**[https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/165/77 Wisconsin Statutes: 165.77 Deoxyribonucleic acid analysis and data bank.]
  
* Press articles  
+
 
 +
* Press articles
 +
**[https://topclassactions.com/lawsuit-settlements/privacy/nypd-lawsuit-claims-department-maintains-dna-database-with-no-warrant/ Top Class Actions: NYPD lawsuit claims department maintains DNA database with no warrant (4th April 2023)]
 +
**[https://theintercept.com/2021/07/03/orange-county-prosecutors-dna-surveillance/ The Intercept: ORANGE COUNTY PROSECUTORS OPERATE “VAST, SECRETIVE” GENETIC SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM (3rd July 2021)]
 +
**[https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/31/science/dna-police-laws.html The New York Times: Two New Laws Restrict Police Use of DNA Search Method (31st May 2021)]
 +
**[https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2021/mar/29/maryland-lawmakers-restrict-police-genealogical-da/ The Washington Times: Maryland lawmakers restrict cops from tapping family-tree DNA kits to crack cold cases (29th March 2021)]
 +
**[https://missionlocal.org/2022/03/police-explain-how-rape-kit-ended-up-in-a-database/ Mission Local: Police explain how rape kit ended up in DNA database (3rd March 2022)]
 +
**[https://www.vice.com/en/article/4ade3g/why-are-prosecutors-keeping-a-huge-secretive-dna-database-in-orange-county Vice: Why Are Prosecutors Keeping a Huge, Secretive DNA Database in Orange County? (22nd February 2021)]
 +
**[https://www.theregister.com/2021/02/04/dna_testing_software/ The Register: Accused murderer wins right to check source code of DNA testing kit used by police (4th February 2021)]
 +
**[https://futurehuman.medium.com/deleted-dna-data-just-reappeared-on-a-popular-database-e1f43587f7ec Future Human: ‘Deleted’ DNA Data Just Reappeared on a Popular Database (22nd January 2021)]
 +
**[https://queenseagle.com/all/nycs-dna-database-swells-even-as-some-samples-are-removed Queens Daily Eagle: NYC's DNA database swells, even as some samples are removed (14th January 2021)]
 +
**[https://dailygazette.com/2020/12/14/editorial-limit-police-ability-to-retain-our-dna/ The Daily Gazette: EDITORIAL: Limit police ability to retain our DNA (14th December 2020)]
 +
**[https://legalaidnyc.org/news/nypd-2000-people-removed-city-dna-index%E2%80%8B/ The Legal Aid Society: NYPD Admits Almost 2,000 People Should be Removed From City DNA Index (15th October 2020)]
 +
**[https://www.thecity.nyc/2020/10/13/21515424/bill-would-clamp-down-on-cops-collecting-dna-from-kids#:~:text=A%20bill%20that%20would%20curb,hit%20the%20City%20Council%20Thursday.&text=The%20new%20legislation%2C%20co%2Dsponsored,scenes%20and%20victims%20of%20crimes The City NY: Bill Would Clamp Down on Cops Collecting DNA From Kids (13th October 2020)]
 +
**[https://inhomelandsecurity.com/podcast-using-genetic-genealogy-dna-databases-solve-cold-cases/: In Homeland Security Podcast: Using Genetic Genealogy DNA Databases to Solve Cold Cases (24th September 2020)]
 +
**[https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02545-5 Nature: The controversial company using DNA to sketch the faces of criminals: (9th September 2020)]
 +
**[https://www.pe.com/2020/08/26/no-on-proposition-20-a-heavy-handed-reaction-to-justice-reforms/ The Press Enterprise: No on Proposition 20, a heavy-handed reaction to justice reforms (26th August 2020)]
 +
**[https://bronxjusticenews.com/citys-unregulated-dna-database-keeps-growing-attorneys Bronx Justice News: City’s Unregulated DNA Database Keeps Growing: Attorneys (20th August 2020)]
 +
**[https://www.techtimes.com/articles/251222/20200719/gedmatch-briefly-down-company-probes-police-accessing-dna-database.htm TechTimes: Gedmatch Briefly Down as Company Probes on Police Accessing Its DNA Database (19th July 2020)]
 +
**[https://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/national/hackers-attack-genetic-genealogy-website-gedmatch-exposing-dna-profiles-to-law-enforcement The Denver Channel: Hackers attack genetic genealogy website GEDmatch, exposing DNA profiles to law enforcement (24th July 2020)]
 +
**[https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/peteraldhous/hackers-gedmatch-dna-privacy BuzzFeed news: A Security Breach Exposed More Than One Million DNA Profiles On A Major Genealogy Database (22nd July 2020)]
 +
**[https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/second-circuit-oks-use-of-now-defunct-11097/ Second Circuit OKs Use of Now-Defunct DNA Testing Method (21st July 2020)]
 +
**[https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/biomedical/ethics/dna-databases-in-china-and-the-us-are-tools-of-racial-oppression IEEE Spectrum: DNA Databases in the U.S. and China Are Tools of Racial Oppression (30th June 2020)]
 +
**[https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/26/us/louisiana-dna-washing-machine.html New York Times: A DNA Mix-Up Involving a Washing Machine Kept a Man in Jail for 3 Years (26th June 2020)]
 +
**[https://www.miragenews.com/two-new-forensic-dna-standards-added-to-osac-registry/ Mirage News: Two New Forensic DNA Standards Added to OSAC Registry (13th May 2020)]
 +
**[https://wjactv.com/news/local/new-state-data-shows-97-drop-in-backlogged-rape-kits-lowest-total-in-4-years WJAC: New PA data shows 97% drop in backlogged rape kits, lowest total in 4 years (5th May 2020)]
 +
**[https://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/local-news/genealogy-helps-track-another-colorado-cold-case-suspect-the-oldest-one-yet The Denver Channel: Genealogy helps track another Colorado cold case suspect, the oldest one yet (23rd April 2020)]
 +
**[https://www.post-gazette.com/opinion/editorials/2020/03/13/Gross-overreach-Ancestry-block-access-DNA-database/stories/202003050077 Pittsburgh Post-Gazette: Gross overreach: Ancestry.com was right to block access to DNA database (13th March 2020)]
 +
**[https://www.politico.com/states/new-york/albany/story/2020/02/25/cops-take-heat-from-council-over-dna-despite-planned-reforms-1263552 Politico: Cops take heat from Council over DNA, despite planned reforms (25th February 2020)]
 +
**[https://edition.cnn.com/2020/02/22/us/nypd-dna-datebase-review/index.html CNN: NYPD says it will remove some non-convicts from its local DNA database (22nd February 2020)]
 +
**[https://queenseagle.com/all/council-public-safety-nypd-dna-database The Queens Eagle: Council committee to examine city’s controversial DNA database (7th February 2020)]
 +
**[https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/peteraldhous/ancestry-dna-database-search-warrant Buzz Feed News: A Court Tried To Force Ancestry.com To Open Up Its DNA Database To Police. The Company Said No. (3rd February 2020)]
 +
**[https://www.theverge.com/2020/1/14/21063627/dna-detained-immigrants-fbi-codis-bias-crime-database The Verge:: DNA from detained immigrants will change the nature of the FBI’s genetic database (14th January 2020)]
 +
**[https://www.express.co.uk/travel/articles/1226362/britons-holidaymakers-us-border-control-dna-arrest-travel-news Daily Express: Britons detained at US border control may need to hand over DNA or face arrest - new rules (9th January 2020)]
 +
**[https://onezero.medium.com/the-u-s-governments-mass-collection-of-immigrant-dna-hints-at-surveillance-future-93a11767b3c0 OneZero: The U.S. Government’s Mass Collection of Immigrant DNA Hints at Surveillance Future (8th January 2020)]
 +
**[https://theconversation.com/dna-database-sold-to-help-law-enforcement-crack-cold-cases-128674 The Conversation: DNA database sold to help law-enforcement crack cold cases (22nd December 2019)]
 +
**[https://slate.com/technology/2019/12/gedmatch-verogen-genetic-genealogy-law-enforcement.html Slate: We’re Entering a New Phase in Law Enforcement’s Use of Consumer Genetic Data (19th December 2019)]
 +
**[https://www.wired.com/story/a-dna-firm-that-caters-to-police-just-bought-a-genealogy-site/ Wired: A DNA Firm That Caters to Police Just Bought a Genealogy Site (9th December 2019)]
 +
**[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/07/us/dna-bone-marrow-transplant-crime-lab.html New York Times: When a DNA Test Says You’re a Younger Man, Who Lives 5,000 Miles Away (7th December 2019)]
 +
**[https://www.voiceofsandiego.org/topics/public-safety/dozens-of-rape-kits-from-sdpds-backlog-have-yielded-dna-database-hits/ Voice of San Diego: Dozens of Rape Kits From SDPD's Backlog Have Yielded DNA Database Hits (4th November 2019)]
 +
**[https://www.technologyreview.com/s/614642/dna-database-gedmatch-golden-state-killer-security-risk-hack/amp/?utm_source=newsletters&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=weekend_reads.unpaid.engagement&__twitter_impression=true MIT Technology Review: The DNA database used to find the Golden State Killer is a national security leak waiting to happen (30th October 2019)]
 +
**[https://science.sciencemag.org/content/366/6462/155 Science: Responsible genetic genealogy (11th October 2019)]
 +
**[https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/09/new-federal-rules-limit-police-searches-family-tree-dna-databases Science: New federal rules limit police searches of family tree DNA databases (25th September 2019)]
 +
**[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/15/nyregion/nypd-dna-database.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage New York Times: N.Y.P.D. Detectives Gave a Boy, 12, a Soda. He Landed in a DNA Database. (15th August 2019)]
 +
**[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/02/us/dna-testing-immigrants.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage# New York Times: U.S. Government Plans to Collect DNA From Detained Immigrants (2nd October 2019)]
 +
**[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/16/science/hair-dna-murder.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage New York Times: Why This Scientist Keeps Receiving Packages of Serial Killers’ Hair (16th September 2019)]
 +
**[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/15/nyregion/nypd-dna-database.html New York Times: N.Y.P.D. Detectives Gave a Boy, 12, a Soda. He Landed in a DNA Database (15th August 2019)]
 +
**[https://news.sky.com/story/how-researching-your-family-tree-could-solve-a-murder-11775060 Sky News: How researching your family tree could solve a murder (August 2019)]
 +
**[https://www.cnbc.com/2019/07/26/rapid-dna-testing-market-takes-off-as-kentucky-police-test-new-technology.html CNBC: Kentucky police use new technology to nab suspects in hours instead of weeks as rapid DNA market takes off (28th July 2019)]
 +
**[https://thehill.com/opinion/criminal-justice/451024-think-twice-before-giving-dna-to-the-police The Hill: Think twice before giving results of your home DNA kit to the police (30th June 2019)]
 +
**[https://www.princegeorgematters.com/national-business/texas-says-dna-technology-jeopardizes-cases-1515448 Prince George Matters: Texas says DNA technology jeopardizes cases (20th June 2019)]
 +
**[https://www-pbs-org.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.pbs.org/newshour/amp/nation/use-of-online-dna-databases-by-law-enforcement-leads-to-backlash-and-website-changes PBS: Use of online DNA databases by law enforcement leads to backlash and website changes (17th June 2019)]
 +
**[https://www.newscientist.com/article/2203857-dna-database-opts-a-million-people-out-from-police-searches/ New Scientist: DNA database opts a million people out from police searches (20th May 2019)]
 +
**[https://www.legalgenealogist.com/2019/05/19/gedmatch-reverses-course The Legal Genealogist: GEDmatch reverses course (19th May 2019)]
 +
**[https://edition.cnn.com/2019/05/09/opinions/dangers-of-government-dna-testing-eidelman/index.html CNN: The dangers of the government's DNA testing program (9th May 2019)]
 +
**[https://queencreekindependent.com/opinion/bisson-activist-encourages-leadership-communication/ Queen Creek Independent: Bisson: Activist encourages leadership communication (7th May 2019)] Re failed Arizona DNA Bill that may be reintroduced.
 +
**[https://www.biometricupdate.com/201905/trial-of-rapid-dna-biometrics-to-investigate-false-family-claims-by-migrants-at-u-s-mexico-border Biometric Update: Trial of rapid DNA biometrics to investigate false family claims by migrants at U.S.-Mexico border (6th May 2019)]
 +
**[https://www.courthousenews.com/judge-poised-to-advance-suit-over-california-dna-collection/ Court House News Service: Judge Poised to Advance Suit Over California DNA Collection (1st May 2019)]
 +
**[https://eu.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/arizona/2019/02/19/arizona-bill-would-create-massive-statewide-dna-database/2873930002/ AZ Central: You may soon have to give your DNA to the state and pay $250 for the privilege (19th February 2019)]
 +
**[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-01/major-dna-testing-company-is-sharing-genetic-data-with-the-fbi Bloomberg: Major DNA Testing Company Sharing Genetic Data With the FBI (1st February 2019)]
 +
**[https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/salvadorhernandez/family-tree-dna-fbi-investigative-genealogy-privacy BuzzFeed: One Of The Biggest At-Home DNA Testing Companies Is Working With The FBI (31st January 2019)]
 +
**[https://www.post-gazette.com/opinion/editorials/2019/01/30/A-slippery-slope-Casual-DNA-collection-erodes-constitutional-rights/stories/201901300061 Pittsburgh Post-Gazette: A slippery slope: Casual DNA collection erodes constitutional rights (30th January 2019)]
 +
**[https://www.citynews1130.com/2019/01/24/maryland-bill-would-further-curb-police-use-of-dna-databases/ CityNews: Maryland bill would further curb police use of DNA databases (24th January 2019)]
 +
**[https://www.sfchronicle.com/opinion/editorials/article/Editorial-California-shouldn-t-keep-DNA-from-13467258.php San Francisco Chronicle: Editorial: California shouldn’t keep DNA from hundreds of thousands of innocent people (14th December 2018)]
 +
**[https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/12/10/watchdogs-sue-california-over-dna-retention-for-non-convicted-arrestees/ Mercury News: Watchdogs sue California over keeping DNA from arrests with no conviction (10th Dcember 2018)]
 +
**[https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/california-police-cold-case-murder-solved-with-dna-database/ The Seattle Times: California police: Cold case murder solved with DNA database (21st November 2018)]
 +
**[http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/10/dna-tests-bad-for-finding-identity-great-for-surveillance.html New York Magazine: DNA Testing Can’t Tell Us Who We Really Are. It Can Tell the Cops. (17th October 2018)]
 +
**[https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/15/science/gedmatch-genealogy-cold-cases.html?action=click&module=Well&pgtype=Homepage&section=Science New York Times: How an Unlikely Family History Website Transformed Cold Case Investigations (15th October 2018)]
 +
**[https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-06997-8?utm_source=briefing-wk&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=briefing&utm_content=20181012 Nature: Supercharged crime-scene DNA analysis sparks privacy concerns (11th October 2018)]
 +
**[https://www.medicalbag.com/ethics/golden-state-killer-deangelo-dna-analysis-genetic-forensics/article/788270/ Medical Bag: Is Using Genealogy Data to Solve Crimes Taking DNA Analysis a Step Too Far? (14th August 2018)]
 +
**[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-44731119 BBC: DNA tests ordered to reunite separated migrant families (5th July 2018)]
 +
**[https://www.buzzfeed.com/peteraldhous/parabon-genetic-genealogy-cold-cases?utm_term=.eiQDpQo9d#.pyNwp5LAG BuzzFeed: DNA Data From 100 Crime Scenes Has Been Uploaded To A Genealogy Website — Just Like The Golden State Killer (17th May 2018)]
 +
**[http://www.ballstatedaily.com/article/2018/05/news-dna-law-leads-to-arrest Ball State Daily: Indiana sees progress on criminal investigations thanks to new DNA law (15th May 2018)]
 +
**[http://www.watertowndailytimes.com/national/congress-a-decade-behind-in-overseeing-dna-testing--20180513 Watertown Daily Times: Congress a decade behind in overseeing DNA testing (13th May 2018)]
 +
**[https://www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2018/05/fallen_through_the_cracks_overdue_dna_swabs_link_to_murders_sexual_assaults.html Cleveland.com: 'Fallen through the cracks:' Overdue DNA swabs link to murders, sexual assaults (13th May 2018)]
 +
**[https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2018/05/georgia-law-enforcement-is-dna-testing-fetal-remains-found-in-wastewater.html Slate: Georgia Law Enforcement Is DNA-Testing Fetal Remains Found In Wastewater (11th May 2018)]
 +
**[https://www.theverge.com/2018/5/10/17340666/dna-testing-georgia-fetus-codis-abortion-genetics-investigation The Verge: Police are using DNA testing to track down a fetus’s mother (10th May 2018)]
 +
**[https://queencreekindependent.com/opinion/bisson-activist-encourages-leadership-communication/ Bisson: Activist encourages leadership communication (7th May 2019)] Re failed Arizona DNA Bill that may be reintroduced.
 +
**[https://slate.com/technology/2018/05/consumer-genetic-databases-arent-the-only-side-door-for-police-to-get-your-dna.html Slate: You Can’t Hide Your Genes (4th May 2018)]
 +
**[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/how-accurately-can-scientists-reconstruct-persons-face-from-dna-180968951/ The Smithsonian: How Accurately Can Scientists Reconstruct A Person’s Face From DNA? (4th May 2018)]
 +
**[https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20180502/14342239763/cops-arent-just-submitting-dna-samples-to-genealogy-services-theyre-also-obtaining-customer-info.shtml Tech Dirt: Cops Aren't Just Submitting DNA Samples To Genealogy Services; They're Also Obtaining Customer Info (3rd May 2018)]
 +
**[https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/03/us/golden-state-killer-genealogy.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=first-column-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news New York Times: The Cold Case That Inspired the 'Golden State Killer' Detective to Try Genealogy (3rd May 2018)]
 +
**[https://www.laboratoryequipment.com/article/2018/05/massively-parallel-sequencing-future-dna-sequencing Laboratory Equipment: Massively Parallel Sequencing: The Future of DNA Sequencing (2nd May 2018)]
 +
**[https://www.buzzfeed.com/peteraldhous/family-tree-dna-subpoena-golden-state-killer?utm_term=.mjAG214am#.dvgo3dRNM Buzz Feed: Cops Forced A Company To Share A Customer’s Identity For The Golden State Killer Investigation (1st May 2018)]
 +
**[http://theconversation.com/is-your-genome-really-your-own-the-public-and-forensic-value-of-dna-95786 The Conversation: Is your genome really your own? The public and forensic value of DNA (1st May 2018)]
 +
**[https://siliconangle.com/blog/2018/05/01/graphing-sensitive-boundary-personally-identifiable-information-publicly-inferable-insights/ SiliconANGLE: Graphing the sensitive boundary between personally identifiable information and publicly inferable insights (1st May 2018)]
 +
**[https://www.sciencenews.org/article/golden-state-killer-suspect-dna-genetics-genealogy Science News: New genetic sleuthing tools helped track down the Golden State Killer suspect (29th April 2018)]
 +
**[https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/27/health/dna-privacy-golden-state-killer-genealogy.html New York Times: The Golden State Killer Is Tracked Through a Thicket of DNA, and Experts Shudder (27th April 2018)]
 +
**[https://www.rte.ie/news/us/2018/0427/958588-golden-state-killer-us/ RTE: Genealogy websites led police to 'Golden State Killer'(27th April 2018)]
 +
**[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/framed-for-murder-by-his-own-dna/ PBS Frontline: Framed for Murder By His Own DNA (19th April 2018)]
 +
**[https://www.biometricupdate.com/201804/social-media-databases-behavioral-identifiers-said-future-of-law-enforcement-biometrics Biometric Update: Social media, databases, behavioral identifiers said future of law enforcement biometrics (5th April 2018)]
 +
**[http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-dna-supreme-court-20180402-story.html Los Angeles Times: California Supreme Court lets stand controversial law allowing DNA collection upon arrest (2nd April 2018)]
 +
**[http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/health/new-system-can-identity-people-from-their-dna-in-minutes-4965794/ Indian Express: New system can identity people from their DNA in minutes (3rd December 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.dailyprogress.com/news/state/parents-of-slain-uva-students-advocate-for-bipartisan-effort-to/article_ef569702-d57a-11e7-9078-4b7514d07d84.html The Daily Progress: Parents of slain UVa students advocate for bipartisan effort to collect more criminal DNA (29th November 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article181745126.html The Sacramento Bee: Violent crime list, DNA collection would increase under California initiative (30th October 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.ajc.com/news/national/can-police-legally-obtain-your-dna-from-23andme-ancestry/8eZ24WN7VisoQiHAFbcmjP/ AJC: Can police legally obtain your DNA from 23andMe, Ancestry? (17th November 2017)]
 +
**[http://cumberlink.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/bill_tracker/bill-tracker-expanding-state-s-dna-database/article_73837d3e-3fd7-5525-a355-5095f05511b8..html The Sentinel: Bill Tracker: Expanding state's DNA database (16th November 2016)]
 +
**[https://www.correctionsone.com/products/police-technology/investigation/biometrics-identification/articles/456766187-Hidden-in-prison-Thousands-of-inmates-not-in-DNA-databases/ Corrections One: Hidden in prison: Thousands of inmates not in DNA databases (7th November 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.kiro7.com/news/local/your-genealogy-research-could-land-your-dna-in-a-criminal-investigation/641099598 KIRO: Your genealogy research could land your DNA results in a criminal investigation (6th November 2016)]
 +
**[https://www.voiceofsandiego.org/topics/public-safety/teenager-sued-sdpd-documented-gang-member-soon/ Voice of San Diego: A Teenager Sued SDPD, and Was Documented as a Gang Member Soon After (31st October 2017)]
 +
**[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/19/nyregion/dna-phenotyping-new-york-police.html New York Times: Using DNA to Sketch What Victims Look Like; Some Call It Science Fiction (19th October 2017)]
 +
**[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/04/nyregion/dna-analysis-evidence-new-york-disputed-techniques.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=second-column-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=0 New York Times: Traces of Crime: How New York’s DNA Techniques Became Tainted (4th September 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/nyc-expands-controversial-dna-testing-seized-guns-article-1.3349461 New York Daily News: NYC expands controversial DNA testing on seized guns to help charges stick (24th July 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.athensnews.com/news/local/advanced-dna-science-cracks-rape-case/article_23e87968-3599-11e7-8255-0ba7508bfe52.html Athens News: Advanced DNA science cracks rape case (10th May 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.oc-breeze.com/2017/05/03/100828_rapid-dna-leads-rapid-conviction-carjacker/ Orange County Beeze: Rapid DNA program leads to rapid conviction for carjacker (3rd May 2017)]
 +
**[http://wwmt.com/news/i-team/special-report-dna-delay WWMT: Special Report - DNA Delay (1st May 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.commercialappeal.com/story/news/2017/04/25/sex-crimes-detective-relieved-duty/100878668/ Commercial Appeal: Sex crimes detective relieved of duty (25th April 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.govtech.com/public-safety/Louisiana-State-Police-Crime-Lab-Considers-Controversial-Familial-DNA-Tool.html GT: Louisiana State Police Crime Lab Considers Controversial Familial DNA Tool (18th April 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.commercialappeal.com/story/news/courts/2017/04/17/more-women-join-lawsuit-over-rape-kits/100175080/ Commercial Appeal: More women join lawsuit over rape kits (17th April 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.theadvocate.com/new_orleans/news/crime_police/article_0dd1fd72-1b0c-11e7-829a-1be06412d0c8.html The New Orleans Advocate: State Police Crime Lab eyes familial DNA searching, a controversial crime-solving tool (16th April 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-dna-of-a-killer-who-murdered-idaho-teen-angie-dodge/ CBS News: The DNA of a Killer (15th April 2017)]
 +
**[https://insiderlouisville.com/metro/police-begin-reopening-rape-cases-as-kentucky-tests-old-dna-evidence/ Insider Louisville: Police begin reopening rape cases as Kentucky tests old DNA evidence (13th April 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.postregister.com/articles/chris-tapp-coverage-featured-news-daily-email/2017/04/13/look-efforts-catch-dodge-killer Post Register: A look at efforts to catch the Dodge killer (13th April 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.nwitimes.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/indiana-may-create-dna-record-on-every-person-arrested-for/article_6ca8971a-da48-53f5-a18c-ef3db909912b.html NWI Times: Indiana may create DNA record on every person arrested for felony (13th April 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.wibc.com/news/local-news/legislature-gives-green-light-dna-sampling-after-felony-arrests WIBC: Legislature Gives Green Light to DNA Sampling After Felony Arrests (13th April 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.indystar.com/story/news/crime/2017/04/13/dna-collection-bill-heads-governors-desk/100414548/ INDYSTAR: DNA collection bill heads to governor's desk (13th April 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.nevadaappeal.com/news/government/sexual-assault-kits-testing-would-be-mandated-by-nevada-legislature-bills/ Nevada Appeal: Sexual assault kits’ testing would be mandated by Nevada Legislature bills (12th April 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.newsday.com/news/new-york/state-forensic-panel-delays-vote-on-familial-dna-1.13446340 Newsday: State forensic panel delays vote on familial DNA (12th April 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.syracuse.com/crime/index.ssf/2017/04/new_state_policy_on_expanding_dna_search_not_adopted_more_study_underway.html Syracuse: New state policy on expanding DNA search continues development (12th April 2017)]
 +
**[https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-york-panel-to-vote-on-family-dna-searches-in-criminal-cases-1491908402 The Wall Street Jounal: New York Panel to Vote on Family DNA Searches in Criminal Cases (11th April 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.theeagle.com/news/local/dna-based-sketch-to-be-released-in-college-station-killing/article_c5a75edd-cbbf-514e-acd0-a949438d975c.html The Eagle: DNA-based sketch to be released in 1981 College Station killing (11th April 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.wtxl.com/news/rape-kits-tested-more-to-go/article_f53c5a84-1e29-11e7-be37-e7327dcda136.html WTXL: 2,300 Rape Kits Tested, 6,300 More to Go (10th April 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.prweb.com/releases/2017/04/prweb14224244.htm Prweb: Impact Study of Mandatory Evidence Submission Law for Sexual Assault Kits Shows Law Hasn't Led to More Reporting (10th April 2017)]
 +
**[http://ideastations.org/radio/news/crime-commission-agrees-study-dna-expansion The Community Idea Stations: Crime Commission Agrees to Study DNA Expansion (10th April 2017)]
 +
**[https://www.muckrock.com/news/archives/2017/may/10/san-jose-backlogged-rape-kits/ MuckRock: San Jose’s rape kit backlog is over twice the official count (10th April 2017)|
 +
**[http://wric.com/2017/04/07/state-will-study-whether-to-expand-dna-database/ WRIC: State will study whether to expand DNA database (7th April 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.syracuse.com/crime/index.ssf/2017/04/what_the_ny_commission_on_forensic_science_is_considering_for_familial_searching.html Syracuse: What the NY Commission on Forensic Science is considering for familial searching of DNA (6th April 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.nbc29.com/story/35081850/state-crime-commission-to-study-enhancing-dna-collections NBC29: State Crime Commission to Study Enhancing DNA Collections (6th April 2017)]
 +
**[http://thestatehousefile.com/bill-calls-giving-dna-felony-arrest/30934/ The Statehouse File: Bill calls for giving up DNA with a felony arrest (6th April 2017)]
 +
**[http://fox59.com/2017/04/06/bill-calling-for-dna-swabs-to-be-taken-from-suspects-arrested-for-felonies-passes-house/ FOX 59: Bill calling for DNA swabs to be taken from suspects arrested for felonies passes House (6th April 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/sun-investigates/bs-md-rape-kit-testing-debate-20170403-story.html The Baltimore Sun: Lawmakers set to pass rape kit retention bill, but not mandatory testing (3rd April 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2017/04/01/untested-detroit-rape-kits/99845762/ Detroit Free Press: What happened to Detroit's untested rape kits? (1st April 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4366442/DNA-database-sex-worker-samples.html Mail Online: Preparing for the worst: DNA database is made up of collected samples from sex workers to identify their bodies in case they are murdered (31st March 2017)]
 +
**[http://gizmodo.com/dna-is-being-collected-to-protect-sex-workers-but-it-c-1793719386 Gizmodo: DNA Is Being Collected to Protect Sex Workers, But It Could Also Be Used Against Them (28th March 2017)]
 +
**[https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/03/sex-workers-dna/520626/ The Atlantic: Collecting DNA From Sex Workers to One Day Identify Their Bodies  (27th March 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.newsday.com/news/region-state/state-panel-of-dna-experts-approve-of-familal-searching-in-n-y-1.13321976 Newsday: State panel of DNA experts approve of ‘familial searching’ in NY (27th March 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.amny.com/opinion/don-t-allow-genetic-stop-and-frisk-1.13321716 Amnewyork: Don’t allow genetic stop-and-frisk (27th March 2017)]
 +
**[https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/michigan/articles/2017-03-26/2nd-backlog-of-untested-detroit-rape-kits-found-in-storage U.S.News: 2nd Backlog of Untested Detroit Rape Kits Found in Storage (26th March 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.theadvocate.com/new_orleans/news/article_8fd7bdd6-1263-11e7-be2d-3bc688a63f2a.html The New Orleans Advocate: Relatives of Louisiana soldier missing from Korean War still hope for identification of his remains (26th March 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.tucsonnewsnow.com/story/34977458/the-first-criminal-case-from-testing-old-rape-kits-in-tucson Tucson News Now: The first criminal case from testing old rape kits in Tucson (23rd March 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.indystar.com/story/news/crime/2017/03/22/how-long-should-state-keep-your-dna/99487884/ Indystar: How long should the state keep your DNA? (22nd March 2017)]
 +
**[http://levittownnow.com/2017/03/17/bucks-county-police-pioneering-90-minute-rapid-dna-system/ Levit Town Now: Bucks County Police Pioneering 90-Minute Rapid DNA Testing System (17th March 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.abc15.com/news/state/arizona-roughly-20-of-the-way-through-testing-rape-kit-backlog abc15: Arizona roughly 20% of the way through testing rape kit backlog (16th March 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.theintell.com/news/local/bensalem-police-first-local-department-in-u-s-to-use/article_07cf68d7-cb04-507f-9011-409931b18cb6.html The Intelligencer: Bensalem police first local department in U.S. to use rapid DNA testing (16th March 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.abc10.com/news/local/crime-victims-families-plead-for-action-on-dna-collection-bill/422330502 abc10: Crime victims' families plead for action on DNA collection bill (14th March 2017)]
 
**[http://www.kcra.com/article/californias-dna-database-gets-fewer-hits-due-to-prop-47/9133391 KCRA: California's DNA database gets fewer hits due to Prop. 47 (14th March 2017)]
 
**[http://www.kcra.com/article/californias-dna-database-gets-fewer-hits-due-to-prop-47/9133391 KCRA: California's DNA database gets fewer hits due to Prop. 47 (14th March 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.providencejournal.com/news/20170314/acquitted-on-rape-charge-man-says-im-trying-to-get-everything-back-together Providence Journal: Acquitted on rape charge, man says: ‘I’m trying to get everything back together’ (14th March 2017)]
 +
**[http://qctimes.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/state-report-davenport-has-untested-rape-kits-in-evidence/article_2c40f87c-c703-543b-a05c-9d09e2b37915.html Quad City Times: State report: Davenport has 463 untested rape kits in evidence (13th March 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.satprnews.com/2017/03/13/publicly-funded-forensic-crime-laboratories-resources-and-services-2014-13/ SATPRNEWS: Publicly Funded Forensic Crime Laboratories: Resources and Services, 2014 (13th March 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.familysecuritymatters.org/publications/detail/new-dna-technology-aids-in-fighting-crime-and-thwarting-terrorism Family Security Matters: New DNA technology aids in fighting crime and thwarting terrorism (12th March 2017)]
 +
**[http://siouxcityjournal.com/news/state-and-regional/iowa/iowa-analyzing-untested-rape-kits/article_97fc42a4-f320-5c2b-9952-12f0bf63034b.html Sioux City Journal: Iowa analyzing 4,200 untested rape kits (8th March 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/crime-and-courts/2017/03/07/untested-sexual-assault-evidence-kits-in-iowa/98852660/ The Des Moines Register: What Iowa's 4,265 untested rape kits mean for victims (8th March 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.wbur.org/news/2017/03/07/twin-dna-crime-tech WBUR: Standard DNA Testing Can’t Differentiate Between Identical Twins. A New Test Challenges That (7th March 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.thegazette.com/subject/news/government/iowa-making-plans-for-4200-untested-sexual-assault-kits-20170307 The Gazette: Iowa making plans for 4,200 untested rape kits (7th March 2017)]
 
**[http://www.networkworld.com/article/3177244/security/should-police-departments-be-able-to-have-their-own-dna-databases.html Network World: Should police departments be able to have their own DNA databases? (6th March 2017)]
 
**[http://www.networkworld.com/article/3177244/security/should-police-departments-be-able-to-have-their-own-dna-databases.html Network World: Should police departments be able to have their own DNA databases? (6th March 2017)]
 
**[https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2017/03/06/dozens-of-police-departments-maintain-private-dna-databases/ Naked Security: ‘Dozens’ of police departments maintain private DNA databases (6th March 2017)]
 
**[https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2017/03/06/dozens-of-police-departments-maintain-private-dna-databases/ Naked Security: ‘Dozens’ of police departments maintain private DNA databases (6th March 2017)]
Line 84: Line 246:
 
**[http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-police-dna-databases-20170304-story.html Chicago Tribune:  As police agencies build DNA databases, debate stirs over regulations (4th March 2017)]
 
**[http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-police-dna-databases-20170304-story.html Chicago Tribune:  As police agencies build DNA databases, debate stirs over regulations (4th March 2017)]
 
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/ap/article-4281590/US-police-agencies-DNA-databases-stir-debate.html Daily Mail: US police agencies with their own DNA databases stir debate (4th March 2017)]
 
**[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/ap/article-4281590/US-police-agencies-DNA-databases-stir-debate.html Daily Mail: US police agencies with their own DNA databases stir debate (4th March 2017)]
 +
**[http://sdvoice.info/san-diego-police-target-african-american-children-for-unlawful-dna-collection/ Voice and Viewpoint: San Diego Police Target African American Children for Unlawful DNA Collection (28th February 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.kiro7.com/news/local/bill-in-olympia-dies-convicted-criminals-dna-still-untested-in-seattle/498416229 Kiro7: Bill in Olympia dies; convicted criminals' DNA still untested in Seattle (28th Feburary 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.gazettextra.com/20170224/man_accused_in_cold_sex_assault_case_appears_in_court GazetteXtra: Man accused in cold sex assault case appears in court (24th February 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.austinchronicle.com/news/2017-02-24/whos-testing-apds-backlog-of-evidence/ The Austin Chronicle: Who’s Testing APD’s Backlog of Evidence? (24th February 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.king5.com/news/politics/bill-would-expand-how-police-can-collect-dna/412904155 K5: Bill would expand how police can collect DNA (23rd February 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.masslive.com/news/worcester/index.ssf/2017/02/amid_dna_testing_in_cases_like.html MassLive: Amid DNA testing in cases like Vanessa Marcotte's murder, Massachusetts senator Bruce Tarr pushes for expanded database (23rd March 2017)]
 +
**[http://wislawjournal.com/2017/02/23/divided-wisconsin-supreme-court-upholds-dna-fee/ Wisconsin Law Journal: Divided state Supreme Court upholds DNA fee (UPDATE) (23rd February 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.heraldextra.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/more-rape-kits-being-tested-in-utah-according-to-byu/article_2d9c4aa7-c83b-5fe3-b2c9-1eece988edc8.html Daily Herald: More rape kits being tested in Utah, according to BYU research (23rd February 2017)]
 +
**[http://cbs4indy.com/2017/02/21/house-approves-bill-calling-for-dna-swabs-to-be-taken-from-those-arrested-for-felonies/ CBS4indy: House approves bill calling for DNA swabs to be taken from those arrested for felonies (21st February 2017)]
 +
**[http://wibqam.com/news/articles/2017/feb/21/indiana-lawmakers-support-dna-testing-plans/ WBIQ: Indiana Lawmakers Support DNA Testing Plans (21st February 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/courts/sd-me-dna-lawsuit-20170217-story.html The San Diego Union Tribune: ACLU sues San Diego police over how it collects DNA from juveniles (20th February 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.duluthnewstribune.com/news/4220847-thousands-sexual-assault-evidence-kits-across-minnesota-sit-untested Duluth News Tribune: Thousands of sexual assault evidence kits across Minnesota sit untested (18th February 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.13newsnow.com/news/local/13news-now-investigates/virginia-beach-kits-get-hits-in-codis-dna-database/409402059 13 News Now: Va. Beach rape kits get hits in CODIS DNA database (17th February 2017)]
 +
**[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/10/nyregion/dna-familial-searching-police-new-york.html?_r=0 The New York Times: Conflicting Views on a Wider Police Use of DNA (10th February 2017)]
 +
**[http://myfox8.com/2017/02/06/murdered-queens-joggers-family-pushes-for-enhanced-dna-testing-tmwsp/ Fox8: Murdered jogger’s family pushing for enhanced DNA testing (6th February 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.thestarpress.com/story/opinion/contributors/2017/02/04/dna-database-offers-best-tool-solve-crimes/97424474/ The Star Press: DNA database offers best tool to solve crimes (4th February 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.roanoke.com/townnews/crime/raised-toward-state-dna-database-expansion-study/article_50314376-20c1-5d6b-8f51-caf71e3f533d.html The Roanoke Times: $33,000 raised toward state DNA database expansion study (2nd February 2017)]
 +
**[http://www.richmond.com/news/local/crime/article_7dcde8f7-b388-5e4d-bd4d-9fbd1065428b.html Richmond Times-Dispatch: $33,000 raised toward cost of state DNA database expansion study (31st January 2017)]
 
**[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/27/nyregion/familial-dna-searching-karina-vetrano.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=first-column-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=0&mtrref=www.nytimes.com New York Times: Family DNA Searches Seen as Crime-Solving Tool, and Intrusion on Rights (27th January 2017)]
 
**[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/27/nyregion/familial-dna-searching-karina-vetrano.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=first-column-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news&_r=0&mtrref=www.nytimes.com New York Times: Family DNA Searches Seen as Crime-Solving Tool, and Intrusion on Rights (27th January 2017)]
 +
**[http://wric.com/2017/01/27/parents-of-hannah-graham-urge-lawmakers-to-expand-dna-database/ WRIC: Parents of Hannah Graham urge lawmakers to expand DNA database (27th January 2017)]
 
**[http://www.bctv.org/special_reports/government/auditor-general-says-huge-strides-being-made-in-testing-pa/article_5e78e426-c7b4-11e6-9215-0fa6ee0ff889.html BCTV: Auditor General Says Huge Strides Being Made in Testing PA’s Backlog of Untested Rape Kits(22nd December 2016)]
 
**[http://www.bctv.org/special_reports/government/auditor-general-says-huge-strides-being-made-in-testing-pa/article_5e78e426-c7b4-11e6-9215-0fa6ee0ff889.html BCTV: Auditor General Says Huge Strides Being Made in Testing PA’s Backlog of Untested Rape Kits(22nd December 2016)]
 
**[http://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/pushing-for-familial-dna-testing-in-ny/article_671a7a09-d792-5605-8046-44bda2c84ece.html Queens Chronicle: Pushing for familial DNA testing in NY (22nd December 2016)]
 
**[http://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/pushing-for-familial-dna-testing-in-ny/article_671a7a09-d792-5605-8046-44bda2c84ece.html Queens Chronicle: Pushing for familial DNA testing in NY (22nd December 2016)]
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**[https://kutv.com/news/local/results-back-on-hundreds-of-rape-kits-tested-by-state-crime-lab KUTV: Results back on hundreds of rape kits tested by State Crime Lab (7th October 2015)]
 
**[https://kutv.com/news/local/results-back-on-hundreds-of-rape-kits-tested-by-state-crime-lab KUTV: Results back on hundreds of rape kits tested by State Crime Lab (7th October 2015)]
 
**[http://www.philly.com/philly/news/20151007_New_Bucks_DNA_database_is_the_first_of_its_kind_nationally.html Philly.com: New Bucks DNA database is the first of its kind nationally (7th October 2015)]
 
**[http://www.philly.com/philly/news/20151007_New_Bucks_DNA_database_is_the_first_of_its_kind_nationally.html Philly.com: New Bucks DNA database is the first of its kind nationally (7th October 2015)]
 +
**[NYU Law News: Testing DNA: In her new book, Erin Murphy investigates how the criminal justice system misuses genetic identification (7th October 2017)]
 
**[http://www.thenewstribune.com/opinion/editorials/article38012553.html The News Tribune: Too much evidence locked away in untested rape kits (6th October 2015)]
 
**[http://www.thenewstribune.com/opinion/editorials/article38012553.html The News Tribune: Too much evidence locked away in untested rape kits (6th October 2015)]
 
**[http://6abc.com/news/dna-database-program-announced-in-bucks-county/1019920/ Action News: DNA Database program announced in Bucks County (6th October 2015)]
 
**[http://6abc.com/news/dna-database-program-announced-in-bucks-county/1019920/ Action News: DNA Database program announced in Bucks County (6th October 2015)]

Latest revision as of 10:39, 5 April 2023

The US federal DNA database (CODIS) was established in 1998. It is the largest in the world.

The 2008 Interpol survey reported that 245,171 crime scene DNA profiles and 6,454,770 individuals' profiles, plus 519 missing persons' DNA profiles and 2,283 unknown/deceased DNA profiles were held in the US at the time of the survey. According to Interpol, these numbers grew to 375,375 crime scene DNA profiles, 9,748,870 reference DNA profiles from individuals, 973 missing persons' DNA profiles, 5,066 unidentified human remains DNA profiles and 10,360 other DNA profiles in 2011. Since the 2008 Interpol survey, the size of the database has doubled. According to FBI statistics, the National DNA Index (NDIS) contained over 12,113,810 offender profiles, 2,201,763 arrestee profiles and 674,150 forensic profiles as of December 2015.

The federal database includes DNA profiles submitted under laws which vary state by state. The Justice for All Act, 2004, expanded the national database by allowing the retention of DNA profiles from anyone charged with a felony offence. The Violence Against Women Act, 2005, allows DNA profiles to be uploaded on arrest, rather than on charge.

By end 2013, 28 US states had changed their laws to allow collection of DNA prior to conviction for a range of offences (Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Illinois, Florida, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, New Jersey, New Mexico, Nevada, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin). Of these 28 states, 10 require collection and/or analysis to occur only after changing, arraignment, indictment, or judicial determination of probable cause.

In March 2013, the Supreme Court made a 5-4 decision upholding Maryland's DNA testing law (which collects DNA on charge for some felonies and requires automatic expungement of innocent people's DNA profiles). However, laws in other states (which are broader in some cases, such as California, which collects on arrest for all felonies and has no automatic expungement process) are still subject to ongoing legal challenges. In most states, DNA profiles taken from arrested persons are not automatically removed if the person is innocent, although the individual can request removal. Automatic expungement processes exist in 7 of the 28 states which collect DNA prior to conviction.

Resources


Detailed analysis

The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s (FBI) Combined DNA Index System program (CODIS) enables federal, state and local laboratories to store and compare DNA profiles electronically and thereby link serial crimes to each other and identify suspects by matching DNA from crime scenes to convicted offenders or arrestees (where state legislation allows this). All 50 states and the FBI now collect DNA samples, retain the profiles generated from those samples in the databases, and compare the database entries against DNA profiles of biological evidence. There are obviously differences amongst the states as to collection criteria, sample retention and removal of entries from the databases. It is impossible to give a complete overview of the position in each state in this paper and the aim is merely to briefly summarise the contents of the main pieces of legislation and to highlight trends amongst states.


Legislation:

  • The DNA Identification Act, 1994, allows for DNA identification records to be kept of: (a) Persons convicted of crimes, this will vary from State to State in accordance with the DNA database laws of each State; (b) DNA samples recovered from crime scenes; (c) DNA samples recovered from unidentified human remains; and (d) DNA samples voluntarily contributed from relatives of missing persons. (Refer to See 42 U.S.C.S. §14132(a).).
  • The Justice for All Act, 2004, allows for the retention in the National DNA Index System (NDIS) of DNA profiles from persons who have been charged in an indictment, even if the charges are eventually dropped or not pursued. The Act affects the qualifying offences for entry onto the National DNA database. Previously these were limited to sexual offences and other serious violent crimes, but have been amended to include "any felony". In terms of the Act, DNA profiles may not be uploaded to the NDIS if: (a) The arrestee has not been charged; or (b) DNA samples have been submitted voluntarily for the purposes of elimination from a crime sample.
  • The Violence Against Women Act, 2005, allows for the uploading of an arrestee's DNA profile into the NDIS at the same time that their fingerprints are taken and uploaded onto the national fingerprint database. Previously DNA could not be uploaded until the arrestee was charged or indicted. The Act removes the burden from the State to remove an arrestee sample from the NDIS if the arrestee was later acquitted or if the charges were dismissed. The burden shifts onto the arrestee, who will be required to file a certified copy of a final court order establishing that all indexable charges have been dismissed, resulted in acquittal or that no charges were filed. The Act allows the Federal Government to take and retain DNA samples from Federal arrestees and from non-U.S. citizens or permanent residents who are detained under Federal authority. The Act gives the Attorney General the authority to issue regulations requiring the collection of such DNA profiles including requiring other Federal agencies to collect these: e.g. immigration agencies.

Who must provide a sample:<ref name="ftn1"> See http://www.ncsl.org/programs/cj/dnadatabanks.htm “State Laws on DNA Data Banks Qualifying Offenses, Others Who must provide sample” (July 2008).


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  • Twelve states: Alaska, Arizona, California, Kansas, Louisiana, Minnesota, New Mexico, North Dakota, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia – now have laws authorizing arrestee sampling.
  • All 50 states require that convicted sex offenders provide a DNA sample, and states are increasingly expanding these policies to include all felons or many serious felony offenders. To date (July 2008), 46 states require that all convicted felons provide a DNA sample to the state’s database.
  • Eleven states to date specify certain misdemeanors among those who must provide a sample.
  • There are 28 states that include DNA from delinquent juveniles in the database, of these there are 12 states that restrict the scope of qualifying offences with regard to juveniles. For example, California provides that qualifying offences are the same for adult convicts and juvenile delinquents, but juvenile arrestees, unlike adults, are excluded from the database.

Retention of information and samples:<ref name="ftn2"> See Survey of State DNA Database Statutes (2004) available at www.aslme.org/dna_04/grid/guide.pdf.


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  • Thirty-eight states contain statutes that detail expungement criteria and procedure. DNA samples and records are expunged upon a change in the disposition of the case in the convict’s favor, provided that the offender has not been convicted of a separate qualifying offence. The state statutes differ, however, in the extent to which the disposition of the case must change before expungement proceedings begin. Some states only require that the defendant’s conviction be reversed, whereas others require that the conviction be reversed and the case dismissed. Of the 38 statutes that detail the expungement procedure, 33 require the offender to initiate the process. Of these 33 it is only Texas that contains a statutory provision requiring the defendant to be advised after his acquittal of his right to expungement.
  • The criteria for retention vary from immediate removal, if a sample is not used, to retention of a sample for at least 35 years, to permanent retention for certain specified offences.

In general, the statutes authorize use of DNA and the database for law enforcement purposes, and for purposes of maintaining and improving the database. However, in certain states the creation of population statistical databases, tools which allow for the statistical analysis and interpretation of anonymous DNA profiles collected from convicted offenders, are established. DNA databases in the US typically authorize certain uses of offender’s genetic information and prohibit unauthorized uses and are therefore usually exempted from genetic privacy laws. The DNA statutes of the states also differ with regard to the criminal and civil liabilities provided therein for the misuse of the DNA database. Typically criminal penalties are imposed for: a) tampering with the DNA samples or records; b) improper entry of DNA samples and records into the database; c) improper access to and use of DNA samples and records; and d) improper disclosure of DNA samples and records. Only seven states provide for a private cause of action for individuals aggrieved by the misuse of the database and four states explicitly provide immunity from civil and / or criminal liability for misuse of the database.




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